Культура и традции стран изучаемого языка

КУЛЬТУРА И ТРАДЦИИ СТРАН ИЗУЧАЕМОГО ЯЗЫКА

Великобритания

1. The Tower is a____ nowadays.

a) prison    b) museum  с) fortress            d) library

2. Nelson's monument - a tall column with the figure of Nelson at its top -
is in____.

a) Trafalgar Square                c) Piccadilly Circus

b). Hyde Park                        d) Regent's Park

3.____ is a commercial part of London.

a) Westminster b) The East End c) The West End d) The City 4. The most ancient monument in Great Britain is

a) Hadrian's Wall                    c) Stonehenge

b) the lower West Gate             d) the Town Gate

32

5. The oldest university in Britain is
a) London     b) Edinburgh

c) Oxford

d) Cambridge

6.____ is a very large Gothic church in central London. It is the traditional

place of coronation and burial site for English monarchs.

a) Buckingham Palace            c) Southwark Cathedral

b) Westminster Abbey             d) Westminster Cathedral

7. The oldest part of London is_____.                    у

a) the City b) the West End     c) Hyde Park d) the East End

8. The Royal Family lives in_____.

a) Westminster Palace             c) 10 Downing Street

b) Tower of London                d) Buckingham Palace

9. The official residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain is_____.

a) 10 Downing Street               c) Scotland Yard

b) Buckingham Palace            d) the West End

10. The highest mountain in Great Britain is_____.

a) Ben Nevis  b) Anglesey c) Cornwell       d) Snowdon

11. The capital of Wales is_____.

a) Cardiff   b) London   c) Belfast         d) Edinburgh

12. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of

a) 3 parts   b) 4 parts   c) 2 parts    d) 5 parts

13._____ is a district in London famous for theatres, restaurants and

cinemas.

a) Downing Street b) West Point c) Broadway   d) The West End

20. США

1. Detroit is the centre of____ industry.

a) textile     b) tourism        c) automobile d) ship building

33

2. "The Big Apple" is a popular nickname of____.

a) Los Angeles b) New York c) London  d) Chicago

3. One of the famous American art museum is

a) British Museum

b) Tate Gallery

4. The capital of the USA was built on__

a) the Colorado River

b) the Mississippi River

 

c) Metropolitan Museum

d) Prado

 

c) the Ohio River

d) the Potomac River

5. The USA consists of 50____.

aj) states    b) districts        c) republics    d) conties

6. The US flag is called

a) Uncle Jack  b) Union Jack c) Stars and Stripes d) Maple Leaf

7. The main lakes in the USA are the____ in the north.

a) Grand Lakes b) Large Lakes c) Great Lakes d) Gigantic Lakes

8. The USA is a_____ consisting of 50 states.

a) federal republic                      c) unitary republic

b) absolute monarchy                d) parliamentary monarchy

9. The President of the USA is chosen in a national election for of office.

a) a four-year                           c) a two-year

b) a five-year                            d) a three-year

term

10. In the USA

_ on July 4, 1776.

a) the Declaration of Independence was signed c) the Civil War began

b) the first President was elected                 d) the Revolution began

11. There are a) 14

_ stripes on the USA flag.
~b) 15                c)20

d) 13

 

12. The USA is a federal republic consisting of
a) 50   b)54                c)52

states.

d)48

34

21. Канада

1. The official head of state in Canada is the___.

a) House of Lords                      c) Senate

b) Monarch of Britain                d) House of Commons

2. The capital of Canada is___.

a) Quebec   b) Toronto            c) Ottawa

d) Montreal

3. In Canada, Montreal is famous for its___

a) French quarters b) television studios c) canals

d) shopping malls

4. Quebec is the province of____.

a) Australia b) New Zealand     c) Canada  d) Great Britain

5.____ is not situated in Canada.

a) Toronto   b) Ottawa            c) Boston   d) Quebec

6. The Great Lakes are situated between Canada and___.

a) the USA  b) Mexico      c) Great Britain  d) Cuba

7. Canada has a land border with____.

a) the USA, Russia and Mexico          c) the USA and Mexico

b) the USA only                               d) the USA and Russia

8. This city isn't situated in Canada.

a) Toronto   b) Boston            c) Ottawa   d) Vancouver

9. The two largest ethnic groups of Canada are____.

a) British and Americans c) French and Germans

b) Indians and British     d) people of British and French ancestry

10. French is an official language in_____.

a) Sweden b) New Zealand c) India     d) Canada

11. The British Queen is represented in Canada by the_____.

a) Prime Minister                    c) Parliament

b) Prince of Wales                  d) Governor General

12._____ is the largest city in Canada.

a) Ottawa b) Toronto   c) Montreal    d) Vancouver

35

13. Native people in Canada are the____.

a) Americans b) British     c) French    d) Indian,¹)

14. The British Queen is represented in Canada by the

a) Prime Minister b) Parliament c) Prince of Wales d)Governor General

22. Выдающиеся личности англо-говорящих стодн,

1. The Queen's eldest son's name is_____.

a) Philip        b) Andrew        c) Charles   d) Edward

2. Margaret Thatcher was____.

a) the Queen of Britain               c) a film star

b) the leader of the Labour Party   d) the British Prime Minister

3.____ is regarded by many people as America's greatest president as he

freed the slaves and united the country.

a) Abraham Lincoln                   c) John Kennedy

b) Richard Nixon                       d) Ronald Reagan

4. What was Martin Luther King famous for?

a) He was a bright student and a talented schoolchild.

b) He was born in Atlanta in a large family.

c) He aroused American people to protest against racial discrimination.

d) He was an outstanding military man.

