VI. Перекладіть англійською мовою. Переведите на русский язык

1. Я не знаю новий номер телефона Джона.

2. Це учорашні новини?

3. У нього чотирирічна дитина.

4. Після мовчання він відповів на питання.

5. Він любить давати поради.

6. Спасибі за пораду, яку ви мені дали.

7. Це важка робота?

8. Робота, яку йому дали, була неважкою, але стомливою.

9. Які цінні відомості ви принесли.

10. Познайомтеся з полковником Смітом.

11. Я кажу про полковника Сміта, що написав Істрію Громадянської війни в Америці.

12. Рейн починається в Альпах.

13. Тихій Океан відділяє Азію від Америки.

14. Я люблю ходити до музею імені Пушкіна.

15. Я п’ю каву кожного ранку. Випий каву. Це буде тобі корисно. Я зайшов у бар і попросив одну каву і газету.

16. Дозвольте представитися. Моє ім’я Сміт. Тобі дзвонив який-то Сміт. Це той Сміт, який обіцяв мені роботу.

17. Коли ви поїдете до лікарні відвідати Павла? Мій друг лежить в лікарні. У нього запалювання легенів.

18. Я люблю їздити поїздом. Поїзд – це прекрасна можливість відпочити.

1. Я не знаю новый номер телефона Джона.

2. Это вчерашние новости?

3. У него четырехлетний ребенок.

4. После ненужного молчания он ответил на вопрос.

5. Он любит давать советы.

6. Спасибо за совет, который вы мне дали.

7. Это трудная работа?

8. Работа, которую ему дали, была нетрудной, но утомительной.

9. Какие ценные сведения вы принесли.

10. Познакомьтесь с полковником Смитом.

11. Я говорю о полковнике Смите, который написал историю Гражданской войны в США.

12. Рейн начинается в Альпах.

13. Тихий океан отделяет Азию от Америки.

14. Я люблю ходить в музей им. Пушкина.

15. Я пью кофе каждое утро.

Выпей кофе. Это будет тебе полезно.

Я зашел в бар и попросил один кофе и газету.

16. Позвольте представиться. Мое имя Смит.

Тебе звонил какой-то Смит. Он оставил свой номер телефона.

Это тот Смит, который обещал мне работу.

17. Когда вы поедите в больницу навестить Павла?

Мой друг лежит в больнице. У него воспаление легких.

18. Я предпочитаю ездить поездом. Поезд – это прекрасная возможность отдохнуть.

TESTS

Directions: Complete the sentences below using the correct alternative

from those marked A, B, C, or D.

 

The noun

Test 1

1. When I come into ____ cottage, the family ____ sitting round the table playing draughts. Draughts ____ their favorite game. They like to play ____ in the evenings.

A the Holley’s, were, are, it

B Holley’s, was, are, them

C the Holleys’, were, is, it

D Holleys’s, was, is, them

 

2. When he was going through a narrow passage between two ____, he heard ____. These were his heigbours, two ____ girls.

A merrys-go-round, laugh, twenty-years old

B merry-go-round, a laugh, twenty-year old

C merry-goes-round, laughter, twenty-years old

D merry-goes-rounds, a laughter, twenty-year old

 

3. They decided to open a season. Though it was a fashionable party and the walls were decorated with ____ and ____, the majority of the guests ____ wearing jeans and T-shirts.

A lilies-of-the-valley, forget-me-nots, were

B lilies-of-the-valleys, forget-me-nots, were

C lilies-of-the-valley, forgets-me-not, was

D lilies-of-the-valleys, forgets-me-nots, was

 

4. The ____ wife was wearing a plain white dress with a string of pearls that cost more than my ____ salary.

A governor’s-general, two years’

B governor-general’s, two years’

C governor-general, two years

D governor’s-general’s, two-year

 

5. He pulled off his gloves and put ____ onto the dressing table. She noticed that ____ brand new. So was his hat.

A it, it was

B it, they were

C them, it was

D them, they were

6. He conducted a lot of ____ into ____ but ____a failure.

A researches, hay fevers, they were

B research, hay fever, it was

C researches, hay fever, it was

D research, hay fevers, they were

 

7. The proceeds of the campaign ____ been spent on the construction of the Children’s Care Centre. Road works ____ being held there to build a new ____ crossing.

A has, are, pedestrian’s

B have, are, pedestrian

C has, is, pedestrians

D have, is, pedestrians’

 

8. Look, Mary is playing with the scissors! Take ____ away from her, ____ may cut into her fingers.

A it, it

B them, it

C it, they

D them, they

 

9. Here ____ the pocket money my uncle has sent me today. ____ will be enough to settle all my debts.

A are, It C is, It

B is, They D are, They

 

10. The criteria ____ too vague. If there were a sharper ____ to make our choice, I would be happy.

A is, criterion C is, criteria

B are, criterion D are, criteria

 

11. The latest news from the Middle East countries ____ disturbing. A close-up camera showed a man running somewhere. His face was bruised and his clothes ____ torn.

