Three-dimentional structural ornamental

SURFACE PANELS.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic panels produced in the USA are known as “Krinkglas”. The sheets or slabs are designed to simulate to exactness hand-placed textural tiles, inlaid carvings, natural wood with the deep graining effects, brick, marble, stone, convex or concave ornamentation.

These panels may be worked with ordinary carpentry tools with a minimum of labor. The developments provide no limitations as to color, texture or shape, and may be used for doors, wall board, roofs, flooring, furniture, bathtubs, vanity tops, lighting and others.

Because of its fiberglass reinforcement, “Krinkglas” is unbreakable and lighter, stronger (20 times), and safer than glass. Therefore the cost of replacement due to carelessness or everyday hazards is eliminated.

“Krinkglas” hides and resists scratches because of its patented textured surface. It is recommended to be installed in the windows on the ground floor. The dangers of shattered glass and flying objects are eliminated.

This material has good weather resistance. It is impervious to environmental conditions such as temperature change and all forms of precipitation. The detrimental effects of sunlight exposure and yellowing have been minimized with the addition of various absorbers.

It possesses a multi-faceted textured surface that draws and refracts light in a compelling deep three-dimensional manner, creating an effect of its own. Its color range is unlimited with a “standard” selection of 50 solid colors and 15 multi-hued combinations.

 

AFTER-TEXT EXERCISES

 

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What kind of plastic panel are produced in the USA?

2. What is “Krinkglas”?  

3.What are the main features of this material?

4.What kind of tools may these panels be worked with?

5.What may plastic panels be used for?

2. Read and translate the following word combin ations into Russian:

to have any desired surface of configuration, glass fiber reinforced plastic panels, the addition of absorbers, to minimise yellowing, to eliminate the dangers of shattered glass

3. Complete the sentences:

1. Because of its fiberglass reinforcement, “Krinkglas” is ….
2. It is impervious to environmental conditions such as….
3. Its… of 50 solid colors and 15 multi-hued combinations.
4. The developments may be used for…

5. The dangers of…are eliminated 

 

GENERAL EXERCISES.

1. Find in the following sentences the international words and translate them:

   1. The brick may be made of different materials. 2. Brick-building has been popular for many hundred of years. 3. It is necessary for a bricklayer to practise handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position. 4. The industry processing the natural compounds of silicon is called the silicate industry. 5. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics. 6.After the high temperature, they become hard and retain the shape. 7.During the period of their moment through the kiln, the clay and the limestone react chemically. 8. Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal expansion as iron. 9. Definite portions of the cooling semiliquid mass are taken from the bath. 10. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes can be drawn from the molted mass.

1. Find in the following sentences the pseudo-international words and translate them:

  1.Its successful use has been developed during the last two years. 2.Concrete is strong in compression but weak when used for tensile stresses. 3.Cement is made from limestone and clay, or from their natural mixture, marls.4.The products of the burning of fuel, flow in the opposite direction.

 

1. Arrange the following terms into three groups and translate them into Russian:

 

Concrete, brick, clay, sawdust, rectangular, bricklayer, silicate industry, limestone, bath-shaped furnace, glassware, prestressed concrete, cement, black-furnace slag cement.

 

1. Find the polysemantic terms and give the translation:

1. The production of ceramic goods is based on the property of clay when mixed with water to form a putty from which various articles can easily be moulded.2. In shape a brick is a rectangular solid and its weight is from 6,5 to 9 lb. 3. Dry components of the concrete mix are fed to a concrete mixer in predeterminated amounts, using special feeders. 4. Incorporate steel bars in the lower portion? The steel will resist the tensile stree derived from the sag of the beam.

 

1. Group the abbreviations into four columns and find the translation:

 

1) ABC (aggregate base course)    A. высокотемпературный

2) CAD (computer-aided design)   B. вентиляционная труба

3) Aux. (auxiliary)                        C. система обработки данных

4) ARL (acceptable reliability level) D. размер

5) Amp (ampere)                           E. щебеночный подстилающий слой

6) Cap (capacity)                           F.фут

7) Cyl (cylinder)                           G.Европейское Экономическое содружество

8) Dim (dimension)                             H.вспомогательный

9) DPS (data processing system)         I.ампер

10) Ea (earth)                                      J.быстросъемный колесный обод