5. The Scottish man who lived most of his life in the USA,____, invented

the telephone.

a) Alexander Bell              c) Benjamin Franklin

b) Christopher O'Donnell                d) James Dean

6._____ was the British Prime Minister during the Second World War.

a) Benjamin Disraeli               c) Margaret Thatcher

b) Winston Churchill               d) John Major

7. A member of the Beatles who was murdered in the USA is_____.

a) Rowing   b) Paul Mc. Cartney c) Stevenson d) Lennon

36

8. Sir Laurence Oliver is world famous for his outstanding achievements in
the sphere of_____.

a) theatre and cinema              c) sport

b) the computer design             d) technology

9. Bill Gates is a founder of____.                         I

a) the largest automobile corporation c) the Microsoft Corporation

b) the Metropolitan Museum     d) the first entertainment theme park

10._____ is not an American writer.

a) Salinger b)0'Henry       c) Mark Twain   d) Agatha Christie

11. Stratford-on-Avon is the birthplace of_____.

a) Robert Burns                      b) Charles Dickens

c) Bernard Shaw                     d) William Shakespeare

12. The President of the USA during the World War II was_____.

a) Jefferson b) Lincoln   c) Roosevelt       d) Washington

UNIT V ПИСЬМО

23. Оформление делового письма Notes:

Оформление конверта

Notes:

the addressee (recipient) - адресат, получатель

the addressee's company name (recipient) - название компании адресата

(получателя) the sender - отправитель the town, the state, the country the letter comes from - город, штат,

страна, откуда письмо the town, штат, the ZIP Code in the return address - город, штат, индекс

отправителя the town, штат, the ZIP Code in the mailing address - город, штат, индекс

в адресе получателя

Перед вами конверт. Соотнесите информацию под определенным номером на конверте с тем, что она обозначает.

1

Harvard Plastics Inc. (UK) (1) Birmingham (2) Bl8 9LL (3) United Kingdom

(4) The President

(5) Harvard Plastics Broadway

(6) New York, NY, 10 USA

a) the countiy the letter comes from

b) the ZIP Code in the return address

c) the addressee

d) the town in the mailing address

e) the addressee's company name
0 the town in the return address

45

2

(1) Benedetta's Boutique 18 (2) Equator Avenue (3) Irving, Texas 75060

(4) Mr A.Dale Graund Office Supplies

(5) 457 Broome Street Boulder, Colorado (6)

 

a) the house number in the mailing address

b) the addressee

c) the sender

d) the street name in the return address

e) the town the letter comes from

f) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

(1) New Jersey Power Company 5695 South 23^rd Road Ridgefield, (2) NJ 08976

(3) Mr Frederick W.

(4) Director of Mar Smith Printing Com

(5) 673 Sixth Avenue Milwankee, (6) Wl

a) the addressee's name

b) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

c) the sender

d)       the addressee's position

e) the street name in the mailing address

f) the ZIP Code in the return address

46

(1) The Court Hotel Chiicompton Bath

Avon (2) ВАЗ 4SA (3)UK

(4) Mr S. Chislain Slembrouck BVBA VioIetstraat(5) 187 B-1000 Brussels (6) Belgium

a) the ZIP Code in the return address

b) the country the letter is sent to

c) the country the letter comes from

d) the sender's company name

e) the house number in the mailing address

f) the addressee

(l)Midtec Cables Ltd,

Cotton Road,

(2) Exeter (3) EX4 9DT,

England

(4) Mrs I.Ruth

(5) Golden Holidays 12 Cambridge Court London (6) WC2H 8HI

 

a) the town the letter comes from

b) the addressee

c) the addressee's company name

d) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

e) the sender

f) the ZIP Code in the return address

47

6

Mr Kevin Kennedy

2107(1) Packer Drive

(2) Amarillo, TX (3)79108

Mr and Mrs George Smith (4) 800 (5) Park Avenue, 3C "New York, (6) New York 10025

a) name of the state

b) ZIP Code

c) name of the city

d) street name in the mailing address

e) suite number

f) street name in the return address

 

(1) Mr Walter Robinson Paul Center

(2) Dallas, Taxis (3)75201

(4) Dr John Dean

12247 Rodeo Drive

Seattle, (5) Washington (6) 981

a) Zip Code of the delivery address

b) recipient's name

c) name of the state

d) sender's city name

e) sender's name

f) Zip Code in the return address

48

8

(l)ThelnterStay Hotel (2) 11 14 Seventh Avenue New York, NY (3) 10033

Mr. John Enright (4) Computronic Inc. PO BOX (5) 8320 (6) Austin, TX 76190

a) the ZIP Code in the return address

b) the Zip Code in the mailing address

c) the house number in the return address

d) the town in the mailing address

e) the addressee's company name

f) the sender's name

Helen Richmond

(1) 6295 Glenwood Drive

(2) Albuquerque, (3) NM 87001

Dr Alexander Morris

(4) Avondale Medical Center

(5) 453 Camilla Drive

(6) Atlanta, GA 30300

 

a) street address and suite number of recipient

b) street address and suite number of addresser

c) recipient's city name

d) state abbreviation

e) addresser's city name

f) name of organization

49

BCeshire Enterprises pic. 2) 17 Ribblesdale Place - Winkley Square (3) Preston PK1 3NA

(4) Seaboard Industries pic.

