The judiciary branch of Australia

The judiciary branch of Australia is represented by the High Court of Australia and federal courts. The State courts became formally independent from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council when the Australia Act was passed in 1986.

The High Court is the highest court in Australia. It was created by section 71 of the Constitution. It has appellate jurisdiction over all other courts. It also has some original jurisdiction, and has the power of constitutional review. Prior to 1975, when appeals were abolished, a route of appeal lay from the High Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom.

The Federal Court has some original and appellate federal jurisdiction. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is a "Full Court" of the Federal Court which consists of several judges, perhaps three or five.

The Family Court, established in 1975, has jurisdiction over family law matters. Appeals are heard by a Full Court of the Family Court (three to five judges). Appeals from the Full Court lie to the High Court of Australia.

The Federal Magistrates' Court of Australia was established in 1999 to ease the large caseload on the Federal and Family Courts. Decisions of the Full Court of the Federal and Family Courts are binding on Federal Magistrates, as are single judge decisions of Federal and Family Court judges when deciding an appeal from a Federal Magistrate.

The Administrative Appeals Tribunal (the AAT) was established in 1975. Strictly speaking it is not a court in that it does not exercise judicial power under the Australian Constitution, but an administrative method of review. However, it operates in a similar manner to an informal court. Its responsibility is to hear appeals against administrative decisions of the Commonwealth Government and its departments.

Each state has a court hierarchy of its own, with the jurisdictions of each court varying from state to state. Each state has a Supreme Court, the highest court of original jurisdiction in that state. There is a Full Court or Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court. Decisions of the Full Court of the High Court (but not decisions of a single High Court judge) are binding on the Full Court of the Supreme Court.

PART B

TEXT 1

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите выделенные жирным шрифтом слова (в начальной форме: сущ. и прил. – в им.п., ед.ч; глаг. - инфинитив). Назовите, к какой части речи относится каждое слово.

Заполните таблицу, указав недостающие формы неправильных глаголов и их перевод.

Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) Infinitive (что с/делать?)	Прошедшее простое Past Indefinite (что с/делал?)	Причастие I Participle I	Перевод
to be		been
to come	came
to begin		begun
to have	had
to forbid	forbade
	kept	kept
to see	saw

Определите и укажите время и залог подчёркнутых сказуемых.

Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

JUDICIARY

Justice is administered only by law courts.

Judiciary power is exercised to constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal process.

The judiciary system is established by the Constitution and the federal constitutional law. The creation of extraordinary courts is forbidden.

In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes.

The term is also used to refer collectively to the judges, magistrates and other adjudicators who form the core of a judiciary, as well as the support personnel who keep the system running smoothly.

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary is the branch of government primarily responsible for interpreting the law.

Ø In common law jurisdictions, case law is created by the courts' interpretations as a result of the principle of stare decisis;

Ø In civil law jurisdictions, courts interpret the law, but are, at least in theory, prohibited from creating law, and thus, still in theory, do not issue rulings more general than the actual case to be judged; in practice, jurisprudence plays the same role as case law;

Ø In socialist law, the primary responsibility for interpreting the law belongs to the legislature.

This difference can be seen by comparing the United States, France and the People's Republic of China:

Ø In the United States government, the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it.

Ø In France, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the Conseil d'État for administrative cases, and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases.

Ø In the People's Republic of China, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the National People's Congress.

Other countries such as Argentina have mixed systems that include lower courts, appeals courts, a cassation cour t (for criminal law) and a Supreme Court. In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority but criminal cases have four stages, one more than civil law.

Примечание:

stare decisis – букв. "стоять на решенном" ("принятое решение остается в силе"), господствующая сила прецедента (Принцип общего права [common law], согласно которому решение, принятое судом более высокой инстанции, имеет силу прецедента и становится обязательным для всех аналогичных дел и для всех судов низшей инстанции и остается таковым до принятия нового решения с отменой предыдущего).

Сonseil d'Etat (франц.) - Государственный Совет (апелляционная и кассационная инстанция по делам административной юстиции во Франции)

TEXT 2

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите выделенные жирным шрифтом слова (в начальной форме: сущ. и прил. – в им.п., ед.ч; глаг. - инфинитив). Назовите, к какой части речи относится каждое слово.