A was, was C was, were

B were, were D were, was

 

12. The premises ____ big enough, but the inspection took them a lot of ____, and they had to drive home at ____.

A was, time, dusks

B were, times, a dusk

C was, times, dusk

D were, time, dusk

 

13. The price for ____ has increased by ten ____ in the last quarter. Lodgings ____ very expensive nowadays.

A an accommodation, per cent, is

B accommodation, per cent, are

C accommodations, per cents, is

D accommodation, per cents, are

 

14. That species of birds ____ migrant and ____ found in Africa in winter. Our surroundings ____ too severe for such birds and they leave ____ early in September.

A is, is, are, them C is, is, is, it

B are, are, are, them D are, are, is, it

 

15. The crossroads at our supermarket ____ a dangerous place. The traffic lights will help both pedestrians and drivers to avoid accidents. The police ____ to set ____ here.

A are, needs, them C are, needs, it

B is, need, them D is, need, it

 

16. Measles ____ a dangerous disease and a lot of children catch ____ at an early age.

A is, them C are, them

B is, it D are, it

 

17. This ____ the most effective means of production and ____ can be adjusted to your business in ____ time.

A is, it, two month’s

B are, they, a two-months

C is, they, two-months

D is, it, two-months

 

8. The Azores ____ are dark blue species that require ____ cultivation in temperate regions.

A forget-me-nots, greenhouse C forget-me-not, greenhouse

B forgets-me-nots, greenhouse’s D forgets-me-not, greenhouse’s

 

19. Reliable ____ about everyday clothing from the past ____ hard to obtain.

A evidences, are С evidences, is

B evidence, is D evidence, are

 

20. These species ____ protected in national parks and ____.

A is, game reserves C evidences, is

B are, game’s reserves D is, games reserves

 

 

The Article

Test 2

 

1. ____ African cheetah is believed to be ____ fastest animal on ____ earth.

A An, the, the C ____, ____, ____

B The, ____, ____ D The, the, ____

2. ____ most cats hunt in ____ dim light, but they also hunt in ____ dark and in ____ daylight.

A ____, ____, the, ____

B The, the, the, the

C ____, ____, ____

D The, the, ____, the

 

3. ____ Captain Cook reached ____ Cape of Good Hope in ____ spring of 1771 and sailed via ____ St. Helena in the South Atlantic before arriving in England in July 1771.

A The, the, ____, the C The, ____, ____, the

B ____, the, the, ____ D ____, ____, the, ____

 

4. We must organize ____ little dinner to celebrate ____ event. Tell her to come and see me at ____ noon. We’ll speak about it.

A ____, an, the C the, the, ____

B a, the, the, the D a, the, ____

 

5. She remained on desk until ____ midnight, and ____ following day she was carried up there again early in ____ morning.

A ____, ____, the, the C the, the. ____

B a, the, the D a, the, ____

 

6. On the second day of our voyage, before we reached ____ Zanzibar, ____ Camellia ran into ____ bad weather, and ____ most of the passengers became seasick.

A the, the, the, the

B ____, the, ____, ____

C ____, ____, a, the

D the, the, a, ____

 

7. Until the nineteenth century, ____ carpet was usually considered ____ work of ____ art and was made by hand.

A the, ____, ____, ____ C the, a, ____, ____

B a, a, the, ____ D a, ____, the, the

8. At last ____ war ended, but the transition from war to ____ peace was painful for both sides.

A the, the, the C a, a, a

B ____, ____, ____ D the, ____, ____

 

9. ____ morning after ____ morning of ____ late he has taken his walk in the same direction trying to see her again.

A A, a, the C ____, ____, ____

B The, the, ____ D A, a, ____

 

10. ____ common autumn phenomenon in ____ central and eastern USA and in ____ Europe is ____ Indian summer, a period of ____ unseasonably warm weather that sometimes occurs in ____ late September and October.

A The, the, the, the, the, ____

B A, the, ____, the, the, the

C A, ____, ____, ____, ____, the

D A, the, ____, ____, ____, ____

 

11. By ____ late 18^th century and ____ Captain Cook’s exploration of ____ southern Pacific, much of ____ world had been mapped.

A the, the, the, the

B ____, ____, ____, the

C the, ____, the, the

D the, ____, ____, ____

 

12. In 1620, ____ group of Leyden Puritans, 101 men, women and children, set our for ____, Virginia on ____ board ­­­­____ Mayflower.