(5) Grand Avenue HOVE

(6) BN3 2LS

 

a) the house number in the return address

b) the sender's name

c) the town the letter comes from

d) the addressee

e) the street name in the mailing address

f) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

11

(l)Midtec Cables Ltd,

Cotton Road,

(2) Exeter (3) EX4 9DT,

England

(4) Mrs I.Ruth

(5) Golden Holidays 12 Cambridge Court London (6) WC2H8HI

 

a) the town the letter comes from

b) the addressee

c) the addressee's company name

d) the ZIP Code in the mailing address

e) the sender

f) the ZIP Code in the return address

50

Оформление резюме, письма-заявления.

Оформление электронного сообщения, факса, служебной записки, повестки дня

Notes:

subject - тема, предмет разговора, повестка дня manager-заведующий, управляющий, директор order № 378 - заказ № 378 to - (предлог) — кому? - дат. падеж.

Служебная записка.

Распределите слова в нужном порядке:

1

То:          Purchasing & Sales Supervisor

(1)_____: Manager

(2)_____: Court Hotel

I have recently heard that (3)______ needs a large quantity of orange

juice at once.

We have a large supply of juice that we do not need. Please write to them and tell them that we would be happy to supply them if they can tell us how many bottles they need.

(4)_____

a) Peter      b) From     c) Subject     d) the Court Hotel

54

(О.

То: From

Susan Caffey
Subject:    Maltech payment
Date:      (2)_____

Jacob,

Gorman hasn't paid the current invoice. They paid their May invoice on June 30.

Maltech, however, did not pay May's bill. I sent them a second notice on July 15.

I sent AB Alliance several reminders. For their May invoice, I sent

reminders On (3)_____ and July 15. For June, I sent a reminder on July 31.

What next?

(4)_____

a) August 18, 20_ b) June 30 c) Jacob Wiley   d) S.

(1)_____: Mark Willow, Purchase Manager

From:       Michael Simpson, (2)

Date:        October 24, 20___

Subject:    Chip sets and drives purchasing

(3).

I received the production schedule from the factory that assembles our computers. Yesterday I talked to Mrs. Chen (4), and told her that our stock date has to be ten days before our assembly start dates. She said she'll waive shipping costs and give us a ten percent discount.

Please, make up a purchase order for the chip sets and drives and order today.

MS

a) Mark  b) Production Supervisor

c) To   d) our supplier

55

4

 

(1)    :	Supervisor
(2)    :	Eugenia Wehr
Date:	7 June 2006
(3)    :	Proposed Change in Schedule

Dear Supervisor,

I am writing to request a change in my schedule for the fall semester. I would like to work from Tuesday-Friday from 8AM to 7PM, for a total if four ten-hour days per week. I trust that we will be able to come to a mutually beneficial agreements.

(4)______

http://webspace. utexas. edu/behec/www/memo. html
a) To      b) E.W.   c) From     d) Subject

(1)____:         Purchasing & Sales Supervisor

From:                (2)____

(3)____:         Drinks and Beverages Co

Date:                  1 Feb.

Drinks and Beverages Co recently delivered our (4) ______    .

Unfortunately, we ordered 75 kilos of tea and 60 kilos of coffee powder and they only sent us the tea.

Please write and ask them to deliver the coffee powder as soon as possible.

a) Manager    b) Subject c) To      d) order No.378

56

(1)_____:    AlanBilton

From:            Sue Mullins

(2)_____:      Seminar for the new staff

(3)___________

About the seminar you're organizing for the new staff next month -will you need any equipment set up? I'll do a short introduction to the subject but I only need an OHP.

Can you fill in the request form for everything we'll need and send it to Shane Bell in the Technical Department?

Thanks,

(4)___________

a) Alan         b) Subject        c) Sue d) To

7

(1)_____:    Caroline Burton

From:          Sue Swiss

Subject:       Meeting with a client

Date:           (2)_____

I have to change the date of meeting with Mr. John Williams scheduled

for (3)_____ because of the urgent trip to the headquarters of our company

from 4 May to 10 May. Will you please make new arrangements with him.

(4)_____

a) To      b) Thanks c) Monday, 30 April   d) 6 May

8

To:              (1)_____, Meeting Planner

(2)_____:    Mark Wilson, Catering Manager

Date:            February 3, 20___

(3)_____:    Catering for CellFirst lunch

57

I have attached three menu choices for the March 16 lunch for the

CellFirst group. 1 asked the client on (4)______ if they would prefer a buff

let lunch or served lunch. They haven't gotten back to me. Could you follow up?

M.W.

a) Jan Turner

b) Subject

c) February

d) From

 

(1)____

From:

Subject:

Date:

Purchasing Supervisor Stock Manager

(2)_____

(3)_____

 

but we have

We sent an order for juice to Brilliant Water on (4)

still not had a delivery. Please, write to them and ask them when they can

deliver the juice. Their address is........

Thanks.

a) order 86764 b) To

c) 15^th April 2006  d) 26^th March

 

10

From: (2)_

Project Planning Dept

GM

Aqua Warm BV

1 am sure that you have read about the recent explosion at Perfecta Ltd.

We have decided not to install any more (3)_____ central heating systems

until we can be sure that they are absolutely safe.

