Geography and landscape planning

GEOGRAPHY AND LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Учебное пособие

по специальности «География»

(для студентов II и III курсов)

 

 

Белгород 2014г.

УДК 811.111:911(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-9я73+26.82

 

Рецензенты:

Кандидат фил.наук, доцент кафедры ин. языков Белгородского юридического института МВД России В.Л.Малахова;

доцент кафедры иностранных языков и профессиональной коммуникации НИУ «БелГУ», кандидат педагогических наук Л.В.Цурикова

 

Ещенко И.О.

Geography and Landscape Planning: Учебное пособие / Сост. Ещенко И.О. – Белгород: Изд-во, 2014. – 73 с.

 

Учебное пособие по курсу «География» для студентов II и III курсов дневной формы обучения факультета горного дела и природопользования представляет собой практикум по данному курсу. Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями по обязательному минимуму содержания и уровню подготовки специалиста с высшим образованием Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования по специальности «География», а также в соответствии с учебной программой.

УДК 811.111:911(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-9я73+26.82

 

© Ещенко И.О., 2014

© Белгородский государственный университет, 2014

Содержание:

Введение. 4

МОДУЛЬ 1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 5

Unit 1. continents on the map. 5

Unit 2. what are the geosciences?. 7

Unit 3. Climate and vegetation. 11

Unit 4. The population of the world. 14

 

МОДУЛЬ 2. THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. 17

Unit 1. THE POLITICAL WORLD. NORTH AMERICA.. 17

Unit 2. CANADA. THE USA. 20

Unit 3. MEXICO. THE SOUTHERN AMERICA. 22

Unit 4. CENTRAL AMERICA. 25

МОДУЛЬ 3. LANDSCAPE PLANNING ………………………… 28

Unit 1. landscape planning.. 28

Unit 2. SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPING.. 32

Unit 3. CYCLICAL DESIGN.. 35

Unit 4. DEVELOPING A DESIGN.. 38

 

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1. 41

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2. 43

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3………………………………………………………………65

Введение

Актуальность дисциплины

В связи с глобализацией экономик различных стран, существованием единой Европы и европейской валюты изучение английского языка, как языка международного общения, приобретает все большую актуальность. Принимая во внимание вышесказанное, следует отметить, что знание английского языка позволяет решить проблемы общения и взаимодействия между представителями различных стран в различных сферах жизнедеятельности и устанавливать деловые и личные контакты, необходимые для конструктивного и плодотворного сотрудничества.

Состав учебно-методического комплекса:

1. презентация дисциплины дает краткую характеристику учебного материала и отображает основные положения тем;

2. рабочая программа является нормативным документом, на основе которого строится учебный процесс по дисциплине;

3. учебно-практическое пособие предназначено для изложения структурированного учебного материала по дисциплине;

Полная версия УМК представлена в электронном виде на CD-ROM и в сетевой программной оболочке «Пегас» по адресу http://pegas.bsu.edu.ru. Печатная версия включает в себя учебно-практическое пособие.

Данный курс, прежде всего, сориентирован на контролируемую самостоятельную работу слушателей. Большая часть практических заданий направлена на освоение закрепление лексического материала, на развитие навыков использования лексических и речевых единиц в устной и письменной речи, в рамках обозначенной сферы профессионального общения.

В состав данного курса включены следующие виды заданий:

просмотровое, анализирующее и синтезирующее чтение;

работа со словарем;

полный и частичный письменный перевод текста;

реферирование текста;

упражнения на развитие и формирование лексических навыков в устной и письменной речи (составление диалогов, ответы на вопросы и пр.).

Курс разработан Ещенко И.О. С автором курса можно связаться по электронной почте: [e-mail], либо по адресу: г.Белгород, ул.Победы, корп.12, ауд.8-15. т.р. [phone].

MODULE 1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Text A

The geosciences include all fields of science that deal specifically with the varying functions of the systems on earth. Geosciences can also be called earth sciences, earth science, or geoscience. The geosciences recognize earth as a unique system because it is the only planet which, to our knowledge, has life forms. While some who study the geosciences take a multi-disciplinary approach to studying our planet, others study Earth systems through a particular field of science.

