Составитель: преподаватель английского языка каф.ин.языков

Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации

Департамент кадровой политики и образования

Иркутская Государственная Сельскохозяйственная Академия

 

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

 

Методические указания и контрольные задания

для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического

факультета

 

 

Иркутск - 2003

 

УДК 802.0 (075.8)

 

Английский язык: Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического факультета рекомендовано к изданию типографским способом научно-методическим советом Иркутской ГСХА, протокол № 10 от 18 июня 2003 г.

 

 

Составитель: преподаватель английского языка каф.ин.языков

Т.В.Амосова.

 

Методические указания и контрольные задания предназначены для студентов 1-2 курса заочного отделения энергетического факультета, изучающих английский язык, содержат 2 контрольных задания, в каждом задании 5 вариантов. Могут использоваться как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы студентов.

 

 

Рецензенты: ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.П. Еремина

ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.А. Яковлева

 

Ó Иркутская государственная

сельскохозяйственная академия

 

 

Оглавление:

 

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ……………………………………. 5

Контрольное задание № 1 ……………………………………….. 5

ВАРИАНТ 1 ………………………………………………………. 6

ВАРИАНТ 2 ………………………………………………………. 9

ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………… 11

ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………… 14

ВАРИАНТ 5 …………………………………………………….... 16

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ………………………….… 19

Text 1. ……………………………………………. ……………… 19

Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 20

Text 3. …………………………………………….…………….… 20

Text 4. …………………………………………………………….. 21

Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 21

Контрольное задание № 2 ………………………………………. 22

ВАРИАНТ 1 ……………………………………………………... 23

ВАРИАНТ 2 ……………………………………………………... 26

ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………... 29

ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………... 33

ВАРИАНТ 5 ……………………………………………………... 36

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ……………………………. 39

Text 1. …………………………………………………………….. 39

Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 39

Text 3. …………………………………………………………….. 40

Text 4. ……………………………….……………………………. 41

Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 41

Литература ……………………………………………………….. 43

 

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

 

Настоящие методические указания имеют целью помочь Вам и Вашей самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения на английском языке.

Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых же дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком систематически.

Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не менее 40 часов, на самостоятельную работу- 240 часов. Таким образом, каждому занятию в 2 часа должно предшествовать не менее 6 часов самостоятельной работы.

 

ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ И

ОФОРМЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

 

1. Количество контрольных заданий, выполняемых Вами на каждом курсе, устанавливается учебным планом института. У методиста заочного отделения Вашего факультета Вы можете получить методические указания для выполнения контрольных работ.

2. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4- № 2; на 5 или 6- № 3; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5.

3. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, номер контрольной работы и номер Вашего шифра.

4. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно, четким почерком, при выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний преподавателя.

 

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради следующим образом:

 

	Левая страница Правая страница
Поля	Английский язык	Русский язык	Поля

 

5. Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в которой они даны в настоящем пособии.

6. В каждом контрольном задании выделяются один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль, изложенную в абзаце. После текста дается контрольный вопрос, с помощью которого проверяется, насколько правильно и точно Вы поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах). Ниже предлагается несколько вариантов ответов. Среди этих вариантов необходимо найти тот, который наиболее правильно и четко отвечает на поставленный вопрос.

7. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в институт в условленные сроки.

8. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

 

 

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

 

Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу № 1, необходимо усвоить следующие грамматические темы:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число имен существительных. Артикли. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и окончания – s. Существительное в функции определения.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные указательные, неопределенные, отрицательные.

5. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have (got). Оборот there is /are.

Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма. Модальные глаголы. Формы настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past), и будущего (Future) времени групп Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах.

ВАРИАНТ 1

 

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

 

ВАРИАНТ 2

 

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

 

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1.Tolstoy’s book are read throughout the world.

2.I attended lectures on history in May.

3.The law of gravity governs the movement of the planets.

4.The method still needs improvement.

 

MICHAEL FARADAY

 

1. Michael Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinder's shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult subject and gave him four tickets for the lectures at the Royal Institutions.

2. The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of the lecture he came to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English scientist, and showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant and helped him in his education.

3. Faraday had many important discoveries. Among his works are the concept of the magnetic field and the magnetic "lines of fоrсe", production of new kinds of optical glass, and research on electrolysis,

4. Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modem electric motor is based.