A the, the, the, the C a, ____, a, the

B a, ____, ____, the D a, the, a, ____

 

13. At ____ zenith of their power in ____ Middle Ages craft guilds had ____ enormous power over their members.

A ____, the, ____ C a, ____, the

B the, the, an D a, the, ____

 

14. He was a page, that is ____ youth of ____ noble birth who left his family at ____early age to serve in the family of ____ man of ____ rank.

A ____, the, an, a, the

B a, ____, an, ____

C the, the, the, the, the

D a, a, an, a, ____

 

15. ____ dinosaur is a reptile that was ____ dominant land animal during ____ most of ____ Mesozoic Era but became ____ extinct at its close.

A The, the, the, the, the

B The, the, ____, the, ____

C A, a, ____, ____, ____

D A, the, the, the, the

 

16. Only ____ tiny percentage of ____ plant species are directly used by ____ humans for ____ food, shelter, fiber, and drugs.

A ____, ____, the, the C the, the, the, the

B a, ____, ____, ____ D a, the, ____, the

 

Test 3

 

1. ____ East End has frequently been characterized by ____ poverty, crime, and slums.

A The, the C ____, ____

B The, ____ D ____, the

 

2. The church calendar includes the fixed feasts, such as ____ Christmas, and ____ movable feasts, which depend on the date of ____ Easter.

A the, the, the C ____, ____, ____

B ____, the, ____ D the, ____, the

 

3. In 1722 several thousand Polynesians inhabited the island but ____ diseases and raids by slave trades reduced ____ number to fewer then 200 by ____ late 19^th century.

A the, the, ____ C ____, the, ____

B the, a, the D ____, the, the

 

4. The island was named by ____ Dutch explorer who landed here on ____ Easter Day in 1722.

A the, ____ C the, the

B a, ____ D the, an

 

5. Born is Salinas, California, Steinbeck was educated at ____ Stanford University. As ____ youth, he worked as ____ ranch hand and fruit picker.

A ____, a, a C the, the, the

B the, ____, ____ D ____, ____, a

 

6. ____ pearl is ____ abnormal growth resulting from the invasion of the body of the mollusk by ____ minute particle of foreign matter, such as ____ fine grain of sand.

A The, an, a, a C ____, the, ____, the

B A, ____, the, ____ D The, an, the, the

 

7. ____ jade has always been prized by ____ Chinese and Japanese as ____ most precious of all ____ stones.

A The, the, the, the C The, ____, the, ____

B ____, ____, ____, the D ____, the, the, ____

 

8. Sir Henry Morgan is said to have been kidnapped at Bristol when ____ boy and sold as ____servant on ____ West Indian island of Barbados.

A ____, ____, ____ C the, the, ____

B a, a, the D a, the, a

9. ____ wealth acquired from ____ trade enabled ____ upper classes to live in ____luxury.

A The, the, the, the C ____, ____, the, ____

B ____, ____, the, the D The, the, ____, _____

 

10. ____ cotton is still a principal raw material for ____ world’s textile industry, but its dominant position has been seriously eroded by ____ synthetic fibers.

A The, the, the C The, ____, ____

B ____, ____, the D ____, the, ____

 

11. ____ American inventors Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell applied for ____ patent on ____ telephone on the same day.

A The, a, the C ____, a, a

B ____, the, the D The, the, ____

 

12. ____ jade is ____ highly valued gemstone used in ____ jewelry.

A The, the, ____ C ____, a, ____

B ____, the, the D The, a, the

 

13. ____ porcelain was ____ first made by ____ Chinese.

A The, ____, the C ____, ____, the

B The, the, ____ D ____, the, ____

14. ____ gold is extremely inactive. It is unaffected by ____ air, heat, moisture, and ____ most solvents.

A ____, ____, the

B The, the, ____

C ____, ____, ____

D The, ____, ____

 

15. ____ optical phenomena, such as rainbows and halos occur when ____ light shines through cloud particles.

A ____, ____ C The, the

B The, ____ D ____, the

 

16. ____ stone picked up by ____ child on the banks of ____ Orange River in ____ South Africa in 1866 was a big diamond.

A ____, a,the, the C ____, the, ____, the

B A, a, ____, ____ D A, a, the, ____

17. ____ E-mail and ____ Internet are ____ latest technologies that are spreading ____ American English

A ____, ____, ____, the C The, the, the, ____

B ____, the, the, ____ D The, ____, ____, the

 

 

TEXTS

Text 1: "LONDONERS"

The districts in London have their special characters. Chelsea is known for its artists and Soho for its famous restaurants.

According to tradition, the only "real" Londoners are cockneys. A cockney is a Londoner born within the sound of Bow Bells of the church in the City. Cockneys are known for their usual accent, which can be heard in the poor districts.

London attracts many new residents from outside Britain. Today about a million Londoners are immigrants. Most immigrants have grouped together. Soho has many people of French and Italian ancestry.