11)EEC(European Economic Community) K.размер

12) Ft (foot)                                        L.заземление

13) HT (high temperature)                 M. цилиндр

14)QD-rim (quick-detachable rim)     N. компьютерное проектирование

15) VP (vent pipe)                            O.приемлемый уровень надежности

 

Chapter Two Vocabulary

 

bathtubs - ванная

carpentry - плотницкий

carving – резьба по дереву

cement - цемент

ceramics – керамические изделия

clay - глина

column - колонна

compression -сжатие

concave – вогнутый

concrete -бетон

convex - выпуклый

crack – трещина; трескаться

cross-sectional area – площадь поперечного сечения

cylindrical water-towers – цилиндрическая водонапорная башня

door - дверь

elastic limit – предел упругости

floor - пол

frog - ложок

furnace brick - кирпич

furniture - мебель

glass -стекло

gravel - гравий

ground floor – первый этаж

header – тычок (в каменной кладке), ригель

ignite – прокалывать, воспламенять

iron -железо

kiln – печь для обжига

lighting - освещение

limestone - известняк

load – нагрузка; нагружать

marble - мрамор

marl – известковая глина, мергель, кирпич из мергеля

mortar – известковый раствор

mould – формировать, отливать в форму

pipe - труба

prestressed concrete – преднапряженный бетон

putty – цементное, известковое тесто

rectangular - квадратный

reinforcement - усиление

roof - крыша

sand -песок

scratches -царапина

sheets - лист

Silicate industry

silicon -кремний

span – пролет; перекрывать (об арке)

stone - камень

storage tanks – резервуары для хранения

stretcher – постель (кирпича)

sunlight exposure – подверженность солнечному свету

three-dimensional - трехмерный

tile – плитка, черепица

wall board – стеновая панель

weight - вес

wood - дерево

Глава 3

Строительство дома.

Вариант 1

STEPS TO BUILDING A HOUSE

One of the amazing things about American homes is that the huge majority of them are built using completely standardized building practices. One reason for this consistency is a set of uniform building codes that apply across the country. Another reason is cost -- the techniques used to build homes produce reliable housing quickly at a low cost (relatively speaking). If you ever watch any house being built, you will find that it goes through the following steps:

· Grading and site preparation

· Foundation construction

· Framing

· Installation of windows and doors

· Roofing

· Siding

· Rough electrical

· Rough plumbing

· Rough HVAC

· Insulation

· Drywall

· Underlayment

· Trim

· Painting

· Finish electrical

· Bathroom and kitchen counters and cabinets

· Finish plumbing

· Carpet and flooring

· Finish HVAC

· Hookup to water main, or well drilling

· Hookup to sewer or installation of a septic system

· Punch list

Many of these steps are performed by independent crews known as subcontractors. For example, the framing is generally done by one subcontractor specializing in framing, while the roofing is done by a completely different subcontractor specializing in roofing. Each subcontractor is an independent business. All of the subcontractors are coordinated by a contractor who oversees the job and is responsible for completing the house on time and on budget.

We will walk through these different stages so that you can see what is involved, understand all the steps and learn about the different materials used in the construction process. We will use a typical three-bedroom home as our example.

 

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

 

1. Give the English equivalents.

1. Каркас
2. Опорная поверхность
3. Устанавливать прокладку трубопроводов
4. Водосток
5. Стена из стоек
6. Водопроводный канал
7. Водонагреватель

 

2. Translate the following word combinations.

1. amount of housing
2. analysis if structure
3. construction works management
4. aesthetic inconsistency
5. fireproof
6. a composite system
7. killed lime

 

         3. Answer the following questions.    

1. What are the main steps to build a house?

2. What are the reasons for using completely standardized building practices?

3. What does a subcontractor do?

4. What should every house be provided with?

Вариант 2

SITE PREPARATION

The first crew on the site handles site preparation. Often, this crew and the foundation crew are the same people, but sometimes not (especially if there are a lot of trees on the lot). Houses are generally built on a foundation that is either a basement, a crawl space or a slab. The site-preparation crew typically arrives on the site with a backhoe and/or bulldozer. The crew's job is to clear the site of any trees, rocks and debris, level the site if necessary and dig as necessary for the foundation being built.

For a crawl space, the site preparation crew digs a set of trenches and holes. Concrete is poured into these trenches and holes and will act as the interface between the foundation wall and the ground. The concrete in the trench is generally about 18 to 24 inches wide (45.72 to 60.96 cm) and 18 to 24 inches deep. Once it hardens, it forms a massive concrete " beam " on which the house rests. The width of this concrete beam is controlled by the compressibility of the soil. In light soils, the beam will be wider to try to spread out the load, while in heavy clay soils it can be narrower.                  

