I. Слова и словосочетания, используемые для реферирования текста

· similarly, likewise - аналогично

· hence, therefore – поэтому

· on the contrary — наоборот

· nevertheless, still, yet - тем не менее

· besides, also, again, in addition, further-more — кроме того

· in the field of- в области

· It is stated - отмечается (отмечаются)

· It is believed - полагают, считают

· It is known - известно

· It is reported - сообщают

 

The title of the text (book, article) is	Текст (книга, статья) называется…
The text is written by	Текст написан…
The text is taken from the book	Текст взят из книги …
The author of the article(s) is (are)	Автором статьи является…

The object of the article is …– Цель данной статьи…

 

II. Начало статьи

1. The paper begins with a short discussion on - статья начинается с короткой дискуссии о

2. Тhе paper deals first with the problem of- вначале статья имеет дело с...

3. The first paragraph deals with - первый абзац имеет дело с...

 

III. Переход к изложению следующей части:

1. Then follows a discussion…

2. Next the author goes on to the problem of...

3. The next paragraph deals with...

4. Further the author tries to determine/to indicate/to explain…

5. It must be emphasized that…

6. It should be noted that…

7. 1t is evident that…

8. It is interesting that…

9. It is interesting to note …

10. It is worth mentioning …

 

IV. Конец изложения статьи:

1. Finally (in the end) the author emphasizes...

2. The author comes to the conclusion that...

3. To sum up …

4. It is common knowledge …

5. In conclusion the text reads …

V. Оценка статьи:

In my opinion …

I think, I suppose, I believe …

In this connection, I'd like to say …

I find the question of... very important because...

We should not forget that …

The paper (article, text) is interesting (not interesting), of importance (of little importance), valuable (invaluable), up-to-date (out-of-date), useful (useless)

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

TEXT 1. CUBA

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Capital city: Havana, Area: 42,803 sq miles (110,860 sq km)

Population: 11,300,000, Official language: Spanish

Major religions: Christian 41%, other 59%

Government: One-party state, Currency: Cuban peso

Adult literacy rate: 97% Life expectancy: 77 years

People per doctor: 189, Televisions: 239 per 1,000 people

More than 200 rivers wind their way across Cuba, watering the lush green scenery of the Caribbean’s largest island. The land is made up of mountains, rolling hills, and flat plains, all covered in a fertile soil that is ideal for growing sugar, tobacco, and a variety of tropical fruits and vegetables. Most Cubans are descended from the early Spanish settlers, or from Africans brought over later to work as slaves on the plantations.

Cuba’s lively music reflects its mix of Spanish and African influences. The Spanish brought distinctive melodies, along with the guitar and violin, and the Africans brought a very different style, as well as various drums and short wooden sticks called claves. The music has gradually fused to create rhythms such as the mambo and salsa. A thriving Afro-Cuban jazz scene has also developed.

CUBAN POLITICS

In 1959, Fidel Castro and a group of rebels overthrew the ruling dictator, Fulgencio Batista. Since then, Cuba has been a communist state, aided by the Soviet Union until its breakup in 1991. Many of Castro’s social policies have been successful. Housing and health care have greatly improved, and most people can now read and write. However, the US remains hostile to the communist government.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

Sugar has long been important to Cuba and still makes up 75 percent of the country’s earnings from exports. By the 1800s, the sugar industry was already booming, fueled by African slaves who worked by hand on the vast colonial plantations. Today, the methods are more modern and the cane is usually cut down by machine or bulldozer. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a steep decline in demand for sugar, and reduced supplies of imported oil. To overcome this crisis, many of the mills started to use bagasse, a by-product of sugarcane, to run their machinery.

HAVANA

The largest city in the Caribbean, Cuba’s capital, Havana, has a population of more than 2 million. It was founded by the Spanish in 1515 and some areas of the city are extremely old, with cobbled streets and elegant colonial buildings. Today, parts of Havana have become run down and in need of improvement. However, housing policies mean there are no shantytowns around the city. Havana is a major port and exports most of Cuba’s sugar, tobacco, and tropical fruit.

TEXT 2. JAMAICA

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Capital city: Kingston, Area: 4,243 sq miles (10,990 sq km)

Population: 2,700,000, Official language: English

Major religions: Christian 55%, other 45%

Government: Multiparty democracy, Currency: Jamaican dollar

Adult literacy rate: 88% Life expectancy: 75 years

People per doctor: 714, Televisions: 182 per 1,000 people

RASTAFARIANISM

The Rastafarian religion began among the poor of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1930s. Members believe that Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), was a god. They also believe that God (Jah) will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the promised land. Rastafarians do not usually eat pork, they are against violence, and wear their hair in long dreadlocks. Their clothes are often green, yellow, and red because these are the colors of the Ethiopian flag.

The beautiful island of Jamaica is a place of strong contrasts. On the one hand, there is the relaxed attitude of people enjoying the national passions – cricket and reggae music. On the other hand, there is tension between the few powerful families and the many poor living in violent slums. This side of life is rarely seen by the tourists who flock here each year. In addition to tourism, the mineral bauxite, used to make aluminum, is a valuable source of income. Sadly, the landscape is damaged by the bauxite mines, which leave red mud lakes with an acid content that kills vegetation.

REGGAE MUSIC

The driving rhythms of reggae music can be heard everywhere across the island. Its songs often tell of hardship and political struggle, and are linked to Rastafarianism. Reggae developed in Jamaica from ska, which was a blend of African, European, and South American styles. Jamaican singer Bob Marley (1945–81) made reggae music popular around the world.

KINGSTON

Jamaica’s capital city and chief port, Kingston, is one of the largest urban centers in the Caribbean. Founded by the British, the city first grew as a major port for shipping cane sugar to Europe. However, an earthquake in 1907 damaged the city. It has now been rebuilt with modern hotels, banks, and financial offices. Crowded shantytowns also exist on the western side of the city. Violence frequently breaks out here, connected either to political unrest or to the long-established trade in illegal drugs.