V. Перепишите следующие предложения и Переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию. 


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V. Перепишите следующие предложения и Переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.



 

1.One of the problems modern research laboratories are working at is the problem of finding materials that can serve as electrical conductors in fusion reactors.

2.Nobody will object their joining us.

3.We are against making the proposal.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1.He didn’t take part in the discussion for he was late for the seminar.

2.The furniture is delivered by this term.

3.He had to do it again.

4.The equipment is to be shipped in export sea packing suitable for the of equipment delivered.

5.We had to find new methods of investigation.

 

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см. образец 3).

1.That he refused to help his partners is very strange.

2.The new method proved to be much more efficient that the old one.

3.It must have rained last night.

4.Road safety remains one of the most important problems in the modern world.

 

VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The district you’ll go to is in Siberia.

2.The laboratory you wanted to see is in our Institute.

3.We think that process can be easily mechanized.

4.He said they had returned.

 

IX.Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.

Найдите в тексте:

1) глаголы в страдательном залоге;

2) инфинитив;

3) существительные в функции определения;

4) предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the ….

 

Transmission Lines

A power system is an interconnection of electric power stations by high voltage power transmission lines. Nowadays the electricity is trans­mitted over long distances and the length of transmitting power lines varies from area to area.

A wire system is termed a power line in case it has no parallel branches and a power network in case it has parallel branches.

According to their functions, power lines and networks are subdivided into transmission and distribution lines.

Transmission lines serve to deliver power from a station to distribu­tion centers. Distribution lines deliver power from distribution centers to the loads.

Lines are also classed into: 1) overhead; 2) indoor; 3) cable (under­ground).

Overhead lines include line conductors, insulators, and supports. The conductors are connected to the insulators, and these are connected to the supports. The greater the resistance, the higher are the heating losses in the conducting wires. In.order to reduce the losses, a step-down trans­former can be used.

Indoor lines include conductors, cords, and buses. The conductor may include one wire or a combination of wires not insulated from one an­other. They deliver electric current to the consumers.

As to underground lines, they are used in city areas. Accordingly, they are used in cities and towns, and in the areas of industrial enterprises.

 

Тексты для внеаудиторного чтения

Переведенные тексты по внеаудиторному чтению на проверку преподавателям не высылаются, а сдаются устно по прибытии на сессию.

Text 1

One of the important things that an engineer should take into con­sideration is "how much?" How much current is this circuit carrying? What is the value of voltage in the circuit? What is the value of resistance? In fact, to measure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and the volts.

Common ammeters for d. c, measurements are the ammeters of the magneto-electric system. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. The greater the current in the coil, the greater the force, and, therefore, the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. The deflection is measured by means of a pointer connected to the ar­mature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes.

When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10-11 of an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.

A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential differ­ence between any two points in a circuit. A voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. The de­flection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.

A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. In actual use the ammeter is placed in se­ries with the circuit, while the voltmeter is placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.

In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.

Text 2

Large steam-turbine plants have two forms: condensing plants or electric power plants.

The great masses of hot steam, having accomplished the mechanical work in the turbines of condensing steam-turbine plants, are condensed, i.e. are cooled down and turned back into distilled water, and returned to the boiler for production of steam to activate the turbine.

Condensation of steam takes place in condensers where the hot steam is cooled when it comes in contact with tubes through which cold water, supplied from a water reservoir (river or lake), is circulated. This cooling water, after it takes the heat from the spent steam, is returned to the water source carrying along with it the unutilized heat energy. This water is called the circulating water. The importance of the distilled water for feeding steam boilers is extremely great since chemically clean water decreases the formation of scale in the boiler tubes, and, thus, makes their service life longer.

Condensing plants of large generating capacity are built close to sources of fuel, in order not to transport large quantities of fuel over considerable distances.

The electric power generated in such plants is transmitted over long distances for the supply of large industrial regions. So these plants are called regional thermal power plants.