Most Londoners live in Suburban communities in comfortable single-family houses with gardens. Most of the families own their homes. Poor families and immigrants live in rental houses and apartments.

London has 640 secondary schools and some famous public schools for boys-Harrow, Westminster and St. Paul's. University of London, with 65.000 students is the largest nation's university. The British Open University offers Instruction through radio, television and written correspondence.

Soccer (football) is the most popular sport in England. 12 professional teams play on Saturdays from August through April. The championships are held in May at Wembley Stadium, which seats 100.000 spectators. Many teams in London play Rugby, from September through April.

Cricket is a popular sport played in spring and summer. Londoners also enjoy golf, horse racing, and tennis. The famous annual Wimbledon Tennis Tournament take place in June and July at Wimbledon Park London.

In the evening, Londoners enjoy watching television at home or a film at one of 200 cinemas of London. Many people spend the evening at their neighbourhood pub. London has about 5.600 pubs. The West End is the home of famous private clubs. Politicians and businessmen meet in these clubs for meals and conversation. The social problems of London include poverty, unemployment, crime, and drug addiction.

Questions to the text;

1. Who is Cockney?

2. Where do most Londoners live?

3. What educational establishments are there in London?

4. What are the most popular sports in England?

5. What do Londoners enjoy doing in the evenings?

6. What do social problems of London include?

Text 2: "LIFESTYLES"

In Britain strangers don't talk to each other; it is polite to queue for everything; people say "thank you" when they give money to a shop assistant; people open presents in front of people they receive then from.

British people are good listeners. Understatement is another character trait of the British.

About half the population of Great Britain take part in sport. The most popular outdoor sporting activity is walking about 2 miles. The most popular indoor activity is Snooker (billiards).

There are about 7 million dogs and over 7 million cats in Britain. One in ten people own a dog or cat. Every year the British spend over 1.5 billion pounds on pet food. They support 380 charities which protect animals. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is the largest animal welfare society in Britain. It provides practical help and campaigns against animal cruelty. It has over 250 inspectors who make sure nobody breaks the laws which protect animals.

When a child is born its parents may announce the birth in a newspaper. The birth must be registered at the local registrar's office within 6 weeks in England.

At the christening there is one godmother and 2 godfather for a boy and vice versa for a girl. The true role of godparents is to watch over the spiritual welfare of their godchildren until confirmation. Usually, the friends and relatives give a christening present. Traditionally, the godparents give a silver cup. Other presents include Bible, a poetry book, or a silver spoon.

The 21-birthday is an important date in any person's life. It is official coming of age. A 21- birthday party is generally arranged. All those invited send cards and bring presents. The cards usually have a picture of a key on them, which is a symbol of independence. Often the guests bump him 21 times. Now, young people have the right to vote at 18, so many celebrate the 18- birthday.

Questions to the text:

1. Are the British good listeners?

2. What is understatement?

3. Do people help charity in Britain?

4. What is the true role of godparents?

5. What date is important in any person's life?

6. Why do many people celebrate the 18-th anniversary now?

Text 3: "CLUBS AND PUBS"

The club is a typical image among British institutions. The clubs have an air of infinite mystery.

The most hotel-like club is the Royal Automobile founded in 1897. It has three dining rooms, 12.000 members and a swimming pool once frequented by Bernard Shaw. Two of most active are the Reform and the Travellers, founded hi 1819 with the support of Duke Wellington. For the membership qualification one must have traveled 500 miles from London.

Pub is a peculiarly English institution, and beer is the national drink. The rooms in the pub are called the "public bar" and the "saloon bar". They have two entrances. At the bar people will be standing with a drink and sip from time to time - for Englishmen sip their drinks. The saloon bar is more comfortable. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. In the bar of every English pub there is a dartboard. The game of darts is a traditional English game. Here people don't drop in; they tend to "make an evening of it". They stand or sit, glass in hand, talking to friends until closing time. The landlord cries: "Time, gentlemen, please!" usually at half past ten.

English pubs are famous throughout the world. You can go to a pub in England when you are 14, but an adult must go in with you. You can drink only soft drinks like Coca-Cola. You must wait until you are 18 if you want to drink alcohol. Television is a strong competitor but "the pub" will continue to accommodate itself to the times.

The latest development in their long history is the "museum pub". The newest museum pub is The Railway Tavern in Liverpool Street. The Yorker in Piccadilly is not only a pub but also a museum with nostalgic sights in handsome prints and paintings. Evening classes are flourishing immensely. Many people attend classes connected with their hobbies such as painting, folk - dancing, dog training, cake decoration etc.

Dancing is popular, and the dance halls are an important element in the folklore and courtship procedures. They are visited mainly by young unmarried people.