The best way to understand the geosciences is to understand the underlying sciences that form this field of study. Most of these fields can be extrapolated to study systems not present on earth. However, when these fields apply specifically to studies of the earth, they are geosciences. These include studies of the atmosphere, the ocean, and plant and animal life.

One of the geosciences most important to understanding Earth is geology. By studying rock formations, differentiations in rocks, and rock development, scientists can, with increasing accuracy, date the earth, explain phenomena that affect the earth structure – such as identifying meteors that hit the earth, and make predictions about the further development of the earth and how it may impact human, animal, and plant life. More specific applications of geology may examine the operation of systems like plate tectonics or the way in which volcanoes operate, called vulcanology. Additional studies may include learning more about minerals through the field of mineralogy.

The geosciences also comprise specific disciplines that study the atmosphere and how it changes. Of these, the most commonly known is meteorology, which studies and predicts weather systems. Climatology examines weather patterns over long periods of time and also evaluates how humans may impact climate, such as the human use of fossil fuels that is creating global warming. Paleoclimatology poses theories about prehistoric weather systems, largely by examining glacier materials. Atmospheric chemistry examines the chemical values that compose the earth’s atmosphere, and forms another branch of study in the geosciences.

The geosciences also rely on the study of plants and animals, biology. Specializations in fields of biology include paleontology, examinations of fossil life forms which can help identify relationships between prehistoric plants, animals, and their environment. Biogeography evaluates the location of species on Earth, and studies how geographic changes in the earth impact plant and animal populations. Geomicrobiology evaluates tiny organisms or parts or organisms and their interaction with things that are not organic, such as rocks and minerals.

In the geosciences, life is not only evaluated on the ground, but is also evaluated as it exists in ocean environments. Oceanography and marine biology evaluate living systems in the ocean, and subsets of these fields may evaluate fossil records of previous ocean life or look at the way rocks and minerals form in ocean settings. Consideration is also given to the attempt to map the ocean floor, which is not completely possible at this point, given that the depths of most oceans are often inaccessible to both humans and machines.

All geosciences, combined with the principles of physics, can be used to form a holistic approach to studying the earth’s systems. They can also help us to define the ways in which we may be able to increase our chances of survival by better understanding all aspects of our environment on Earth.

TASK 2. Match the columns to complete the sentences:

 

1. Scientists can make predictions 2. The geosciences recognize earth 3. Additional studies may include 4. We may be able to increase 5. Paleoclimatology poses theories 6. Climatology examines 7. The geosciences also rely

a) learning more about minerals. b) our chances of survival. c) on the study of plants and animals. d) about the further development of the earth. e) as a unique system. f) weather patterns over long periods of time. g) about prehistoric weather systems.

Text B. Our Planet

We live on a _________ that is one of nine in the Solar ________ that are orbiting our own special star – the Sun. Our Sun is just one of billions of ________ that make up our galaxy, the Milky Way, and our galaxy is just one amongst the billions that can be seen looking deep into space using ___________. Scientists study many things, __________ trying to answer questions like the ones above. We are interested in the answers, ____________ if the answer is likely to affect us personally. We don't worry too much when we are told that the _____ will only burn for another five billion years, but when we read that a massive meteorite could smash into the _________ in 10 years time it seems to be a lot more important!

 

TASK 6. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences and arrange them in the logical order to make a story “Earth Formation”:

1. At first it was just 2. Earth formed over 4500 million years 3. But then water arrived, mostly from 4. The oldest rocks on the surface of the Earth 5. These cells may have arrived 6. The earliest signs of life are found in rocks 7. These rocks contain fossils of simple cells

a) or 4.6 billion years ago. b) comets that crashed into the Earth. c) a large ball of rock. d) that are over 3.5 billion years old. e) from other parts of our Solar System. f) that look like bacteria. g) are around 4 billion years old.

 

 

Unit 2. CANADA. THE USA.