Please write and inform them of this.

(4)_____

a) To

b) Aqua Warm

c) T.Y.

d) Subject

58

11

(1)_____:     All Staff

From:           R&D Director

(2)_____:     the Chairman's visit

The chairman of our corporation, (3)______, will visit our company

next Friday, 15 November. He is coming to visit our new production centre. He will arrive at 11:30 a.m. and you are kindly requested to be at the welcome reception for him at the Conference Hall.

(4)_____

a) To      b) Subject     c) U.T. d) Mr. Schnabel

UNIT VI ЧТЕНИЕ

27. ПрЪчитайте текст и выполните задания.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

1. The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the
environment, is a term that comprises all living and non-living things that
occur naturally on Earth or some part of it. This term includes a few key
components:

- complete landscape units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all plants, animals, rocks, etc. and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries;

- universal natural resources and phenomena that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water and climate4

- natural features which occur within areas heavily influenced by man (such as wild birds in urban gardens).

 

2. "Natural environment" that underlies environmentalism is a broad political, social and philosophical movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment.

3. Goals commonly expressed by environmentalists include reduction and clean up of man-made pollution, with future goals of zero pollution; reducing societal consumption of non-renewable fuels; development of alternative, green, low-carbon or renewable energy sources; conservation and sustainable use of scarce resources; protection of unique ecosystems; preservation and expansion of threatened or endangered species or ecosystems from extinction; and, most generally, the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems upon which all human and other life on earth depends.

4. More recently, there has been a strong concern about climate change such as global warming caused by anthropogenic releases of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide and their interactions with humans and the natural environment. Efforts here have focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes (e.g. through the Kyoto Protocol), and on developing adaptative strategies to assist species, ecosystems, humans, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.

From Wikipeclia

62

J

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Wild birds in urban gardens are natural environment.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

28. "Natural environment" has nothing to do with politics.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

29. The Kyoto Protocol concerns the problems of climate changes.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

30. Environmentalism supports the struggle of peoples against the spread of
globalization to their way of life.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая
информация:

Climate changes are considered to be due to massive exhaust of C0₂.

a) 3              b) 4              c) 2              d) 1

32. Environmentalism has diverse aims.

a) 1                b) 3               c) 4               d) 2

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is it necessary to protect ecosystems?

a) Because they are affected by greenhouse gases.

b) Because all life on the earth depends on them.

c) Because they are unique.

d) Because they provide renewable energy sources.

MINERAL DEPOSITS

1. Scientific discipline concerned with the distribution of mineral deposits, the economic considerations involved in their recovery, and assessment of the reserves available is called economic geology. Economic geology deals with metal ores, fossil fuels, and other materials of commercial value, such as salt, gypsum, and building stone. Minerals that make up the rocks are defined as inorganic substances which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and physical properties which vary within known limits.

2. The major properties which are used for identification purposes are: colour, crystal form, where available, although most numerals do not show well-developed crystals; cleavage which is the property of minerals to split along one or more series of parallel planes; specific gravity; hardness which refers to the ability of minerals to scratch or to be scratched; lustre which is described in such terms as metallic, glassy, etc. Of these diagnostic properties, colour is, perhaps, the least useful. Cleavage, on the other hand, is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogical properties that are repeated throughout the mineral.

3. Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad categories according to their physical characteristics: metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc and non-metals such as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, and asbestos. When minerals occur so that they can be worked as a profit they are called ore deposits.

4. Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non-metallic, as cryolite and sulphur. The principal reasons for distinguishing non-metallic deposits from metallic are practical ones and include such economic considerations as methods of recovery and uses.

www, n ewsscien tist. com

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the least useful feature in identification purposes?

a) Luster, which is described in such terms as metallic, glassy, etc.

b) Hardness, which refers to the ability of minerals to scratch or to be scratched.

c) Cleavage, which is the property of minerals to split along one or more series of parallel planes.

d) Colour, which is used in diagnostic properties as well.

CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION

1. The earliest known climatic classifications were those of classical Greek times. Such schemes generally divided the Earth into latitudinal zones based on the significant parallels of 0,235, and 66,5 of latitude and on the length of day. Modern climate classification has its origins in the mid of the 19" century, with the first published maps of temperature and precipitation over the Earth, which permitted the development of methods of climate grouping that used both variables simultaneously.

2. Many different schemes of classifying climate have been devised (more than 100), but all of them may be broadly differentiated as either empiric or genetic methods. This distinction is based on the nature of the data used for classification. Empiric methods make use of observed climatic data, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation, or simple quantities derived from them (e.g., evaporation).

3. In contrast, a genetic method classifies climate on the basis of its causal elements, the activity and characteristics of all factors (air masses, circulation systems, fronts, jet streams, solar radiation, topographic effects, etc.) that give rise to the spatial and temporal patterns of climatic data. Hence, while empiric classifications are largely descriptive of climate, genetic methods are (or should be) explanatory.

4. Empiric methods may be subdivided further based on the manner in which the climatic data are used. Some approaches attempt to employ climatic data directly and to group patterns of their statistics on some "rational" basis, drawing guidance from the numbers themselves. More commonly, however, climates have been classified on the basis of the response of some phenomenon to climate. For example, climatic types have been differentiated on the basis of natural vegetation distributions, human comfort, soil formation, rock weathering, and myriad other factors whose intensity, nature, or distribution are felt to be controlled or influenced by climate.