5. Faraday was very modest and he loved his work more than honours. He refused to become President of the Royal Society and also refused to be knighted.

 

 

ВАРИАНТ 3

 

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

M. V. LOMONOSOV

 

1. M. V. Lomonosov was born in 171 lin the village of Denisovka near Arkhangelsk in the family of a fisherman. At the age of 17 he left his native village and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. Lomonosov didn't finish his last grade, as he was sent with eleven other pupils to St. Petersburg to study at the Academy of Sciences.

2. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and began to teach chemistry and physics at the Academy.

3. Lomonosov established the fundamental law of chemical change of substance which is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.

4. Lomonosov founded a new science that we call today physical chemistry. He also studied electrical phenomena in atmosphere of the Earth, the nature of light, and designed an improved telescope. Lomonosov considered nature to be in a state of constant change and development. Coal, oil, etc. were all formed as a result of evolution.

5. Lomonosov was a great scientist. His works in poetry had a great influence on Russian literature. Owing to his efforts, the first Russian University was founded in Moscow in 1755. This university bearing his name became the center of knowledge and science in Russia.

 

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

 

Переведите предложения на русский язык

 

1.Our country has many branches of industry.

2.The author mentions this phenomenon in his article.

3.Newton’s great discovery was the law of decomposition of light.

4.Nuclear energy is one of the forms of energy.

 

DMITRY MENDELEEV

 

1. D. I. Mendeleev was born in 1834 at Tobolsk in the family of the director of the town gymnasium. He received his secondary education at Tobolsk and then entered the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. After graduation he worked as a teacher for two years.

2. In 1859 he presented his thesis, received his master's degree and went abroad on a two-year scientific commission. Upon his return to Russia he was elected professor of the Petersburg University, where he carried on his scientific and pedagogical activity for 23 years.

3. In 1906 he issued a book under the title Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia which contained thoughts of the further development of Russian industry and economy. The greatest result of Mendeleev's creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements.

4. One of Mendeleev's prominent works is his book Principles of Chemistry in which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint of the Periodic Law.

5. A great scientist, Mendeleev devoted his life and energies to the progress of his country. His works embrace various fields of science — chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, geophysics.

ВАРИАНТ 5

 

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) признаком 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения к упр. 1).

 

Text 1

 

An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect the cell to the circuit - current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights.

Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to increase the voltage out­put cells should be connected in se­ries. In case a battery has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in se­ries-parallel.

When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell-to the negative terminal of the third... and so on.

When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected together and their positive terminals are also connected.

 

 

 

In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell should be substituted by another one.

 

 

Text 2

 

The principle of the starter motor is based on magnetism and it has been constructed very much like a dynamo. It has field coils, armature and brushes, but its method of operation is the reverse of that of the dynamo. The dynamo is driven by the engine and it produces current which flows to the battery. When the starter motor is operated continually and the engine will not fire, the battery is very soon exhausted.

Passing a current through a wire conductor creates a mag­netic field around the conductor and again if the conductor is coiled around a soft-iron core, the magnetic field is intensified. This arrangement gives us an electromagnet as in the dynamo, but whereas in the dynamo the electromagnets are magnetized during manufacture by passing an electric current through thpm, in the starter motor current passes through them from the battery. This happens whenever the starter switch is operated and a strong magnetic field is created around them. If we can also pass the current through the armature, the armature coils will also produce a magnetic effect and will have a north and south polarity.

 

Слова к тексту: starter motor—пускатель электродвигате­ля; starter switch - пусковой переключатель.

 

Text 3

 

The atom of any elementary substance consists of a positive­ly charged nucleus and electrons, negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus. The electrons surrounding the atomic nucleus are located on certain energy levels or shells.

Energy may be imparted to an atom in various ways, for in­stance, by heating the substance or by irradiation. Depending upon the atom of energy received, an electron either becomes detached from the atom, or moves from a lower to a higher energy level, where it is not so closely bound with the nucleus. Excess energy puts the atom into an excited state, i. e. into one of the several possible higher energy states. In the excited state the atom is unstable. It returns to the normal state as a result of a spontaneous rearrangement of the electronic struc­ture of the atom, the electrons filling free spaces in the shells closest to the nucleus.

