Find Russian equivalents for the following terms; give definitions.

predicative line, monopredicative, or simple sentences and polypredicative, or composite and semi-composite sentences, elementary simple sentence, expanded and unexpanded sentences, the axes of the sentence, complete (two-member, two-axis) and incomplete (one-member, one-axis) sentences, free and fixed one-axis sentences, kernel sentence, derivational procedures (syntactic transformations), phrasalization, nominalization (complete and partial), clausalization, predicative load, lower and higher predicative load, predicatively (non-) loaded sentences, light and heavy predicative load

Define the type of the subject and the predicate of the following sentences.

MODEL: It was a cold autumn weather.

The subject of this sentence "it" is impersonal factual. The predicate "was cold autumn weather" is compound nominal.

 

1. Car's right outside. You might want to button your coat up, though, it's freezing out there (Baldacci). 2. Good gracious, Mr. Holmes, you are surely not going to leave me in this abrupt fashion! (Doyle) 3. Tomorrow is the examination (Doyle). 4. She began to cry again, but he took no notice (Lawrence). 5. A great flash of anguish went over his body (Lawrence). 6. She walked away from the wall towards the fire, dizzy, white to the lips, mechanically wiping her small, bleeding mouth (Lawrence). 7. He sat motionless (Lawrence). 8. Then, gradually, her breath began to hiss, she shook, and was sobbing silently, in grief for herself. Without looking, he saw. It made his mad desire to destroy her come back (Lawrence).

Analyse the structure of the sentences below in a linear way and with the help of IC analysis.

1) A little woman in black appeared quite unexpectedly out of the darkness. 2) Scott, why on earth do you always quarrel with your parents? 3) The girl looked absolutely quiet, though the tears were glistening in her eyes, I think.

 

5. Are the sentences below expanded or unexpanded? Explain your opinion using the term of “ valency of the verb-predicate’.   

Model: the sentence ‘ He gave me the book ’ is unexpanded, because all the nominative parts of this sentence are required by the obligatory valency of the verb to give; cf.: * He gave…; He gave me… - these constructions would be semantically and structurally deficient.

The sentence ‘ He gave me a very interesting book ’ is expanded, because it includes an expansion, the attribute-supplement very interesting; the second sentence is reducible to the elementary unexpanded sentence built on the syntagmatic pattern of the bicomplementive verb to give.

1) I'll show you out. 2) A man entered all of a sudden. 3) He was full of sympathy. 4) This seems a problem. 5) There sounded a sharp whistle.

 

6. Are the sentences below complete or incomplete/elliptical? If the sentence is elliptical, determine if it is free or fixed Use transformations to demonstrate their direct (contextual) and indirect (paradigmatic) associations with complete sentences.   

Model: Did he say anything? - Not a word (ß He did not say a word).

1) What a nice day! 2) Whom did you invite? - Relatives mainly. 3) You, scoundrel! Stay where you are! 4) To say a word like this in the presence of ladies! 5) She is a singer. - A singer? 6) ‘You are fluent in several languages?’ - ‘Latin, French and a smattering of Ger­man’ (Brown). 7) There was a flat packet of bills in there. Ten centuries. All new. All nice. And even thousand dollars. Nice traveling money (Chandler). 8) I will not help her. - Why not?

 

Are the sentences below

а) impersonal (factual or perceptional) or personal (human or non-human);

b) process featuring (actional or statal) or substance featuring (factual or perceptional);

c) subjective, objective or neutral (potentially objective)?

1) Things were going on smoothly. 2) You cannot eat your cake and have it. 3) Can you help? 4) It is getting darker and darker. 5) Some don't like light music, others don’t like classical music. 6) At dawn, fighting broke out with renewed force. 7) Who could do such a thing? 8) I don't understand a thing in this paragraph. 9) It is late. 10) Mary's cakes taste delicious. 11) She didn't want to wake them.

 

8. Analyse the derivative history of these sentences: define the kernel sentence and the transformation steps used to form the final sentence.

Model: She couldn't do it. ß She did it; transformations include the use of functional words (modal verb could and negative particle not;

What did she do? ß She did it; transformations include the use of functional words do and what, substitution (what ß it), positional arrangement.

1) She may join us. 2) Stay away from me! 3) Who told you that? - Your wife. 4) If only he could forgive us! 5) She seemed to be surprised, as if she didn't know everything beforehand.