Bingo is a gambling game in which players have numbered cards on which they cover the numbers as they are called on a wheel. The first player to complete his card wins the "jackpot", part of the money staked by players for their cards. Since the Betting Act of 1961 made the Bingo halls possible four of five British adults gamble in some way.

Questions to the text;

1. What is the most hotel-like club in Britain and when was it founded?

2. What is a peculiarly English institution?

3. How are the rooms in the pub called?

4. What is a traditional English game?

5. Are English pub famous throughout the world?

6. What is flourishing immensely?

 

Text 4: " AFRICAN AMERICANS"

The majority of people of African descent in the United States are descended from enslaved Africans. African peoples, especially those living in the USA are a very complex people biologically, ethnically, and racially. In their genetic make-up are Europeans, Native Americans, and Asians. They became a new people - a new American people.

The slave trade was brutal and horrific. And slavery was oppressive and dehumanizing. Lasting 400 years, the slave trade forced migration of 12 million Africans from their homelands. The first African slaves came to Massachusetts from West Indies in 1638. The English colonist did not plan to establish the institution of slavery. It developed gradually. From the colonial point of view, Africans made better slaves. Also, they were much more used to farming than the Indians were. So eventually, slavery in the colonies became black African slavery. Enslaved Africans worked on sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee and rice plantations. Wherever slavery existed, slaves ran away, 50.000 enslaved Africans ran away each year in the American South before the Civil War. They disappeared in free black communities in the South, the North and abroad. Others settled in Native American communities and became actively involved in the anti-slavery struggle. Still others ran away and created new communities where they set up their own systems of government and led their own lives.

During the dominant form of education to enslaved Africans was apprenticeships. The first schools were established in Charleston and New York City. Within two decades of the end of the Civil War, a vast network of black colleges had been established by and for the first generation of freemen and women.

Enslaved Africans on board slave ships were Frequently forced to dance. They were given drums to play while others sang and danced. Africans in America built their religious and secular rituals, festivals and social gatherings on the foundation of songs, dances and rhythms they invented.

In the United States, the dominant forms of American music and dance are African-based. Drums were outlawed in many slave communities when the slave "masters" discovered they could be used as secret means of communication. In the place of drums, enslaved Africans substituted hand clapping and tapping the feet.

Questions to the text;

1. What did the slave trade force in Africa?

2. Where did enslaved Africans Work?

3. Where did Africans Settle?

4. What was the dominant form of education to enslaved Africans?

5. What were enslaved Africans forced to do on board ships?

6. What are the dominant forms of American music and dance based on?

 

Text 5: "SCOTLAND TODAY"

It is densely populated part of the UK: 67 people per sq. km. Most people live in the industrialized central bell along the Forth-Clyde valley (population density is 400 people per sq. km). The Scottish form of Gaelic is spoken by 70.000 people. Scottish education policy is set down by The Scottish Executive Education Department. The 32 Scottish local authorities are responsible for educational provision in their areas. There is no statutory National Curriculum in Scotland. In Scotland there are 2.716 state-funded schools. 130 independent schools educate 100 Scottish students.

Scotland's electronics industry employs over 50.000 people.

Famous Scots include:

• Alexander Graham Bell developed the telephone

• John Logic Baird pioneered television

• Adam Smith, philosopher and economist

• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes

• Robert Louis Stevenson, writer

• Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, sculptor

Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. By the middle of the 15-th century the city had stretched only halfway down the slope, though it had roughly taken the form it was to keep until the late 18-th century, when the New Town was built.

Edinburgh is a city where the historic past lives side by side with the present, for centuries the home of Scottish Kings and Queens. The city is important largely as an intellectual center. It has one of the oldest universities in Europe the University of Edinburgh, which was founded in 1582.

The first thing one can see is a very large hill in the middle of Edinburgh-the Rock. Edinburgh is famous for many things: its art galleries, museums, libraries, its buildings such as the Castle Rock.

The capital of Scotland has a population of 400.000 and is a very historic city with some of the finest architecture in Europe. Its most famous building is the Edinburgh Castle which dominates the rest of the city.

The Royal Family have a home in Edinburgh-the Palace of Holyroodhouse. There are several museums and galleries around this part of the city. It may be one of the reasons why Edinburgh is sometimes called the Athens of the North. The W. Scott Monuments is the best known monument in Edinburgh. It was completed in 1844 in the form of a Gothic spire 200feet high with a statue of Sir Walter Scott inside this beautiful Structure.

Questions to the text;

1. Where do most people live in Scotland?

2. Who are the most famous Scots?

3. Where was the city situated by the middle of the 15-th century?

4. What kind of city is Edinburgh?

5. What is the first thing one can see in Edinburgh?

6. What is Edinburgh famous for?

Text 6: "WALES"

St. David is the patron saint of Wales. On 1-st March, St. David's Day, Patriotic Welsh people wear a leek or a daffodil, both symbols of Wales. Wales is approximately 150 miles from North to South. About two-thirds of the total population live in the South Wales coastal area, where the three biggest towns are located: Swansea, Cardiff, and Newport.