(Encyclopedia Britanica)

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is observed climatic data?

a) It is a map of soil formation.

b) It is a system of wind circulation.

c) It is temperature and humidity measurement data.

d) It is solar radiation and topographic effects control.

AIR POLLUTION

1. Air pollution is a chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually made up by mobile sources, mainly the automobiles.

2. The World Health Organization thinks that 4,6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. The health effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health, status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors, for example, on hot, smoggy days increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

3. There are many air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high. Of course, these costs are a small fraction of the economic damage that air pollution will inflict on every nation of earth.

4. Many countries are debating how to reduce dependence on fossil fuels for energy production and shift toward renewable energy technologies or nuclear power plants. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation, expanding regulation to new sources, increased fuel efficiency, conversion to cleaner fuels, or conversion to electric vehicles with renewable energy sources.

RECYCLING

1. Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products.
Recycling generally prevents the waste of potentially useful materials,
reduces the consumption of raw materials and reduces energy hence
greenhouse gas emissions, compared to virgin production. Recycling is a
key concept of modern waste management.

2. Recyclable materials, also called "recyclables", may originate from a wide range of sources including the home and industry. They include glass, paper, aluminium, asphalt, iron, textiles and plastics. Biodegradable waste, such as food waste or garden waste, is also recyclable with the assistance of micro-organisms through composting or anaerobic digestion. Recyclables are sorted and separated into material types. Their contamination with other materials must be prevented to increase the recyclables' value and facilitate easier reprocessing for the ultimate recycling facility. The sorting can be performed either by the producer of the waste or within semi- or fully-automated facilities.

3. Recycling is beneficial in two ways: it reduces the inputs (energy and raw materials) to a production system and reduces the amount of waste produced for disposal.

Some materials like aluminium can be recycled indefinitely as there is no change to the materials. Recycling aluminium saves 95% of the energy cost of processing new aluminium because the melting temperature is reduced from 900° С to 600° C. It is by far the most efficient material to recycle. Other recycled materials like paper require a percentage of wood fibres to be added to compensate for the degradation of existing fibres.

4. If the resources being processed are purer, less energy is needed to
process them and less energy is needed to transport from the place of
extraction. This reduces the environmental, social, and usually the economic
costs of manufacturing. The maximum environmental benefit is gained by
reducing the amount of waste produced and reusing items in their current
form such as refilling bottles.

Определите, является ли утверждение:

Waste processing cuts the costs of product manufacturing.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

70

28. Biodegrading is a kind of waste recycling.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

29. Wastes sorting for further processing is done only by the materials
recycling facilities.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

30. Iron and steel are the world's most recyclable materials.

а) истинным    b) в тексте нет информации   с) ложным

31. Укажите, какой части текста (1-4) соответствует следующая
информация:

The types of recyclables are numerous.

a) 3              b) 4              c) 2              d) 1

32. Materials differ in the degree of being beneficial.

. a) 1                b) 3              c) 4              d) 2

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is recycling a key concept of modern waste management?

a) Because it accelerates consumption of raw materials.

b) Because it presupposes managing new manufacturing facilities.

c) Because it reduces economic and environmental ill-effects of
production.

d) Because much energy is required to process wastes.

VITAMINS AND PROVITAMINS

1. Vitamin is any of several organic substances that usually are
separated into water-soluble and fat-soluble groups. The substances
commonly known as vitamins are diverse in chemical structure and
function. Originally defined as organic compounds obtainable is a normal
diet and capable of maintaining life, vitamins are distinct from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in function, as well as in the quantities in
which organisms require them. If a vitamin is absent from the diet, a
specific deficiency disease may develop.

2. The term vitamin originated from vitamine, a word first used in 1911 to designate a group of compounds considered vital for life; each was thought to have a nitrogen-containing component known as an amine. The final e of vitamine was dropped when it was discovered that not all are amines. The term "accessory food factor" sometimes is used instead of vitamin to refer to these substances.

3. Since they generally cannot be synthesized by an animal and must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source, vitamins are called essential nutrients. Vitamin С can be synthesized by some organisms in sufficient amounts so that the dietary requirement is eliminated, vitamin С usually is considered a vitamin, however, because it must be included in the diet of man. Vitamins are distinct from many other compounds, which although indispensable for a proper animal functions, can be synthesized in adequate quantities.

4. A provitamin is similar in structure to a specific vitamin and can be converted to it by a few metabolic reactions. Antivitamins are compounds that prevent the normal function of certain vitamins. Antivitamins may act by binding a vitamin, by destroying a vitamin, or by inhibiting the coenzyme function of a vitamin.

(Encyclopedia Britannica)

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is vitamin С treated as a vitamin?

a) It is distinct from other organic compounds.

b) It cannot be synthesized by a man.

c) It is a water-soluble substance.

d) It should be included in a diet.

CATACLYSMIC ERUPTION

1. May 18, 1980, dawned clear and cool in the Cascades, but it would pass into the history as a momentous day when cataclysmic eruption of Mt. St. Helens turned a vast area of the pristine Washington countryside into a cauldron of devastation. Mt. St. Helens was one of the most beautiful mountains in the Northwest, having been called the Fujiyama of America, but it was also and still remains, the most active volcano in the Cascade Range.