Heat and electric power plants, in addition to electric power genera­tion, also supply heat to closely located consumers (within a radius of 50 km), i.e. serve as district heat plants. To such heat consumers belong all kinds of industrial enterprises that require heat for production pur­poses, and also municipal consumers such as baths, laundries and the heating systems of dwelling houses and other buildings.

The electric power developed by the generators is fed to the switch­board of the plant, whence it is delivered by overhead transmission and cable lines to the consumers.

Text 3

Electric power is generated by converting heat, light, chemical en­ergy, or mechanical energy to electrical energy. Most electrical energy is produced in large power stations by the conversion of mechanical en­ergy or heat. The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in hydroelectric stations, and the heat derived by burning coal, oil, or other fossil fuels is used to operate steam turbines or internal-combustion engines that drive electric generators. Also, the heat from the fissioning of uranium or plutonium is used to generate steam for the turbine generator in a nuclear power plant.

Electricity generated by the conversion of light or chemical energy is used mainly for portable power sources. For example, a photoelectric cell converts the energy from light to electrical energy for operating the exposure meter in a camera, and a lead-acid battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy for starting an automobile engine.

Electric power produced in large power stations generally is trans­mitted by using an alternating current that reverses direction 25, 50, or 60 times per second. The basic unit for measuring electric power is the watt - the rate at which work is being done in an electric circuit in which the current is one ampere and the electromotive force is one volt.

Ratings for power plants are expressed in kilowatts (1,000 watts) or megawatts (1 million watts). Electric energy consumption normally is given in kilowatt-hours - that is, the number of kilowatts used times the number of hours of use. Electricity is clean, inexpensive, and easily transmitted over long distances. Since the 1880's, electricity has had an ever-increasing role in improving the standard of living. It now is used to operate lights, pumps, elevators, power tools, furnaces, refrigerators, air-conditioners, radios, television sets, industrial machinery, and many other kinds of equipment. It has been counted that in developed coun­tries about 43% of the electric power is generally used for industrial purposes, 32% in homes, and 21% in commercial enterprises.

 

Text 4

 

Motors are used for converting different forms of energy into me­chanical energy.

The main part of a motor is a coil or armature. The armature is placed between the poles of a powerful magnet. When a motor is put

into operation current starts flowing through the coil (armature) and the armature starts rotating.

Electric motors are used practically in every branch of industry, transport, and agriculture. Naturally, they are produced in many dif­ferent designs. They are used in industrial plants, and operate under dif­ferent conditions.

Each motor is supplied with a nameplate which bears machine ratings: output power, voltage, the rated current, the starting current, the power factor, the efficiency, and the rated torque.

These motor ratings should be taken into consideration since they are necessary for the users. On them depends the length of motors' service life, which is normally equal to about 10 years, provided that the operating conditions are normal. Naturally, under abnormal condi­tions the service life becomes much shorter: motors operate poorly and may have different faults.

Text 5

 

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calcu­lations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.

Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

2. Electrical engineering.

a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).

b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.

Darns; tunnels; roads, and so on.

4. Structural engineering.

The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

5. Chemical engineering.

Any other branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists- the metallurgist: the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engi­neering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

 

 

Литература

 

1. Луговая А.Л. Английский язык для студентов энергетических специальностей: Учеб. пособие. – 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: «Высшая школа»; Издательский центр «Академия», 2001 – 150с.

2. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. Английский язык. Контрольные задания для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений: Учеб.- метод. пособие. - М.: Высш. шк., 2000. – 111с.

3. Бгашев В.Н. Английский язык для студентов машиностроительных специальностей: Учеб./В.Н. Бгашев, Е.Ю. Долматовская. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп.- М.: ООО «Издательство Артель»: ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2002. – 384с.

4. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб./Т.Ю.Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, О.И. Тынкова, Э.С. Улановская. – 5-е изд., стереотип.- М.: Высш. шк., 2000.- 463с.



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