Concrete takes approximately two weeks to cure to full strength (depending on the weather), so once the concrete is poured nothing will happen for some period of time while curing takes place. If this house had been built on a basement, the site-prep crew would have dug a square hole about 8 feet deep. If this house had been built on a slab, the site-prep crew would have trenched around the outside approximately 2 feet deep and then completely leveled the area for the pad. Slabs, basements and crawl spaces are the three main foundation systems used on houses. In wet and coastal areas, it is sometimes common to put houses up on posts as well.

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

 

1. Give the English equivalents.

1. водосток

2. кровельная черепица

3. плотничье дело

4. глина

5. армированная проволока

6. сохранять влагу

7. конденсировать тепловую изоляцию

 

                   

2. Translate the following word combinations.

1. Plastic window light

2. To keep away from moisture

3. Cable junction

4. Index pf corrosion

5. Arterial highway

6. Waterproof fabric

7. Large – scale excavation

 

 

          3. Answer the following questions.

1. What does a house include?
2. What does a crew do?
3. In what way should concrete be used?
4. What are the three main foundation systems used on houses?

Вариант 3

PLUMBING SYSTEM

Let's say you want to put a toilet in a house. Two-hundred or 300 years ago this was not an option -- everyone used outhouses. If you visit the governor's mansion in Williamsburg, VA, you will see that in the 1700s even England's high colonial governor used a pair of three-holer outhouses located at the back of the formal garden. Eventually, public water supplies and pressurized well systems allowed people to have indoor plumbing, and this allowed for the addition of indoor toilets. A toilet has to flush somewhere, so sewer systems evolved.

Why can't you run the sewer line from a toilet or a sink out of the side of the house so it spills on the ground? That certainly would be easy and inexpensive, but people learned fairly quickly that human waste spilled on the ground smells bad and leads to incredible disease problems. Septic tanks and sewer systems take care of this. The uniform plumbing code lists hundreds of rules for septic-tank installation. These rules ensure that tanks work properly over many years. Once you have a septic tank in place, you can add sewer lines from the sink or toilet to the septic tank. Say you tried this approach: The problem with this approach is that as the septic tank fills up with stuff, it produces a rather malodorous cloud of fumes. These fumes float from the septic tank up the sewer line to the sink and into the bathroom. Therefore, plumbing codes require a " P-trap " at every drain opening, as shown here: You may have wondered why you find these funny loops of pipe under every sink in your house. The idea is that water gets trapped in the "P." This water blocks the fumes from the septic tank and keeps them from entering the bathroom. Unfortunately, a P-trap alone does not solve the problem because it turns out that the fumes in a septic tank are under pressure. The fumes simply bubble through the water in the trap and cause the same problem. Therefore, there is the concept of a vent pipe, which allows the pressure to escape. They are vent pipes to relieve the pressure so that P-traps can do their jobs. It turns out that vents also break vacuums so water flows down the pipes faster. Besides covering P-traps and vent pipes, the uniform plumbing code specifies all sorts of other things:

· The required diameters for pipes

· The allowed materials for pipes

· The types of joints you can use

· The necessary supports for pipes

· The angle at which pipes must fall

· The longest distance for lateral pipes

· And on and on and on through hundreds of pages

Rough plumbing involves installing all of the water lines, sewer lines and bathtubs. Tubs are normally installed early because:

· One-piece shower-and-tub units are big and often cannot be maneuvered into place later in the construction cycle. They also frequently "change size" -- that is, the size drawn on the plans and the size delivered often differ significantly.

· A full tub is heavy. Therefore, the tub is installed and filled so that the frame can settle quickly. This step prevents cracked walls and tile the first time someone uses the tub.

Typically, rough plumbing involves installing all sewer lines and vents as well as all water supply lines for each fixture.

AFTER - TEXT EXERCISES

 

1. Give the English equivalents.

 

1. листовая обшивка

2. природный гипс

3. сбрасывать давление

4. особняк

5. снабжать

6. канализационная система

7. перегниватель; септиктент

 

2. Translate the following word combinations.

1.estimate of cost

2.fire – fighting equipment

3.construct design

4.material debris

5.emergency conditions

6.mother – of – pearl

7.alternating current motor