2. A century of volcanic inactivity had made Washington complacent. However, beneath the tranquil sylvan paradise, molten magma was slowly rising to the surface of the earth, eventually forming a mushroom-shaped lava dome that exploded with the force of 10 million tons of TNT at 8,30 a.m., throwing nature into upheaval. The 1980 eruption of Mt. St Helens of Mt. St Helens was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.

3. A hot plume of ash and debris rose 65,000 feet into the sky, turning day into night. Billowing, hot molten rock avalanches swept down the flanks of the mountain, moving down everything in their paths. Spirit Lake boiled, and rivers turned back. On the slopes great swaths of trees were blown away from the mountain and tossed in heaps. Fires burned everywhere. In the aftermath, what had been pristine beauty only hours before lay in total devastation? The crest of the mountain had been completely blown away and a thick carpet of ash covered the landscape.

4. Trees were strewn about like toothpicks/ There were no signs of life. Most people believed that decades, even centuries, would pass before the land would recover. However, nature proved to be far more resilient than expected. The return of life, both plant and animal, was remarkable, and today undergrowth carpets the ground and wildlife is abundant. A forest of young trees graces the slopes and valleys below the volcano, and a delicate and serene beauty has returned once more to this vast wilderness area.

(http.J/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mt. St. Helens)

Ответьте на вопрос.

What does the Mt. St Helens area look like today?

a) Nature has not proven to be very resilient.

b) Nature has made a surprising recovery.

c) The land is as devastated as it was the day of the eruption. d)There is undergrowth but no trees.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

a) There still exist active volcanoes that can turn the areas of the
pristine nature into the cauldrons of devastation.

b) A century of volcanic inactivity had made Washingtonians
complacent.

c) Mt. St Helens was one of the most beautiful mountains in the Northwest, having been called the Fujiyama of America.

d) Mt. St Helens exploded with the force of 10 million tons of TNT at 8,30 a.m. throwing nature into upheaval.

75

|7 i ПВОЧИТвЙте текст и выполните задания. Л

THE HISTORY OF GEODESY

1. Throughout history, the shape of the Earth has been debated by scientists and philosophers. By 500 B.C. most scholars thought the Earth was completely spherical. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is credited as the first person to try and calculate the size of the Earth by determining the length around its equator. He estimated this distance to be 400,000 stades (a stadia is a Greek measurement equaling about 600 feet). With one mile equal to 5,280 feet, Aristotle calculated the distance around the Earth to be about 45,500 miles.

2. As technology developed, scientists and surveyors began to use different techniques to measure distance. In the 16^th and 17^th centuries, triangulation started to be used widely. Triangulation is a method of determining the position of a fixed point by measuring the angles to it from two other fixed points that a known distance apart. Triangulation formed the basis for many geodetic surveys.

3. At the end of the 16^th century, the Royal Society in London and the L'Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris were founded. The French argued that the Earth was shaped like an egg. The English, using Sir Isaac Newton universal theory of gravity and the knowledge that the Earth spun around its axis, thought that the Earth was oblate (была сплющена у полюсов), or flattened at the poles. To prove their idea, the Academy in Paris staged two expeditions one to Peru (now Ecuador) at the equator, and the other to the border of Sweden and Finland in the northern hemisphere. The Academy's efforts proved that Newton was right. The Earth is flattened into the shape of an oblate sphere.

4. During the last 100 years, geodesy and its applications have
advanced tremendously. The 20^th century brought space-based technology,
making geodetic measurements extremely precise. Today, NAVSTAR
Global Positioning System satellites allow scientists to measure changes in
the Earth's surface to the centimetre.

TRIP PLANNING

1. Arranging for a trip can be as simple as telephoning for a motel reservation or as complex as setting up an around-the-world tour. The more arrangements to be made, the more useful are the services of a travel agent. Airlines and many hotel chains also made make extensive travel arrangements.

2. Travellers to a foreign country need certain documents in order to be allowed in and out of the country. The most necessary of credentials is the passport. This is a formal document issued by governments to their citizens. It establishes the carrier's identity and nationality and authorizes travel outside the country. A United states passport is valid for either 5 or 10 years. To obtain one an individual needs proof of citizenship, 2 recent identical photographs 2 by 2 inches (5 by 5 centimeters), proof of identity and a fee payable to Passport Services. These must be accompanied by a signal application form. Passports may be obtained from passport offices in 13 cities, from some post offices, and from some clerks of federal or state courts.

3. A visa is required for entry into some countries, and may be obtained at a point of entry. This is an endorsement placed in a passport indicating it has examined and approved by a government official. Travel is made easier when there are no visa requirements and the entry formalities are simple.

4. Some countries also require travellers to show a vaccination
certificate. Vaccination requirements vary, but common diseases against
which visitors need immunity are cholera and yellow fever. Local health
departments normally inform prospective travellers of infected areas in all
parts of the world. Vaccination certificates can be obtained from passport
offices. Individuals who plan to drive in foreign countries may need an
international driver's license, usually available from automobile clubs.
Travellers should also be aware of currency regulations, conversion rates,
and customs regulations of countries to be visited.

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why passport is important for travelling abroad?

a) It is valid for a number of years.

b) It proofs the identity of a person and allows to travel outside the country.

c) It can be obtained in special offices.

d) It is issued by government.

AIRLINES

1. A major form of mass travel in the world's transportation network, airlines are organizations of people, airplanes, equipment, and buildings for transporting passengers, freight, and mail by air between specified points. The airliner is as significant economically and socially as the train, bus, truck, or ship.