TASK 1. Read the text paying attention to the words in bold type. Look up their meaning in the Glossary:

Text A

CANADA. The second largest country in the world, Canada occupies two-fifths of the North American continent, stretches across five time zones, and is divided into 10 provinces and three territories. It was once inhabited only by native peoples including the Inuit. The French were the first Europeans to settle in Canada, but after years of fighting the British gained control in 1763. Gradually they took over the rest of the country, as pioneers and settlers moved west and north. Today, Canada is an important industrial nation and one of the world’s richest countries.

Most of its manufacturing is based on the natural resources of wood, metals, and mineral fuels.

Until quite recently, most Canadians were descendants of British or French settlers. Most of the French live in Québec province. Germans and Italians are also large ethnic groups but, recently, increased numbers of people have come from eastern Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia. Native peoples make up less than 3 percent of the population.

Text B

THE USA. In less than 400 years, the United States of America (USA) has grown from wild countryside inhabited by native peoples to the world’s most powerful industrial nation. The country is made up of 50 states, including Alaska in the far north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. There are two major mountain ranges, the Appalachians to the east and the Rockies to the west, while much of its center is covered by the gently sloping Great Plains. Vast supplies of coal, oil, and minerals, together with mass immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, helped business and industry grow fast. Today, American products and culture are recognized throughout the world.

Almost 80 percent of Americans live in cities or the surrounding suburbs. Most people who live in the suburbs own their own homes and travel to work by car. New York is the biggest city, with more than 22 million inhabitants, followed by Los Angeles, and then Chicago. People from different backgrounds mingle in most cities. Often they have their own neighborhoods, with names such as Little Italy or Chinatown.

 

TASK 2. Match the columns to complete the sentences:

1. Canada occupies two-fifths 2. It is divided into 10 provinces 3. It was once inhabited only 4. The French were the first Europeans 5. Until quite recently, most Canadians 6. Native peoples make up

f) by native peoples including the Inuit. g) to settle in Canada. h) of the North American continent. i) and three territories. j) less than 3 percent of the population. k) were descendants of British or French settlers.

Text C

More than 200 rivers … their way across Cuba, watering the lush green … of the Caribbean’s largest island. The land is made up of …, rolling hills, and flat plains, all covered in a … soil that is ideal for growing sugar, tobacco, and a … of tropical fruits and vegetables. Most Cubans are … from the early Spanish …, or from Africans brought over later to work as slaves on the plantations.

Cuba’s lively music … its mix of Spanish and African …. The Spanish brought … melodies, along with the guitar and violin, and the Africans brought a very different style, as well as various drums and short wooden sticks called claves. The music has … fused to create rhythms such as the mambo and …. A thriving Afro-Cuban jazz scene has also ….

TASK 6. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences and arrange them in the logical order to make a story “Jamaica”:

1. On the other hand, there is tension between the few 2. The beautiful island of Jamaica 3. This side of life is rarely seen by the tourists 4. Sadly, the landscape is damaged by the bauxite mines, 5. On the one hand, there is the relaxed attitude of people 6. In addition to tourism, the mineral bauxite,

a) enjoying the national passions – cricket and reggae music. b) used to make aluminum, is a valuable source of income. c) is a place of strong contrasts. d) which leave red mud lakes with an acid content that kills vegetation. e) powerful families and the many poor living in violent slums. f) who flock here each year.

 

 

Text B

The Amazon River

The world’s largest rain forest grows in the vast basin of the … Amazon, the longest river in South America. The Amazon rises high in the … Andes in Peru, then flows 4,001 miles (6,439 km) across Peru and Brazil to its … in the Atlantic Ocean. The Amazon carries more water than any other river. At its mouth the Amazon is so wide that you cannot see from one … to the other. The river … so much water into the ocean that the water is still brackish 112 miles (180 km) out to sea.

Central America is a narrow … of land linking Mexico in the north to South America in the south. A string of … runs down its length, capped by volcanoes. The beautiful, palm-fringed … of the Caribbean Sea lie off its east coast. South America, the fourth largest …, contains a range of very different landscapes. About 60 percent of the continent is covered in vast, grassy …. The towering Andes Mountains along the west coast, with the long, thin Atacama Desert … between the mountains and the sea. Tropical rain forests spread in a lush green … across huge areas of the northeast.