When an electron is ejected from an atom,the latter, having a prevailing positive charge, becomes a positively charged ion.

The ion may become neutral by attracting the nearest free elec­trons.

 

Text 4

 

The electric ignition system depends upon the principle of electromagnetic induction to do its work. In permanent mag­nets, a magnetic field exists between the north and south poles. This magnetic field consists of invisible magnetic lines of force. If we move a wire up and down in this field, the wire «cuts» the lines of force.

This action causes a small current to flow in the wire. If we reverse the procedure and pass the electric current through a wire, an electromagnetic field forms about the wire. This field can be made stronger by adding many more turns of wire and inserting a soft iron core to conduct the magnetic lines of force. A strong electromagnetic field is produced when current such as that supplied by a 6 - or 12 volt battery is passed through the wire. The soft iron core becomes a strong electric magnet. If we suddenly break this circuit, the electromagnetic field collapses and the winding around the soft iron core actually cuts the magnetic lines of force of the collapsing field. This causes a high-voltage current to be induced in the winding and a spark to jump at the gay where the wire was broken. This is the be­ginning of an ignition system, and is called its primary wind­ing. The voltage produced by the system, about 250 volts, is not high enough to cause a spark to jump across the gap of a spark plug; therefore, an additional winding is added. This is called the secondary winding. It, too, cuts magnetic lines of force when we break the primary circuit and a much higher vol­tage is induced in it because it has many more turns of wire than the primary circuit. The voltage of the secondary circuit is 15.000 to 20.000 volts.

 

Text 5

 

The magnets used in compasses, instruments, magnetos, and all the various array of equipment which embodies a magnetic field produced by a magnet, are artificially constructed of har­dened steel, magnetized by a strong magnetic flux. This type of magnet may be said to be a permanent magnet, in contrast to the electromagnet. A magnet is a body possessing the property magnetic substances.

The so-called permanent magnet should be used where a constant magnetic field is to be produced, since a well-made permanent magnet loses its magnetism very slowly, and then only up to a certain point, after which it is said to be aged. Thereafter it maintains a constant degree of magnetism unless subjected to strong de-magnetizing effects. A bar which has been magnetized is found to have poles. There are centers where magnetic attraction is strongest. If the magnet is free to turn, the pole which points notherly is called a north pole, and the other a south pole. Like poles repel each other with a magnetic force, and unlike poles attract each other. The earth is a large magnet having magnetic poles somewhere near, but not coinci­dent with, the geographic poles.

Слова к тексту: thereafter - согласно этому; de-magneti­zing- размагничивающий.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2

 

Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1.Видо-временные формы глагола- Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах. Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2.Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность- can(could), may (might) и эквиваленты глагола can-tobe able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование – must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.

3.Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle) Participle II(Past Participle) в функциях определения, обстоятельства, части глагола-сказуемого. Gerund- герундий, простые формы. Infinitive- инфинитивв функции: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели.

4.Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.

5.Грамматические функции и значение слов it, that, one.

6.Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

7.Интернациональные слова.

Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 1)

a) Today scientists are still Сегодня ученые все еще ищут

looking for the substances вещества в качестве источника

as a source of energy. энергии.

 

are looking (for) - Present Continuous Active Voice от глагола to look(for).

 

b)The new laboratory equipment Вчера послали за новым обору-

was sent for yesterday. дованием.

was sent for -Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.

 

Образец выполнения 2(к упр.3)

 

a)The changes affecting the Изменения, влияющие на состав

composition of materials are материалов, называются хими -

called chemical changes. ческими изменениями.

Affecting - Participle I, определение.

 

b)When heated to the boiling Когда воду нагревают до точки

point water evaporates. кипения, она испаряется.(или: При

нагревании до точки кипения вода

испаряется.

(when) heated - Participle II, обстоятельство.

 

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр.7)

 

a)It is necessary to use the latest Необходимо использовать в

means of control in industry. промышленности новейшие

средства контроля.

b)One must agree that the experience Следует согласиться, что

was of great importance for our эксперимент имел большое

research. значение для нашего иссле-

дования.

 

ВАРИАНТ 1

 

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого: Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см. образец 2).

 

1.While writing the translation, he consulted the dictionary.

2.The quantity of labour derived from a given stock of population depends upon several factors.

3.When coming up to the Institute I saw a group of people greeting somebody.