Welsh is one of the Celtic languages, like Scottish and Irish Gaelic. It is estimated that Welsh is spoken by 16 to 20 per cent of the population, although in North and West Wales 50 per cent speak the language.

The most common Welsh surnames were all originally Christian names in some form: Dylan Thomas, Roger Davies (a form of David), Geoffrey Jones (from John), ect. Welshmen living in England are often called by the nick name "Taffy". This may come from the River Taff, Which runs through the capital Cardiff, or it may come from Dafydd, the Welsh form of David.

Mining has been one of the great Welsh industries for many years along with the iron and steel trades. During the industrial revolution of the 18-th and 19-th centuries, the valleys of South Wales became the iron and steel capital of the world.

The traditional culture in Wales has always placed special emphasis on the reading of poetry and the singing of choirs. In the 19-th century there was a powerful puritan religious movement that preached a good and simple life. In the chapels the oratory of the preacher and the strong singing of male voice choirs were used to win the hearts of the people and turn them away from bad living.

Rugby Union is the national game of Wales, and during the 1970 s the Welsh team was thought to be the best in the world.

Welsh is a Celtic language, and is very difficult to learn. It has very musical intonation, and difficult sounds such as ch and 11.

Because many people in Wales speak English, the Welsh language has borrowed a lot of English words.

There are three National Parks in Wales which cover approximately one-fifth of the whole country. These parks are protected by law because of their natural beauty. The most famous of the parks is Snowdonia in the North-West.

Many people travel to the parks each year for special holidays. These include a large number of outdoor activities such as walking, climbing and riding. People camp and live without all the usual comforts of home.

Hay-on-Wye is a Welsh border town on the southern bank of the River Wye. It is unique, because although its total population is only 1.000, it has fourteen books hops which contain well over a million antiquarian and second­hand books. In fact, it is the largest second-hand book-selling center in the world. Hay-on-Wye is the ideal holiday center for bookworms!

After London, the University of Wales is the largest university in the UK. It was established almost one hundred years ago and incorporated three existing colleges at Aberystrwyth, Bangor and Cardiff. The university is able to offer a wide range of courses, and students can choose the location they prefer.

Questions to the text:

1. Where do two-thirds of the total population live?

2. What language is spoken in Wales?

3. What were the most common Welsh surnames?

4. What are the national parks in Wales?

5. What is the town Hay-on-Way Famous for?

Text 7: "CARDIFF"

Cardiff is the capital and largest city of Wales, and it is also the country's main economic, industrial and cultural center. It is situated on the southeast coast of Wales, and three rivers, the Taff, the Ely and the Rhymney flow through it into the Bristol Channel.

A large area of parkland lies near the center of Cardiff, and many of the city's major commercial buildings are found around Cathays Park. The Civic is also situated here, and this includes the Law Courts, the National Museum of Wales and the University College. Nearby there are many fashionable shops and modern hotels, and Cardiff Castle, which was built in 1090.

Mountains and beaches are only a short drive from this community with all the facilities you could want-good shopping, excellent restaurants, art galleries, night-clubs, great sporting occasions. It combines the bright lights of the big city with the warmth and personality of a small town, making it an ideal place to live and worm in,

Factories in Cardiff produce parts for cars chemicals, electronic equipment, engineering products, processed food and tobacco. Modern rail and road communications link Cardiff with the rest of Great Britain, and an airport lies outside the edge of the city.

In about AD 75, Roman soldiers built a fort on the site of what is now Cardiff-the name itself means fort on the Taff. Normans settled the area around 1050, building the Castle. By the early 1800's it was still a small town. Then, when Wales became a major center of coal mining and iron and steel production. Cardiff served as the shipping center for these products and grew rapidly. By 1890 it had become known as the Coal Metropolis of the World, but the industry declined after the First World War. Since the mid-1940's Cardiff has grown steadily as the administrative and commercial center of Wales. Its current population is approximately 300.000.

Wales has a reputation for giving its guests a warm welcome, and nowhere is this more true than in Cardiff, which has the advantages of a capital city together with the friendly atmosphere that is rarely found elsewhere.

Cardiff has a theatre with a varied programme (New Theatre). The Welsh National Opera Company play regular seasons here. The Welsh people love singing. That's why Wales is sometimes called "the land of song".

One of the Welsh traditions is festivals. And on holidays and during festivals the Welsh wear traditional clothes. At a festival songs are sung by choirs and soloists, usually poems are recited. The festival ends with the crowning of the best poet or singer. The best poet who was before an unknown Welshman is crowned. Usually he is led on to the stage, A wreath of golden oak-leaves is put on his head. And everyone shouts a Welsh word, meaning "peace".