 

TASK 6. Match the questions and the answers to make up a dialogue about the Andes:

Text C

The Andes

1. Are the Andes the world’s longest mountain range? 2. What is the height of many peaks? 3. How were the mountains formed? 4. Why are there still numerous earthquakes and volcanoes along the range? 5. What is the highest Andean peak? 6. Where is the world’s highest navigable lake?

a) An extinct volcano, Aconcagua, is the highest Andean peak and the highest mountain in South America at 22,835 ft (6,960 m). b) The Andes stretch for 4,505 miles (7,250 km) along the entire length of South America. c) The plates are still moving, causing numerous earthquakes and volcanoes along the range. d) Many peaks rise above 19,685 ft (6,000 m). e) The mountains were formed when two plates of the Earth’s crust collided. f) The world’s highest navigable lake, Titicaca, lies in the Andes between Peru and Bolivia.

 

Unit 4. CENTRAL AMERICA.

TASK 1. Read the text paying attention to the words in bold type. Look up their meaning in the Glossary:

1. The seven small countries of Central America lie within a neck of land that joins North and South America. To the east, hundreds of Caribbean islands stretch from the US almost to Venezuela. When Christopher Columbus and his Spanish crew dropped anchor in the Caribbean in 1492, they thought it was Asia, and the islands became known as the West Indies. From that time on, Europeans competed for control of the region, bringing slaves from Africa to work on the land. Central America’s greatest influence is still Spanish, while the Caribbean retains its African culture. The entire area is affected by natural hazards, with volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes.

2. Powerful tropical storms known as hurricanes affect the Caribbean between May and October. A hurricane starts off as a normal storm over the ocean, but grows in force if the waters are particularly warm. Winds then blow the swirling mass of cloud, wind, and rain westward, toward the islands, where it can cause massive destruction when it hits land. The word hurricane comes from Huracan, the local name for the god of storms.

3. In the centuries after Columbus, Spanish influence remained strong on the mainland, although Spain, France, Britain, the Netherlands, and later the US laid claim to many of the islands. St. Lucia, for example, changed hands between Britain and France 14 times. Most of the larger islands are now independent countries, while others are still dependencies. The island of Martinique, with its replica of the Sacré Coeur church in Paris, remains French, while the Netherlands Antilles are controlled by the Dutch.

4. From the ruined cities of the ancient Mayan civilization to the Catholic churches of the Spanish, Guatemala represents a blend of cultures. Today, more than half the people are direct descendants of the Mayan Indians and live mainly in highland villages; the remainder of the population is part Indian and part Spanish. Many Mayans work for rich landowners who grow the coffee, sugar, and bananas that are the country’s main cash crops. Guatemala also exports fresh-cut flowers, mostly roses, which are grown in the valleys around Antigua.

5. Belize is both an old and a new country. Ancient ruins dot the landscape, reminding of its Mayan history, but the country itself only achieved full independence in 1981. For many years, Belize was a British colony, the only one in Central America. English is the official language, but Belizeans are descended from several ethnic groups – Caribs, Africans, Mayans, Asians, and Europeans – and many people speak a Creole or African dialect. Caribbean foods and music are popular, and the country is famous for its wildlife.

6. Dense tropical rain forest covers half of Belize’s land area. Rosewood, and other products from the forest, such as chicle, used to make chewing gum, and kapok, a silky cotton from the giant Ceiba tree, are important to the economy. So, too, are the increasing number of citrus groves. But cultivation is limited. Much of the rain forest is protected and provides a rich habitat for plants and animals.

7. The forests are filled with an amazing variety of wildlife. Jaguars, tapirs, howler monkeys, and coatimundi are just a few of the world’s endangered species still thriving in the forests of Belize. Butterflies and tropical birds fly through the trees. And there are 250 different types of orchid, including the black orchid, Belize’s national flower.

8. A chain of coral reefs, dotted with small sandy islands called cayes, runs 180 miles (290 km) along the coastline of Belize. It is the world’s second largest barrier reef, after Australia’s, and is home to turtles, sea anemones, and spiny lobsters, as well as a wonderful array of tropical fish. The clear, warm water attracts divers from around the world. Toucans live in the treetops so they can fly around the open areas. The howler monkey defends its part of the rain forest with a noisy howl.

