Analyse the structure of the sentences below in a linear way and with the help of IC analysis.

1) A little woman in black appeared quite unexpectedly out of the darkness.

2) Scott, why on earth do you always quarrel with your parents?

3) The girl looked absolutely quiet, though the tears were glistening in her eyes, I think.

 

5. Are the sentences below expanded or unexpanded? Explain your opinion using the term of “ valency of the verb-predicate’.   

Model: the sentence ‘ He gave me the book ’ is unexpanded, because all the nominative parts of this sentence are required by the obligatory valency of the verb to give; cf.: * He gave…; He gave me… - these constructions would be semantically and structurally deficient.

The sentence ‘ He gave me a very interesting book ’ is expanded, because it includes an expansion, the attribute-supplement very interesting; the second sentence is reducible to the elementary unexpanded sentence built on the syntagmatic pattern of the bicomplementive verb to give.

1) I'll show you out. unexpanded

2) A man entered all of a sudden. expanded

3) He was full of sympathy. unexpanded

4) This seems a problem. unexpanded

5) There sounded a sharp whistle. expanded

 

6. Are the sentences below complete or incomplete/elliptical? If the sentence is elliptical, determine if it is free or fixed Use transformations to demonstrate their direct (contextual) and indirect (paradigmatic) associations with complete sentences.

Model: Did he say anything? - Not a word (ß He did not say a word).

1) What a nice day! incomplete

2) Whom did you invite? - Relatives mainly. (ß I invited relatives mainly.) free ”, determined by direct and obvious contextual axis-implications

3) You, scoundrel! incomplete Stay where you are! complete

4) To say a word like this in the presence of ladies! incomplete

5) She is a singer. - A singer? (ß Is she a singer?) free ”, determined by direct and obvious contextual axis-implications

6) ‘You are fluent in several languages?’ - ‘Latin, French and a smattering of Ger­man’ (Brown). (ß I’m fluent in ~) free ”, determined by direct and obvious contextual axis-implications

7) There was a flat packet of bills in there. complete Ten centuries. All new. All nice. And even thousand dollars. Nice traveling money (Chandler). сотня (чего-либо); сто фунтов стерлингов; сто долларов free ”, determined by direct and obvious contextual axis-implications

8) I will not help her. complete - Why not? (ß Why won’t you help her?) free ”, determined by direct and obvious contextual axis-implications

 

Are the sentences below

а) impersonal (factual or perceptional) or personal (human or non-human);

b) process featuring (actional or statal) or substance featuring (factual or perceptional);

c) subjective, objective or neutral (potentially objective)?

1) Things were going on smoothly.	а) personal (non-human, inanimate); b) process featuring (actional); c) subjective
2) You cannot eat your cake and have it.	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (actional/statal); c) objective
3) Can you help?	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (actional); c) neutral (potentially objective)
4) It is getting darker and darker.	а) impersonal (factual); b) process featuring (actional); c) subjective
5) Some don't like light music, others don’t like classical music.	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (statal); c) objective
6) At dawn, fighting broke out with renewed force.	а) personal (non-human); b) process featuring (actional); c) subjective
7) Who could do such a thing?	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (actional); c) objective
8) I don't understand a thing in this paragraph.	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (statal) c) objective
9) It is late.	а) impersonal (factual); b) substance featuring (factual); c) subjective
10) Mary's cakes taste delicious.	а) personal (non-human); b) substance featuring (perceptional); c) subjective,
11) She didn't want to wake them.	а) personal (human); b) process featuring (statal); c) objective,

 

8. Analyse the derivative history of these sentences: define the kernel sentence and the transformation steps used to form the final sentence.

Model: She couldn't do it. ß She did it; transformations include the use of functional words (modal verb could and negative particle not;

What did she do? ß She did it; transformations include the use of functional words do and what, substitution (what ß it), positional arrangement.

1) She may join us. ß She joins us. transformations include the use of functional words (modal verb may)

2) Stay away from me! ß You stay away from me. transformations include deletion (you)

3) Who told you that? - Your wife. ß Your wife told you that. transformations include the use of functional words (who), deletion, intonation arrangement

4) If only he could forgive us! ß He forgives us transformations include the use of functional words (modal could, if, only), intonation arrangement

5) She seemed to be surprised, as if she didn't know everything beforehand. ß She is surprised. She knew everything beforehand. transformations include the use of functional words (seemed, as if, did, not), intonation arrangement