III. Fill in the gaps. Use these notes to speak about court system in Russia.

Supreme law: the C____________________

legal sources: federal _____________________

1. Courts of General Jurisdiction

· justices of the peace – small _________________

· district courts – a_______________

· regional courts – serious _______________

· the Supreme Court – the highest _______________

· military courts

2. Commercial Courts – commercial and ______________

3. The RF Constitutional Court – matters ___________________

 

PASSIVE

1 Write sentences from the words in brackets (). All the sentences are present.

1. (this room / clean / every day) This room is cleaned every day.

2. (how often / the room / clean?) How often is the room cleaned?

3. (glass / make / from sand) Glass ……………………

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) ………………………

5. (football / play / in most countries) ……………………

6. (this machine / not / use / very often) ……………………

7. (what language / speak / in Ethiopia?) What …………?

8. (what / this machine / use / for?) ………………………?

 

2 Write sentences from the words in brackets (). All the sentences are past.

1. (the room / clean / yesterday) The room was cleaned yesterday.

2. (when / the room /clean?) When was the room cleaned?

3. (this room / paint / last month) This room ………………

4. (these houses / build / about 50 years ago)………………

5. (Ann's bicycle / steal / last week) …………………………

6. (three people / injure / in the accident) ……………………

7. (when / this church / build?) When …………………?

8. (when / television / invent?) ……………………………?

9. (how / the window / break?) ……………………………?

10. (anybody / injure / in the accident?) ……………………?

11. (why / the letter / send / to the wrong address?) ………?

 

3. Turn from Active into Passive.

A.

1. The gardener has planted some trees.   

Some trees have been planted by the gardener.

2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice.

3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel.

4. Steven Spielberg directed "Е.T."

B. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

1. Someone has broken the crystal vase.  

The crystal vase has been broken. (omitted)

2. His parents have brought him up to be polite.

3. Fleming discovered penicillin.

4. They will advertise the product on television.

C.

1. You must leave the bathroom tidy.   

The bathroom must be left tidy.

2. You should water this plant daily.

3. People must obey laws.

4. You can find such berries everywhere.

5. I have to return these books to the library.

D.

1. He gave me a present.

I was given a present, (more usual)

A present was given to me. (less usual)

2. The waiter will bring us the bill.

3. The Queen presented him with a medal.

4. Her mother gives Mary some sweets every Sunday.

5. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.

E.

1. Someone is helping her with the housework.  

She is being helped with the housework.

2. A pickpocket robbed me.

3. You must extinguish your cigarettes.

4. The mail-order company sent Mrs. Green a parcel.

5. Someone will pay you within the next few days.

6. You can improve your health with more exercise.

7. We turn on the light when it is dark.

8. The students finished their translation in time.

9. Betty often took her younger brother for a walk.

10. Mother has made some coffee.

11. They have told her the truth.

12. She promised us an interesting entertainment.

13. One uses chalk for writing on the board.

14. I will finish my work about seven.

15. My friends took me to the cinema last week.

A. Use Passive.

1. The letter (to post) in half an hour.
2. He (to send) to a sanatorium soon.
3. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech.
4. The lectures (to attend) by all of us since September.
5. Your report must (to divide) into chapters.
6. Music often (hear) from the next room.

B. Use Active or Passive.

1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday.
2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.
3. He (to give) me this book next week.
4. The answer to this question can (find) in the encyclopedia.
5. We (to show) the historical monuments to the delegation.
6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book.
7. Budapest (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest.
8. Yuri Dolgoruki (to found) Moscow in 1147.
9. Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov.
10. We (to call) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.

 

 

Additional reading

Great Britain

Great Britain (official name – the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is situated on two large islands, the larger of which is Great Britain, the smaller is Ireland. In addition to these two islands Great Britain includes over five hundred small islands. The total area of Great Britain is 240,000 sq. kms, its population is over 59,000,000 people.

In the north-west and west the country is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea, in the east — by the North Sea. The island of Great Britain is separated from France by the English Channel. Northern Ireland, which is a part of Great Britain and which is situated on the island of Ireland, is separated from Great Britain by the North Channel.

The island of Great Britain is divided into two parts: mountainous (in the north and west of the island) and lowland (in the south and east). There are no very long rivers in Great Britain. The most important rivers are the Thames (the deepest) and the Severn (the longest). The rivers seldom freeze in winter. Due to moderating influence of the sea Great Britain has an insular climate, rather humid and mild, without striking discrepancy between seasons.

Great Britain consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Administratively Great Britain is divided into 55 counties. The biggest cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen in Great Britain is not absolute. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. There is no written constitution in Great Britain.

Parliament in Great Britain has existed since 1265 and is the oldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses — the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1,000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election not less frequently than once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government — the Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

There are two main political parties in Great Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour party. The Conservative party came into being in the 19th century as a result of the evolution of the Tory party. The Labour party was founded in 1900. Since 1906 it has borne the name of the Labour Party. For the first time the Labour Party won the election in 1945.

Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main fields of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics, etc.

1. Answer the questions and retell the text:

1. What are the main parts of Great Britain?

2. How many islands does Great Britain consist of?

3. When was the British constitution adopted?

4. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?

5. What is the official name of Great Britain?

 

2. Fill in the chart.

Great Britain

________________________________ islands

total area ________________________

population ________________________

washed by ________________________

separated from France by _____________

the most important rivers ______________

4 main parts _________________________

55 ____________

the main cities _______________________

the type ______________________

the head of the state ______________________

no written _______________________

Parliament

2 Houses: the House of ______ (1,000 ______,

                                               not elected by _____)

            the House of ______ (elected by ________,

                                                once in ______)

the head of the Government ________________

2 main political parties ____________________

the main fields of British industry ______________

 

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