TASK 2. Read the text of Task1 and choose an appropriate title for each part of it:

a) Islands Large And Small

b) Deep In The Forest

c) Coral Reef

d) Forest Wildlife

e) Hurricane Strength

f) Guatemala

g) Belize

h) The West Indies

TASK 3. Match the columns to complete the sentences:

1.The seven small countries of Central America 2. Christopher Columbus and his Spanish crew 3. Europeans competed for control of the region, 4. Hundreds of Caribbean islands 5. The entire area is affected 6. Powerful tropical storms known as hurricanes

a) stretch from the US almost to Venezuela. b) dropped anchor in the Caribbean in 1492. c) lie within a neck of land that joins North and South America. d) affect the Caribbean between May and October. e) bringing slaves from Africa to work on the land. f) by natural hazards.

Unit 1. landscape planning

TASK 1. Read Text A paying attention to the words in bold type. Look up their meaning in the Glossary:

Text A

OWEN DELL

1. Owen Dell got his first serious exposure to landscaping in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, where he spent his childhood afternoons gamboling about instead of doing his homework. After a brief career in electronics, which taught him where his affections really lay, he turned to horticulture. Two charismatic college botany professors opened his eyes to the wonders of nature. Class field trips made it clear that the gap between the way nature handled landscaping and the way people did was huge — and that it was the people who needed help.

2. In 1971, Owen went on to start his own landscaping business, which was devoted to developing native-plant gardens for California homeowners. After a brief period of hauling rubbish and landscaping mobile homes, he found a niche for himself. As his career developed, his vision expanded, aided by a series of natural disasters that illuminated the need to make landscaping smarter, safer, and more environmentally friendly. Wildfires led Owen to become an expert in firescaping (a term he coined). Droughts taught him the value of water conservation. The impacts of fossil-fuel use led him to found the Fossil-Free Landscaping Group. Each catastrophe led to a wider vision of what landscaping could and should be.

3. Today, Owen is an internationally recognized and widely admired expert in sustainable landscaping. He has written numerous articles for Sunset Magazine, National Gardening Magazine, Southern California Gardener, Pacific Horticulture, and many others. He’s an international speaker who has presented hundreds of truly rousing lectures, classes, and workshops to homeowners and professionals. Owen is also the co-writer and co-host of the popular Santa Barbara, California, television series Garden Wise Guys (www.citytv18.com), a sustainable-landscaping sitcom. His other book, How to Start a Home-Based Landscaping Business (Globe Pequot), has helped thousands of budding professionals get a healthy start on their careers.

4. Owen’s work has been featured on HGTV, Peak Moment Television, and NBC and in The Wall Street Journal, Fortune magazine, Landscape Architecture Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, and many other publications. He has won numerous awards for his work. In his spare time, Owen putters in his own garden, hangs out with his cats, spends quality time in wild places, cooks a mean meal from homegrown produce, and dabbles in political and social activism.

Visit Owen’s Web site at www.owendell.com.

TASK 2. Read Text A and choose an appropriate title for each part of it:

1. Owen Dell’s Awards and His Spare Time

2. A Widely Admired Expert

3. Environmentally Friendly Landscaping

4. Owen Dell’s First Serious Exposure To Landscaping

TASK 3. Answer the questions in writing:

1. Where did Owen Dell spend his childhood afternoons?

2. When did he turn to horticulture?

3. What did two charismatic college botany professors do?

4. What led Owen to become an expert in firescaping?

5. What has he won?

6. What does he do in his spare time?

 

TASK 4. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations and write them down:

1. Привязанность

2. Садоводство

3. Посвятить

4. Бедствие

5. Экологически безопасный

6. Признанный

7. Экологически устойчивый

8. Многочисленные награды

TASK 5. Match the columns:

1. Owen Dell got his first exposure to landscaping 2. After a brief career in electronics 3. In 1971, Owen went on to start 4. Droughts taught him 5. Owen is an internationally recognized 6. He has won numerous

a) his own landscaping business. b) the value of water conservation. c) in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park. d) awards for his work. e) he turned to horticulture. f) expert in sustainable landscaping.