2. In many industrialized countries, intercity air passenger traffic has been growing at a far greater rate than that of either railroads or bus lines. International air travel is so extensive that it is possible to reach almost any major city in less than a day. At the beginning of the 21^st century, more than 500 airlines worldwide transported passengers and freight.

3. Airliners travel along designated airways, or routes, in controlled airspace. The routes, which are numbered like highways on the ground, are set by radio beams sent out by navigation stations along the routes. Air traffic controllers are responsible for directing traffic on these routes. They follow international guidelines to ensure that aircraft on a specific route are separated by at least 10 minutes and/or a safe vertical distance. Most flights are routed with the aid of computers. The computer is provided with data about the freight, baggage, fuel, number of passengers and weather. It then prints out several possible routes and designates one as the most desirable, taking into account distance, time, and cost.

4. Airlines are classified by their routes and by their schedules. The two major classifications are domestic airlines and international airlines. Domestic airlines provide services within a country. International airlines, on the other hand, operate both within a nation and between two or more nations. The International Civil Aviation Organization (1CAO) also distinguishes between scheduled and nonscheduled operators. Nonscheduled airlines offer either domestic or international air transportation services, but they do not maintain definite departure or arrival times.

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the difference between scheduled and nonscheduled airlines?

a) Nonscheduled airlines provide services only within a country.

b) A nonscheduled airline operates on routes and times when there is a demand for the service.

c) Nonscheduled airlines are not distinguished by ICAO.

d) Nonscheduled airlines aim their services primarily at business
travelers.

34. Определите основную идею текста.

a) Different types of airlines play an important part in the world transportation.

b) It is possible to control flights with the help of computers.

c) As include groups of people, aircrafts and special buildings.

d)In modern world air passenger traffic is growing faster than train and bus transportation.

 

27. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

SHOPPING CENTRE

1. As long as there have been cities and towns, there have been market places. Markets were organized to provide central locations for buying and selling, but they also served as places where people could meet, exchange gossip and learn of news from faraway places. Even today special sections of some cities are reserved for markets that function perhaps once a week.

2. The 20^th century adaptation of the traditional market is the shopping centre or mall. Shopping malls differ from downtown business districts of cities and towns in that they are specially designed for the unrestricted flow of pedestrian traffic. Automobiles are kept away from the shopping areas in separate parking lots or ramps.

 

3. Shopping centres have become vital retail and social centres in North America, where more than half of all retail sales are made in malls. It is estimated that more than three-fourths of the population visit a mall at least once a month. Shopping centres have become popular gathering places for teenagers. Since the youth market for products has grown so large, many shops in malls cater specifically to teenagers.

4. With the appeal that shopping malls have for millions of people, it was necessary that more attractions be added to them to bring in more customers. Gradually the malls have been turned into all-purpose entertainment centres as well as retail complexes. With the opening of the west Edmonton Mall in Alberta in 1981, the transformation of the shopping centre into a vacation and tourist attraction - with facilities to compete with a Disney resort - was complete. The West Edmonton Mall has more than 100 eating establishments. Its other attractions include a miniature golf course; an indoor water parts with beaches; a dolphin water show; a hockey rink; a night club area; movie theatres; an amusement park; a Zoo; art exhibits and a 360-room hotel.

Unit VI Чтение

Man and His Physical Environment........................................................ 59

N atural Env ironment.................................................................................... 62

Mineral Deposits............................................................................................. 64

Climatic Classification................................................................................... 66

Air Pollution..................................................................................................... 68

Recycling.......................................................................................................... 70

Vitamins and Provitamins........................................................................... 72

Cataclysmic Eruption.................................................................................... 74

The History of Geodesy................................................................................. 76

Trip Planning................................................................................................. 78

A irlines............................................................................................................. 80

Shopping Centre.............................................................................................. 82

From the History of Navigation................................................................. 84

87

КУЛЬТУРА И ТРАДЦИИ СТРАН ИЗУЧАЕМОГО ЯЗЫКА

Великобритания

1. The Tower is a____ nowadays.

a) prison    b) museum  с) fortress            d) library

2. Nelson's monument - a tall column with the figure of Nelson at its top -
is in____.

a) Trafalgar Square                c) Piccadilly Circus

b). Hyde Park                        d) Regent's Park

3.____ is a commercial part of London.

a) Westminster b) The East End c) The West End d) The City 4. The most ancient monument in Great Britain is

a) Hadrian's Wall                    c) Stonehenge

b) the lower West Gate             d) the Town Gate

32

5. The oldest university in Britain is
a) London     b) Edinburgh

c) Oxford

d) Cambridge

6.____ is a very large Gothic church in central London. It is the traditional

place of coronation and burial site for English monarchs.

a) Buckingham Palace            c) Southwark Cathedral

b) Westminster Abbey             d) Westminster Cathedral

7. The oldest part of London is_____.                    у

a) the City b) the West End     c) Hyde Park d) the East End

8. The Royal Family lives in_____.

a) Westminster Palace             c) 10 Downing Street

b) Tower of London                d) Buckingham Palace

9. The official residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain is_____.

a) 10 Downing Street               c) Scotland Yard

b) Buckingham Palace            d) the West End

10. The highest mountain in Great Britain is_____.

a) Ben Nevis  b) Anglesey c) Cornwell       d) Snowdon

11. The capital of Wales is_____.

a) Cardiff   b) London   c) Belfast         d) Edinburgh

12. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of

a) 3 parts   b) 4 parts   c) 2 parts    d) 5 parts

13._____ is a district in London famous for theatres, restaurants and

cinemas.