 

Questions to the text:

1. Where is Cardiff situated?

2. What do factories in Cardiff produce?

3. When did people settle there?

4. What reputation does Wales have?

5. What is one of the Welsh traditions?

6. How does the festival end?

 

 

Text 8: "5 GOOD REASONS WHY IRELAND IS THE PLACE TO BE"

The people.

The Irish really do live up to their stereotype of being charming, fun-loving and laid-back (especially when compared to their English neighbours!) They have always had a history of writers who have been witty and profound. They might be poor, they might be seen as immoral but they are amusing, clever and have a healthy disrespect for authority. A person who has done much for Ireland's place is author and playwright Oscar Wilde. Known for his witty one-line comments, he gave an opinion on most subjects. On marriage: "Men marry because they are tired women marry because they are curious, both are disappointed". On fighting for a cause: "A thing is not necessarily true because a man dies for it". On people and life in general: "The world is a stage but the play is badly cast".

Youtfa culture.

Due to Irelands tradition of "large families'" there is a huge youth population, While the dramatic and depressing down side of this is unemployment., drug use and in some cases, crime, a youth culture has grown out of it.

Many young people have tried to put their creative energies into expressing themselves through music, especially as there is such a huge home-grown audience for it. Dublin's large youth population has attracted many companies who have invested in Ireland because they see a market for their products as well as a potential labour-force.

3. Guinness¹.

There is possibly a large group of people who believe that this should be number one on our list. Although Guinness, Irelands dark alcoholic drink, is served in bars around the world, it doesn't taste as good as it does in Ireland. Some say it's the pumps and other say it's the water that is responsible for this. The popularity of Guinness and traditional folk music have contributed to people's love of Irish bars in general. However, the traditional Irish bar like the Guinness, is often imitated and isn't always as good as the original. A true, traditional, old-fashioned Irish bar in Dublin is twenty times better than its "impersonator²" outside Ireland.

Tradition and folklore.

Ireland is a very spiritual country in many ways, Religion plays an important part in people's psychology. In 1985 thousands of people made pilgrimages to shrines after people claimed to have seen the religious figures in them move. Many tourists are still charmed by much of Ireland's traditional music and folklore characters such as leprechauns³. These are Irelands little people who guard hidden treasure and fool greedy mortals who try to find it,

5. Hurling⁴.

This might not be everyone's idea of a good reason to visit Ireland but it is a good reason why many Irish people like Ireland. It has been played since prehistoric times and there are stories of matches between warriors that went on for days. It has a reputation for being one of the fastest, toughest and most exciting games in the world.

 

 

Questions to the text:

1. What is stereotype about Irish?

2. Who has done much for Ireland's place?

3. Why is youth population large in Ireland?

4. Where have many young people put their energy to?

5. What is Guinness?

6. What are many tourists still charmed by in Ireland?

 

1. Guinness – назва міцного темного пива);

2. impersonator - имитатор; (імітітор);

3. leprechaun - эльф; (ельф);

4. hurling - ирландский хоккей на траве; (ірландський хокей на траві);

Text 9: "REPUBLIC OF IRELAND"

Ireland has a stormy history. The English ruled the country by force over whether Ireland should rule itself, or remain part of the UK. The creation of the protestant Church of England in the 16-th century caused a divide between Catholics and Protestants. At the beginning of the last century, the mainly Protestant North wanted to stay part of Britain, whilst the rest of the country (most Catholic) wanted to govern itself independently. This led to the creation of Northern Ireland in 1920, while Eire was finally declared a Republic in 1949. However, many would like Northern Ireland to be self-governing. In 1999 progress towards this was made, when it was decided that Northern Ireland could be ruled by itself and Eire, as long as certain conditions were met.

The misty green landscape of the "Emerald Isle" is the setting for much folklore-Ireland is host to mythological characters such as giants and fairies. The most famous of these are leprechauns-those cheeky little men who hide away with a pot of gold. Ireland also has a strong tradition of folk music and dancing, recently popularised by the Riverdance performance.

Ireland has had a great impact on English-language literature, having produced several Nobel Prize-winning writers, including Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw and poet Seamus Heaney. Oscar Wilde, James Joyce and contemporary written Roddy Doyle are all from Emerald Isle. Ireland has a strong underground dance music scene.

Ireland is famed for the charm and wit of its people. The best place to meet the people of Ireland is in the pub over a pint of Guinness the dark-coloured ale which apparently doesn't taste as good when served outside Ireland! Packed with bars, restaurants and shops, it attracts tourists and locals alike.