TASK 6. Read Text B and answer the question after it:

It’s a lovely fall day. I’m looking out the French doors that separate my office from the food forest outside. I see lemons, oranges, and tangerines ripening on (what an amazing coincidence!) my lemon, orange, and tangerine trees. Leeks, onions, several kinds of basil, sage, bell peppers, hot chilies, blueberries, and a couple dozen other edibles are within my view. There’s even a water chestnut plant growing happily in a tiny water garden.

All in all I have more than 130 kinds of edible plants in my very compact yard, along with four water features; what must be hundreds of kinds of ornamental plants; lots of beneficial insects, butterflies, and hummingbirds; and a couple of cats snoozing in the shade on my little meadow of native sedges. I have a welcoming entry area, a street-side native garden, and plenty of intimate views and surprises. I feel so fortunate to be able to enjoy this place every day.

I guess you could say I’m in love with my garden. I’d do just about anything for it, but the truth is that I hardly work on it at all. A couple of hours of work a week is sufficient to keep it in beautiful condition. It requires very little water, almost no fertilizer, and never, ever any pesticides. It generates almost no waste or bad karma. It feeds me, shelters me, entertains me and the others who experience it, delights all my senses, and provides habitat for many wild things — and it does all this with very little negative impact on the environment. It’s an efficient living system that really works.

This amazing spot didn’t happen by chance, of course. I spent 28 years creating a sustainable, beautiful garden. And landscaping is my profession, so I do have a leg up on the ordinary Joe. But having spent my adult life creating similar gardens for thousands of clients, I know such a place is within your reach — and you don’t have to wait a quarter century to have it. I know how to develop your property for maximum enjoyment, at minimal cost, and with a net positive impact on your surroundings. That outcome may sound like magic, but then, gardens are full of magic.

Text C

FOOLISH ASSUMPTIONS

✓ You own a single-family home or hope to. It has some … around it, a little or a lot, and you’re wondering what the heck to do with it. You’re intrigued by the idea of messing around with land but don’t have a lot of background in … or landscaping.

✓ You care a lot about the …, and you realize that this is your chance to do something really good — or to really mess things up. You realize that your yard is part of the real … and that what you do there isn’t just about your needs and your family’s needs. You take your responsibilities seriously.

✓ You like tackling do-it-yourself projects, not just to save … but because they’re fun. You’re no all-star landscaper, but you can dig a hole without ending up in traction, and you like … work.

✓ You may have some gardening …, but you’re facing a project that’s bigger than anything you’ve tackled before. You need a friend in the business.

✓ Then again, you may be a pro — a landscape contractor, …, or builder who’s looking for cutting-edge information on sustainable landscaping.

You’ve come to the right …! Pull up a wheelbarrow and have a seat.

 

TASK 6. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences and arrange them in the logical order to make a story “Foolish Assumptions”:

8. You’re intrigued by the idea 9. You’re facing a project 10. This is your chance 11. You’re no all-star landscaper 12. You like do-it-yourself projects

g) to do something really good. h) because they’re fun. i) of messing around with land. j) that’s bigger than anything you’ve tackled before. k) but you can dig a hole without ending up in traction.

 

Unit 3. CYCLICAL DESIGN

TASK 1. Read Text A paying attention to the words in bold type. Look up their meaning in the Glossary:

Text A

CYCLICAL DESIGN

Nature recycles everything. As the Buddhist master Thich Nhat Hanh once said, “When I look at a rose I see compost; when I look at compost I see a rose.” Conventional manmade systems are linear. Consider the process:

1. Get a virgin material from nature (usually with disastrous effects at the source).

2. Use toxic and energy-intensive processes to alter it so much that it can never go back to nature.

3. Use it one time.

4. When the material’s too-short useful life comes to an end, dispose of it in a landfill, where it plugs up the works of yet another formerly living system.

Nature has been very patient with us, but this linear game is just about up. Mother Nature hates it, and besides, she’s running out of merchandise. Going back to the infinite and ancient cyclical way of life makes your garden one with nature, less troublesome, and more enduring.