a) Downing Street b) West Point c) Broadway   d) The West End

20. США

1. Detroit is the centre of____ industry.

a) textile     b) tourism        c) automobile d) ship building

33

2. "The Big Apple" is a popular nickname of____.

a) Los Angeles b) New York c) London  d) Chicago

3. One of the famous American art museum is

a) British Museum

b) Tate Gallery

4. The capital of the USA was built on__

a) the Colorado River

b) the Mississippi River

 

c) Metropolitan Museum

d) Prado

 

c) the Ohio River

d) the Potomac River

5. The USA consists of 50____.

aj) states    b) districts        c) republics    d) conties

6. The US flag is called

a) Uncle Jack  b) Union Jack c) Stars and Stripes d) Maple Leaf

7. The main lakes in the USA are the____ in the north.

a) Grand Lakes b) Large Lakes c) Great Lakes d) Gigantic Lakes

8. The USA is a_____ consisting of 50 states.

a) federal republic                      c) unitary republic

b) absolute monarchy                d) parliamentary monarchy

9. The President of the USA is chosen in a national election for of office.

a) a four-year                           c) a two-year

b) a five-year                            d) a three-year

term

10. In the USA

_ on July 4, 1776.

a) the Declaration of Independence was signed c) the Civil War began

b) the first President was elected                 d) the Revolution began

11. There are a) 14

_ stripes on the USA flag.
~b) 15                c)20

d) 13

 

12. The USA is a federal republic consisting of
a) 50   b)54                c)52

states.

d)48

34

21. Канада

1. The official head of state in Canada is the___.

a) House of Lords                      c) Senate

b) Monarch of Britain                d) House of Commons

2. The capital of Canada is___.

a) Quebec   b) Toronto            c) Ottawa

d) Montreal

3. In Canada, Montreal is famous for its___

a) French quarters b) television studios c) canals

d) shopping malls

4. Quebec is the province of____.

a) Australia b) New Zealand     c) Canada  d) Great Britain

5.____ is not situated in Canada.

a) Toronto   b) Ottawa            c) Boston   d) Quebec

6. The Great Lakes are situated between Canada and___.

a) the USA  b) Mexico      c) Great Britain  d) Cuba

7. Canada has a land border with____.

a) the USA, Russia and Mexico          c) the USA and Mexico

b) the USA only                               d) the USA and Russia

8. This city isn't situated in Canada.

a) Toronto   b) Boston            c) Ottawa   d) Vancouver

9. The two largest ethnic groups of Canada are____.

a) British and Americans c) French and Germans

b) Indians and British     d) people of British and French ancestry

10. French is an official language in_____.

a) Sweden b) New Zealand c) India     d) Canada

11. The British Queen is represented in Canada by the_____.

a) Prime Minister                    c) Parliament

b) Prince of Wales                  d) Governor General

12._____ is the largest city in Canada.

a) Ottawa b) Toronto   c) Montreal    d) Vancouver

35

13. Native people in Canada are the____.

a) Americans b) British     c) French    d) Indian,¹)

14. The British Queen is represented in Canada by the

a) Prime Minister b) Parliament c) Prince of Wales d)Governor General

22. Выдающиеся личности англо-говорящих стодн,

1. The Queen's eldest son's name is_____.

a) Philip        b) Andrew        c) Charles   d) Edward

2. Margaret Thatcher was____.

a) the Queen of Britain               c) a film star

b) the leader of the Labour Party   d) the British Prime Minister

3.____ is regarded by many people as America's greatest president as he

freed the slaves and united the country.

a) Abraham Lincoln                   c) John Kennedy

b) Richard Nixon                       d) Ronald Reagan

4. What was Martin Luther King famous for?

a) He was a bright student and a talented schoolchild.

b) He was born in Atlanta in a large family.

c) He aroused American people to protest against racial discrimination.

d) He was an outstanding military man.

5. The Scottish man who lived most of his life in the USA,____, invented

the telephone.

a) Alexander Bell              c) Benjamin Franklin

b) Christopher O'Donnell                d) James Dean

6._____ was the British Prime Minister during the Second World War.

a) Benjamin Disraeli               c) Margaret Thatcher

b) Winston Churchill               d) John Major

7. A member of the Beatles who was murdered in the USA is_____.

a) Rowing   b) Paul Mc. Cartney c) Stevenson d) Lennon

36

8. Sir Laurence Oliver is world famous for his outstanding achievements in
the sphere of_____.

a) theatre and cinema              c) sport

b) the computer design             d) technology

9. Bill Gates is a founder of____.                         I

a) the largest automobile corporation c) the Microsoft Corporation

b) the Metropolitan Museum     d) the first entertainment theme park

10._____ is not an American writer.

a) Salinger b)0'Henry       c) Mark Twain   d) Agatha Christie

11. Stratford-on-Avon is the birthplace of_____.

a) Robert Burns                      b) Charles Dickens

c) Bernard Shaw                     d) William Shakespeare

12. The President of the USA during the World War II was_____.

a) Jefferson b) Lincoln   c) Roosevelt       d) Washington

UNIT V ПИСЬМО