Clauses of time and condition

1. Which is right? Choose the correct form.

1. I wait / I’ll wait here until you come / will come back. (I’ll wait and you come are right)

2. I'm going to bed when I finish / I’ll finish my work.

3. We come / We'll come and see you when we're / we'll be inEngland again.

4. When I see / I'll see you tomorrow, I show / I’ll show you the photographs.

5. Would you like something to drink before you go / you'll go to bed?

6. Don't go out yet. Wait until the rain stops / will stop.

7. She's going away soon. I'm / I'll be very sad when she leaves / she'll leave.

8. I'm going to New York next month. While I'm / I'll be there, I hope to see lots of old friends.

9. A: Don't forget to give me your address.

B: Okay, I give / I'll give it to you before I go / I'll go.

 

2. Choose the correct form.

1. If I don’t feel / won’t feel well tomorrow, I stay / I’ll stay at home.

2. If the weather is / will be nice tomorrow, we can go to the beach.

3. It will be difficult to find a hotel if we arrive / will arrive late.

4. The alarm will ring if there is / will be a fire.

5. I’m / I’ll be surprised if they get / they’ll get married.

6. Do you go / Will you go to the party if they invite /they’ll invite you?

 

3. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about the future. Use will/won't or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.).

a)

1 If I.. find.. your book, I.. will give.. it to you. (find/give)

2 She will phone.. us if she. has., any problems, (phone/have)

3 If you.....................to the party, I.....................with you. (go/come)

4 She.....................very happy if she.....................that new job. (not be/not get)

5 If you.....................with us, you.....................a great time. (come/have)

6 I.....................for you if you.....................late. (not wait/be)

7 That glass.....................if you.....................it. (break/drop)

8 We.....................you if we.....................the time. (help/have)

9 I.....................Clare the news if I.....................her. (tell/see)

10 We.....................in the tent if it...................... (sleep/not rain)

b)

1 I’ … ll phone …(phone) you when I... get... (get) home from work.

2 I want to see Margaret before she ……… (go) out.

3 We're going on holiday tomorrow. I ……… (tell) you all about it when we ……… (come) back.

4 Brian looks very different now. When you ……… (see) him again, you ……… (not/recognise) him.

5 We must do something soon before it ……… (be) too late.

6 I don't want to go without you. I ……… (wait) until you ……… (be) ready.

7 Sue has applied for the job but she isn't very well qualified for it. I ……… (be) surprised if she ……… (get) it.

8 I'd like to play tennis tomorrow if the weather ……… (be) nice.

9 I'm going out now. If anybody ……… (phone) while I ……… (be) out, can you take a message?

 

ELECTIONS

Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years оf age, and is registered to vote may vote. Each state has the right to determine registration procedures. A number of civic groups, such as the League of Women Voters, are actively trying to register as many people as possible. Voter registration and voting among minorities has dramatically increased during the last twenty years, especially as a result of the Civil Rights Movement.

There is some concern, however, about the number of citizens who could vote in national elections but do not. In the national election of 1984, for instance, only 57.4 percent of all those who could have voted actually did. In 1992 it was 61.3. But then, Americans who want to vote must register, that is put down their names in register before the actual elections take place. There are 50 different registration laws in the US – one set for each state. In the South, voters often have to register not only locally but also at the county seat. In European countries, on the other hand, "permanent registration" of voters is most common. Of those voters in the United States who did register in the 1988 Presidential elections, 86 per cent cast their ballots, in 1992 – 89.8 per cent.

The National Presidential elections consist of two separate campaigns. One is for the nomination of candidates at national party convention, the other is to win the actual election. The first stage is called "primaries". The party convention votes to select the party's official candidate for the presidency. Then the candidates start Presidential campaigns. At last in November, the voters go to the polls.

 

In November voters in each state give their votes for candidates. By practice the electors must vote for the candidate who gets majority of votes in their state even if his majority is very small. Before voting in November every citizen must register in accordance with the laws of his state. This gives him the right of participating in «primaries»2. The US constitution guarantees every cit­izen the right to vote but the states with the help of numerous qualifications deprive a lot of people of this right. And those who do vote can only make their choice practically between two sets of candidates — Democrats and Republicans whose political platforms are practically alike.

Vocabulary Notes

to register to vote – зарегистрироваться дня голосования

procedure — процедура

minority – меньшинство (зд. национальное)

dramatically – значительно

that is— т.е.

lo set я law – создать закон

county – избирательный округ

to cast a ballot – проголосовать

nomination — выдвижение кандидата

 

Russian Political System

According to the Constitution adopted in 1993, the Russian Federation is a presidential republic. Just like political systems in other countries, our political system also has three branches of power: legislative, executive and judicial.

The Federal Assembly represents the legislative branch of power. It is also made up of two houses: the Federation Council and the State Duma, which make laws. Both the houses are headed by chairmen called speakers. Russia is divided into 85 federal subjects. Each subject elects two representatives to the Federation Council, so there are 178 members in the Federation Council. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. 225 members are elected directly by the people. The other half of deputies is appointed by their parties after party-list voting according to which every party gains a number of seats. The main function of the Federal Assembly is to make laws. Every law must be approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council, and signed by the President.

The Federal Government represents the executive branch of power. It consists of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers.

The President is the head of state in Russia and he is elected directly by the people. In fact, he has a lot of power. The President can even dissolve the State Duma if it doesn't agree with his suggestions three times running. The President has his Administration but it is not part of the Federal Government. The President is involved in the work of the legislative and executive branches.

The judicial branch of power is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. The Supreme Court is the highest court for civil and criminal cases. The responsibility of the Constitutional Court is to determine whether new laws or actions of the President correspond to the Constitution. The Constitution is the main law of Russia It guarantees the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens.

Russian political system also has "the system of checks and balances" like that in the USA. For example, the President appoints the heads of the Federal Government and the Chairman of the Government, but the State Duma must approve his appointment. The President can veto laws passed by the Federal Assembly, but the Federal Assembly can pass laws over the President's veto by a two-thirds majority. The Constitutional Court has the right to declare actions of the President, the Federal Assembly and the Federal Government unconstitutional.

There are many political parties in our country. The most well-known are the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, the "Unity" Party, the Union of the Right Forces and the "Apple" Party.

The parties currently represented in the State Duma include United Russia (340), Communist Party (42), Liberal Democratic Party (40), A Just Russia (23), Rodina (1), Civic Platform (1)

 

Vocabulary Notes

to adopt – принимать

branch – ветвь

legislative – законодательный

executive – исполнительный

judicial – судебный

to represent – представлять

house – палата (парламента)

chairman – председатель

to divide – делить, разделять

subject – субъект

to elect – избирать, выбирать голосованием

representative – представитель

deputy – депутат

directly – непосредственно

to appoint – назначать

voting – голосование

to gain – получать

seat – место

to approve – одобрять

to sign – подписывать

to dissolve – распускать (парламент), прекращать деятельность

suggestion – предложение

three times running – три раза подряд

civil – гражданский

criminal – уголовный

case – дело

responsibility – ответственность, обязанность

to determine – определять

to correspond – соответствовать

right – право

freedom – свобода

citizen – гражданин

the system of checks and balances – система «сдержек и противовесов» (принцип взаимозависимости и взаимоограничения законодательной, исполнительной и судебной власти в США)

to pass a law – принимать закон

majority – большинство

to declare – объявлять