Belfast (Northern Ireland) is one of the youngest capital cities in the world and it has grown incredibly fast. Today the city has a population of 400.000, nearly a third of the entire population of Northern Ireland, but in the 17-th century it was only a village. Then, during the 19-th century, the development of industries like linen, rope-making, engineering, tobacco and sea trade doubled it to town's size every ten years. The city is well-known for shipbuilding - it was here that the Titanic was built and sent out on her fatal voyage.

The rivers and lakes in the west of the region are heavy with fish and the largest lake in the area, Lough Erne, holds many world fishing records.

Country Down (to the south-east of the region) is one of the best farming countries in Ireland.

Questions to the text;

1. How long did the English rule the country?

2. When was Ireland declared a Republic?

3. What is Ireland host to?

4. Has Ireland had an Impact on English-language literature?

5. What is Ireland Famed for?

6. What was the cause of doubling Belfast in size?

 

 

Text 10: "LEGENDS ABOUT ST. PATRICK"

St. Patrick's writings serve as the most important sources of information about his life and work. During his later years, he wrote "Confession", an account of his spiritual development. He wrote this book to justify his mission to Ireland. In the book, Patrick expressed his thankfulness that God called him to serve Irish.

Like any leader who was loved and long remembered, Patrick was given credit not only for what he actually did but also for many other deeds. How much of it is truth and how much legend, no one knows. Many stories about St. Patrick are based only on legend. He is said to have caused the crippled to walk, the blind to see, and the deaf to hear. He turned his enemies fertile fields into bogs¹, took fish from the rivers, and kept kettles from boiling. The best-known tale of all tells how he charmed² the snakes of Ireland into the sea, so they were drowned.

One legend says he tricked the snakes into crawling inside a box, sealed the lid shut and threw the whole thing into the ocean. One stubborn snake refused to go. Making a box, St. Patrick invited it to get inside. It is said that the box was too small. St. Patrick and the snake argued for a long time. Then it climbed into the box to prove that it was small. St. Patrick slammed³ down the lid and threw the box into the ocean. Another legend states he scared⁴ the snakes by beating on a drum. Beating a little too hard, St. Patrick knocked a hole in the drum, but an angel appeared and quickly fixed it for him. Some legends say that St. Patrick made the Irish soil so distasteful to snakes that they died if they even touched it.

Ireland is really free of snakes. But as far back as one can trace, they have never been native to this island country. The only reptiles there are lizards⁵.

Nowadays St. Patrick's name is found all over Ireland in the names of towns and villages like Kirkpatrick, Downpatrick, and Kilpatrick.

And you can find Patrick's Wells in the countryside-the streams and springs where Bishop Patrick is said to have baptized people. Among the many churches that bear his name is a cathedral in Dublin. Patrick has long been a favourite name for boys. Fitzpatrik, Kirkpatrick and such are common family names in Ireland.

Questions to the text:

1. What did St. Patrick write during his later years?

2. Why did he write "Confession"?

3. What does the best-known tale tell about?

4. What are the only reptiles in Ireland?

5. Where is St. Patrick's name found nowadays?

6. What are common family names in Ireland?

 

1. bog - болото; (болото);

2. to charm - заклинать; (заклинати);

3. to slam - захлопнуть; (захлопнули);

4. to scare - пугать; (лякати);

5. a lizard - ящерица; (ящірка);

 

 

TEXT 11 “ROYAL TRADITIONS”

The Trooping¹ of the Colour².

The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21-st, but she has an "official" birthday, too. That's on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queens official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the Colour. It's a big parade with brass bands³ and hundreds of soldiers at Horse Guards Parade in London. A "regiment"⁴ of the Queen's soldiers, the Guards, march in front of her. At the front of the parade is the regiment's flag or "colour".

The Guards are trooping the colour. Thousands of Londoners and Visitors watch in Horse Guard's Parade. And millions of people at home watch it on television.

The Changing of the Guard.

This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, the Queen's home in London. Soldiers stand in front of the palace. Each morning these soldiers (the "guard") change. One group leaves and another arrivers. In summer and winter tourists stand outside the palace at 11.30 every morning and watch the Changing of the Guard.

Maundy Money⁵.

Maundy Thursday is the day before Good Friday, at Easter. On that day the Queen gives Maundy money to a group of old people. This tradition is over 1.000 years old. At one time the king or queen washed the feet of poor, old people on Maundy Thursday. That stopped in 1754.

Swan Upping.

Here's a very different royal tradition. On the River Thames there are hundreds of swans. A lot of these beautiful white birds belong, traditionally, to the king or queen. In July the young swans on the Thames are about two months old. Then the Queen' swan keeper goes, in a boat, from London Bridge to Henley. He looks at all the young swans and marks the royal ones. The name of this strange but interesting, custom is Swan Upping.

The Queen's Telegram.

This custom is not very old, but it's for very old people. On his or her one hundredth birthday, a British person gets a telegram from the Queen.