4.The information obtained is very valuable.

5.We were demonstrated an operating engine.

 

Capacitors

 

A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a

voltage source is applied to it.

The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent a short.

In the diagram one can see two common types of capacitors in use nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable one. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for this reason its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor move; its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a ca­pacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to vary the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are used in telephone and radio work.

Fixed capacitors have insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in radio and electronics; their advantage is their high capacity: it may be higher than 1,000 picofarad.

Besides, electrolyte capacitors are highly in use. They also have a very high capacity: it varies from 0.5 to 2,000 microfarad. Their disadvantage is that they change their capacity when the temperature changes. They can operate without a change only at temperatures not lower than -40° C.

Common troubles in capacitors are an open and a short. A capacitor stops operating and does not store energy in case it has a trouble. A ca­pacitor with a trouble should be substituted by a new one.

 

X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

 

1. What is capacitor used for?

2. What are the main parts of capacitor?

3. What is the function of insulators?

4. What does the capacity of a capacitor depend on?

5. What is the difference between a fixed capacitor and a variable one?

6. What should be done in order to change a capacitor?

7. What is the relation between the value of capacity and the distance of plates?

8. What type of insulators have variable capacitors?

9. What should be done in case a capacitor has a trouble?

ВАРИАНТ 2

 

Conductors and Insulators

 

Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low re­sistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.

It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the tem­perature coefficient or the less the change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material.

Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Cur­rent passes through insulators with great difficulty.

The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics.

Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in or­der to make them conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be.

When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions:

 

1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and

2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied.

 

X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What materials are called conductors?

2. What is the advantage of copper compared with silver?

3. What is the most common function of wire conductors?

4. Why is minimum voltage drop produced in copper conductors?

5. What is the relation between the value of resistance and the temperature in carbon?

6. What materials are called insulators?

7. What are the most common insulators?

8. What are the two main functions of insulators?

ВАРИАНТ 3

 

Transformers

A transformer is used to transfer energy. Due to the transformer electric power may be transferred at a high voltage and reduced at the point where it must be used to any value. Besides, a transformer is used to change the voltage and current value in a circuit.

 

A two-winding transformer consists of a closed core and two coils (windings). The primary winding is connected to the voltage source. It receives energy. The secondary winding is connected to the load resis­tance and supplies energy to the load.

The value of voltage across the secondary terminal depends on the number of turns in it. In case it is equal to the number of turns in the primary winding the voltage in the secondary winding is the same as in the primary.

In case the secondary has more turns than the primary the output voltage is greater than the input voltage. The voltage in the secondary is greater than me voltage in the primary by as many times as the number of turns in the secondary is greater than the number of turns in the pri­mary. A transformer of this type increases or steps up the voltage and is called a step-up transformer. In case the secondary has fewer turns than the primary the output voltage is lower than the input. Such a trans­former decreases or steps down the voltage, it is called a step-down transformer.

Compare T₁ and T₂ in the diagram. T₁ has an iron core. For this rea­son it is used for low-frequency currents. T₂ has an air core and is used for high frequencies.

Common troubles in transformers are an open in the winding, a short between the primary and the secondary, and a short between turns. In case a transformer has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. A transformer with a trouble should be substituted.

 

X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is transformer used for?

2. What does a transformer consist of?

3. What is the function of the primary winding?

4. What is the function of the secondary winding?

5. What type of transformer is called a step-up transformer?

6. What type of transformer is used for high-frequency currents?

7. What type of transformer is called a step-down transformer?

8. What type of transformer is used for low-frequency currents?

9. What are common troubles in a transformer?

 

 

ВАРИАНТ 4

 

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо- временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. образец1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1.At this stage the raw materials are loaded into this container.

2.This products have been designed by a special team.

3.Our engineers have improved this new method of work.

4.Advanced technologies are applied in most branches of engineering.

5.She is working in Rome at the moment.

 

ВАРИАНТ 5

 

Transmission Lines

A power system is an interconnection of electric power stations by high voltage power transmission lines. Nowadays the electricity is trans­mitted over long distances and the length of transmitting power lines varies from area to area.

A wire system is termed a power line in case it has no parallel branches and a power network in case it has parallel branches.

According to their functions, power lines and networks are subdivided into transmission and distribution lines.

