Структурно-семантическая классификация побудительных предложений

 

Следует обратить внимание на тот факт, что побудительные предложения по целому ряду признаков резко противопоставлены предложениям как вопросительным, так и повествовательным.

Прежде всего, в побудительных предложениях глагол-сказуемое может употребляться в одной единственной форме - в форме императива, в то время как в предложениях повествовательных и вопросительных форма глагола-сказуемого может быть любой (кроме формы императива) - как изъявительного, так и сослагательного наклонения, как настоящего (непрошедшего), так и прошедшего времени; это может также быть форма модального глагола, которые вообще не употребляются в предложениях побудительных.

Наиболее типичным примером таких предложений служат предложения побудительные, с глаголом-сказуемым в форме императива. Например:

"Get my clothes," muttered Ralph. "Along there." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 17]

"Shut up." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 18]

"You try, Ralph. You'll call the others." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 19]

"No. We're having a meeting. Come and join in." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 21]

"Choir! Stand still!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 21]

"You're talking too much," said Jack Merridew. "Shut up, Fatty." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 22]

"A11 right, choir. Take off your togs." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 23]

"Speak up!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 32]

"Tell us about the snake-thing." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 32]

"Shut up! Wait! Listen!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 34]

В анализируемом тексте нам встретились предложения, выражающие повеление формами модального глагола в сочетании со смысловым глаголами.

Например:

"You can't come." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 24]

"Green candles," said Jack contemptuously. "We can't eat them. Come on." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 28]

"You can't go out-it's horrible!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 76]

"We can't leave the littluns alone with Piggy. Not all night." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 89]

"We can't spare more than one." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 89]

"You must carry it." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 128]

"Then we must go as we are," said Ralph, "and they won't be any better." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 129]should stick a pig," said Ralph fiercely. "They always talk about sticking a pig." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 29]

"We can light the fire again. You should have been with us, Ralph. We had a smashing time. The twins got knocked over-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 55]

Далее, в побудительных предложениях особенно часто встречается конструкции с глаголом let в сочетании с местоимениями или без них. Например:

"All right then. Sit down. Let him alone." "But Merridew." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 21]

" Let's have a vote."

"Yes!"

"Vote for chief!"

" Let's vote -" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 22-23]

" Let him have the conch!" shouted Piggy. " Let him have it!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 32]

"Jack! Jack! You haven't got the conch! Let him speak. " [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 70]

"Yes, that's right. Let's go up there in the morning." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 88]

Let's go to this feast and tell them the fire's hard on the rest of us. And the hunting and all that, being savages I mean-it must be jolly good fun." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 107]

Hide, and let them pass. [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 145]

" Let's have a fort." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 82]

" Let's stay here-"

"Back to the shelter-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 83]

Примеры с конструкцией would better /rather также довольно многочисленны. Например:

"We’ll eat first. Then go." Ralph paused. " We'd better take spears." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 79]

"Well then," said the Lord of the Flies, " you'd better run off and play with the others. [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 108]

" Better get it over." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 118]

"Perhaps," said the chief. A theological speculation presented itself. " We'd better keep on the right side of him, anyhow. You can't tell what he might do." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 120]put the conch back on the shining log. " We better eat and then get ready." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 128]

"Honest, Ralph, you'd better go. " [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 139]

"I don't mind going, said Jack hotly. "Ill go when we get there. Won't you? Would you rather go back to the shelters and tell Piggy?" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 90]

В тексте довольно многочисленны примеры с использованием разговорного выражения get / got to.

Например:

"We got to find the others. We got to do something." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 17]

" Got to get on." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 26]

"I got to have them specs. Now I only got one eye. Jus` you wait-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 56]

" We've all got to use the rocks again. This place is getting dirty." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 62]

"You got to join the tribe." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 135]

"You got to go, Ralph. You go away now-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 139]

"You got to go because it's not safe-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 139]

"-and we've got to be careful and throw our spears like at a pig." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 140]

"You got to go now, Ralph." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 140]

Также нами в тексте были обнаружены эллиптические повелительные предложения с отсутствием глагола, в которых повеление выражено интонационно, смысл которых может быть восстановлен из окружающего контекста.

Например:

No grownups!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 12]

"There!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 14]

"Piggy! Piggy!"

"Ralph-please!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 15]giggled into the sand. The expression of pain and concentration returned to Piggy's face.

"Half a sec'." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 15]

"Careful! You'll break it-" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 18]

"More wood! All of you get more wood!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 36]spoke from inside the shelter.

"Up a bit." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 41-42]

Предложения с выражением come on также являются довольно многочисленными из всех проанализированных примеров в тексте. Например:

" Come on," said Jack presently, "we're explorers." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 25]

"Green candles," said Jack contemptuously. "We can't eat them. Come on. " [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 28]

"All right," said Ralph, " come on then." [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 32]

" Come on! Follow me!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 34]

"Therest are making a line. Come on!" [Golding W. Lord Of The Flies, 51]

Все эти признаки характеризуют структуру побудительного предложения как весьма специфическую, отличающуюся от структуры как повествовательного, так и вопросительного предложения.