Transmission lines serve to deliver power from a station to distribu­tion centers. Distribution lines deliver power from distribution centers to the loads.

Lines are also classed into: 1) overhead; 2) indoor; 3) cable (under­ground).

Overhead lines include line conductors, insulators, and supports. The conductors are connected to the insulators, and these are connected to the supports. The greater the resistance, the higher are the heating losses in the conducting wires. In.order to reduce the losses, a step-down trans­former can be used.

Indoor lines include conductors, cords, and buses. The conductor may include one wire or a combination of wires not insulated from one an­other. They deliver electric current to the consumers.

As to underground lines, they are used in city areas. Accordingly, they are used in cities and towns, and in the areas of industrial enterprises.

 

Text 1

One of the important things that an engineer should take into con­sideration is "how much?" How much current is this circuit carrying? What is the value of voltage in the circuit? What is the value of resistance? In fact, to measure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and the volts.

Common ammeters for d. c, measurements are the ammeters of the magneto-electric system. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. The greater the current in the coil, the greater the force, and, therefore, the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflection is measured by means of a pointer connected to the ar­mature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes.

When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10^-11 of an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.

A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential differ­ence between any two points in a circuit. A voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. The de­flection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.

A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. In actual use the ammeter is placed in se­ries with the circuit, while the voltmeter is placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.

In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.

Text 2

Large steam-turbine plants have two forms: condensing plants or electric power plants.

The great masses of hot steam, having accomplished the mechanical work in the turbines of condensing steam-turbine plants, are condensed, i.e. are cooled down and turned back into distilled water, and returned to the boiler for production of steam to activate the turbine.

Condensation of steam takes place in condensers where the hot steam is cooled when it comes in contact with tubes through which cold water, supplied from a water reservoir (river or lake), is circulated. This cooling water, after it takes the heat from the spent steam, is returned to the water source carrying along with it the unutilized heat energy. This water is called the circulating water. The importance of the distilled water for feeding steam boilers is extremely great since chemically clean water decreases the formation of scale in the boiler tubes, and, thus, makes their service life longer.

Condensing plants of large generating capacity are built close to sources of fuel, in order not to transport large quantities of fuel over considerable distances.

The electric power generated in such plants is transmitted over long distances for the supply of large industrial regions. So these plants are called regional thermal power plants.

Heat and electric power plants, in addition to electric power genera­tion, also supply heat to closely located consumers (within a radius of 50 km), i.e. serve as district heat plants. To such heat consumers belong all kinds of industrial enterprises that require heat for production pur­poses, and also municipal consumers such as baths, laundries and the heating systems of dwelling houses and other buildings.

The electric power developed by the generators is fed to the switch­board of the plant, whence it is delivered by overhead transmission and cable lines to the consumers.

Text 3

Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical en­ergy, or mechanical energy to electrical energy. Most electrical energy is produced in large power stations by the conversion of mechanical en­ergy or heat. The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in hydroelectric stations, and the heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels is used to operate steam turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric generators. Also, the heat from the fissioning of uranium or plutonium is used to generate steam for the turbine generator in a nuclear power plant.

Electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy is used mainly for portable power sources. For example, a photoelectric cell converts the energy from light to electrical energy for operating the exposure meter in a camera, and a lead-acid battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy for starting an automobile engine.

Electric power produced in large power stations generally is trans­mitted by using an alternating current that reverses direction 25, 50, or 60 times per second. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the watt - the rate at which work is being done in an electric circuit in which the current is one ampere and the electromotive force is one volt.

Ratings for power plants are expressed in kilowatts (1,000 watts) or megawatts (1 million watts). Electric energy consumption normally is given in kilowatt-hours - that is, the number of kilowatts used times the number of hours of use. Electricity is clean, inexpensive, and easily transmitted over long distances. Since the 1880's, electricity has had an ever-increasing role in improving the standard of living. It now is used to operate lights, pumps, elevators, power tools, furnaces, refrigerators, air-conditioners, radios, television sets, industrial machinery, and many other kinds of equipment. It has been counted that in developed coun­tries about 43% of the electric power is generally used for industrial purposes, 32% in homes, and 21% in commercial enterprises.

 

Text 4

 

Motors are used for converting different forms of energy into me­chanical energy.

The main part of a motor is a coil or armature. The armature is placed between the poles of a powerful magnet. When a motor is put

into operation current starts flowing through the coil (armature) and the armature starts rotating.

Electric motors are used practically in every branch of industry, transport, and agriculture. Naturally, they are produced in many dif­ferent designs. They are used in industrial plants, and operate under dif­ferent conditions.

Each motor is supplied with a nameplate which bears machine ratings: output power, voltage, the rated current, the starting current, the power factor, the efficiency, and the rated torque.

These motor ratings should be taken into consideration since they are necessary for the users. On them depends the length of motors' service life, which is normally equal to about 10 years, provided that the operating conditions are normal. Naturally, under abnormal condi­tions the service life becomes much shorter: motors operate poorly and may have different faults.

Text 5

 

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calcu­lations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.

Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

2. Electrical engineering.

a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).

b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.

Darns; tunnels; roads, and so on.

4. Structural engineering.

The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

5. Chemical engineering.

Any other branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists- the metallurgist: the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engi­neering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

 

 

Литература

 

1. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов энергетических специальностей: Учеб. пособие. – 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: «Высшая школа»; Издательский центр «Академия», 2001 – 150с.

2. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. Английский язык. Контрольные задания для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений: Учеб.- метод. пособие. - М.: Высш. шк., 2000. – 111с.

3. Бгашев В.Н. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей: Учеб./В.Н. Бгашев, Е.Ю. Долматовская. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп.- М.: ООО «Издательство Артель»: ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2002. – 384с.

4. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю.Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, О.И. Тынкова, Э.С. Улановская. – 5-е изд., стереотип.- М.: Высш. шк., 2000.- 463с.

Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации

Департамент кадровой политики и образования

Иркутская Государственная Сельскохозяйственная Академия

 

 

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

 

Методические указания и контрольные задания

для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического

факультета

 

 

Иркутск - 2003

 

УДК 802.0 (075.8)

 

Английский язык: Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов-заочников 1-2 курсов энергетического факультета рекомендовано к изданию типографским способом научно-методическим советом Иркутской ГСХА, протокол № 10 от 18 июня 2003 г.

 

 

Составитель: преподаватель английского языка каф.ин.языков

Т.В.Амосова.

 

Методические указания и контрольные задания предназначены для студентов 1-2 курса заочного отделения энергетического факультета, изучающих английский язык, содержат 2 контрольных задания, в каждом задании 5 вариантов. Могут использоваться как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы студентов.

 

 

Рецензенты: ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.П. Еремина

ст. преподаватель каф. ин. языков С.А. Яковлева

 

Ó Иркутская государственная

сельскохозяйственная академия

 

 

Оглавление:

 

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ……………………………………. 5

Контрольное задание № 1 ……………………………………….. 5

ВАРИАНТ 1 ………………………………………………………. 6

ВАРИАНТ 2 ………………………………………………………. 9

ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………… 11

ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………… 14

ВАРИАНТ 5 …………………………………………………….... 16

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ………………………….… 19

Text 1. ……………………………………………. ……………… 19

Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 20

Text 3. …………………………………………….…………….… 20

Text 4. …………………………………………………………….. 21

Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 21

Контрольное задание № 2 ………………………………………. 22

ВАРИАНТ 1 ……………………………………………………... 23

ВАРИАНТ 2 ……………………………………………………... 26

ВАРИАНТ 3 ……………………………………………………... 29

ВАРИАНТ 4 ……………………………………………………... 33

ВАРИАНТ 5 ……………………………………………………... 36

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения ……………………………. 39

Text 1. …………………………………………………………….. 39

Text 2. …………………………………………………………….. 39

Text 3. …………………………………………………………….. 40

Text 4. ……………………………….……………………………. 41

Text 5. …………………………………………………………….. 41

Литература ……………………………………………………….. 43

 

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

 

Настоящие методические указания имеют целью помочь Вам и Вашей самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения на английском языке.

Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых же дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком систематически.

Особенностью изучения иностранного языка в заочной системе обучения является то, что большая часть языкового материала должна прорабатываться самостоятельно. На аудиторные занятия отводится не менее 40 часов, на самостоятельную работу- 240 часов. Таким образом, каждому занятию в 2 часа должно предшествовать не менее 6 часов самостоятельной работы.