✓ Harmony with the local environment: There are no nonlocal conditions. Your property is unique, with a particular soil type, microclimate, exposure, vegetation, and other factors. By choosing plants and other elements that are well suited to these particulars, you set up a robust ecosystem that will be happy with its lot in life. (Conventional gardens rely on ill-adapted plants and other elements and then depend on continual input of resources to keep from failing.)

✓ Careful management of inputs and outputs: The sustainable landscape thrives on what nature offers. It makes efficient use of resources such as building materials, water, and fertilizer. What goes in and out of the landscape is minimized, so as many effects as possible are beneficial.

✓ Consideration of on-site effects: What happens on-site is carefully considered at the design stage. Natural features such as soil, native plants, and animal habitat are preserved. All improvements must meet the test of being good players. Each element of the newly formed ecosystem must play a beneficial role: making oxygen, sequestering carbon, providing food, improving the climate inside dwellings, preventing erosion, or protecting against wildfire, to name a few. To minimize negative effects, toxic materials aren’t used; neither are energy-intensive processes, noise-generating machinery, or thirsty plantings.

✓ Consideration of off-site effects: What happens off-site is important too. By that, I mean that there should be no damage at the source of materials. Your landscape won’t be truly sustainable unless it leaves forests intact, mountains unmined, oil unburned, and workers safe and happy.

 

TASK 2. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and word combinations and write them down:

1. Пагубный эффект

2. Избавляться

3. Определенный тип почвы

4. Здоровая экосистема

5. Внутри помещений

6. Нетронутые леса

7. Улучшение

TASK 3. Answer the questions in writing:

1. What does nature recycle?

2. What is Mother Nature running out of?

3. What makes your garden less troublesome and more enduring?

4. How can you set up a robustecosystem?

5. What do conventional gardens rely on?

6. What does the sustainable landscape thriveon?

7. What role must each element of the newly formed ecosystem play?

TASK 4. Match the columns to complete the sentences:

1. Conventional manmade 2. Natural features such as soil, native plants, 3. The sustainable landscape 4. Going back to ancient cyclical way of life 5. Conventional gardens rely 6. Your property is unique, 7. By choosing plants and other elements that are well suited to these particulars,

a) with a particular soil type, microclimate, vegetation, and other factors. b) makes your garden less troublesome, and more enduring. c) you set up a robust ecosystem. d) and animal habitat are preserved. e) systems are linear. f) thrives on what nature offers. g) on ill-adapted plants.

 

TASK 5: Fill in the gaps in Text B using the words from the box:

Traditional, canyons, natural, herbicides, devastate, destroys, negative, warming, damage

 

Text B

WHY SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPING

MATTERS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Where do I start? The … landscape is an environmental train wreck:

✓ It fragments and … native habitat.

✓ It consumes … resources.

✓ It causes strip mining, clear cutting of forests, and other … effects at the source of materials.

✓ It introduces nonnative plants that invade and … wild ecosystems.

✓ It wrecks waterways and groundwater through the leaching of pesticides, … and fertilizers. (Of the nitrogen applied to lawns, 40 percent to 60 percent ends up in the water.)

✓ It increases runoff, which results in urban flooding and further … to waterways.

✓ It fills … and landfills with waste.

✓ It increases global … through the use of fossil fuels.

TASK 6. Match the questions and the answers to make up a dialogue about the bad effects of traditional landscaping:

Text C

1. Why does it waste precious water? 2. What does outdoor power equipment create? 3. How many birds do pesticides kill each year? 4. How many accidents and fatalities are caused just from lawn mowing? 5. What does air pollution caused by pesticides and fossil-fuel use damage?

a) Pesticides kill 60 million to 70 million birds each year. b) Each year, 60,000 to 70,000 severe accidents and fatalities are caused just from lawn mowing. c) Air pollution caused by pesticides and fossil-fuel use damages everyone’s health. d) to keep useless ornamental plants and lawns alive. e) noise in every neighborhood.

 

Unit 4. DEVELOPING A DESIGN

TASK 1. Read Text A paying attention to the words in bold type. Look up their meaning in the Glossary:

Text A

DEVELOPING A DESIGN

1. Design deserves your best thinking because it determines the outcome of the project and how it will function over time. The design phase is a time to slow down and pay attention. Design goes from the general (“I think I want a vegetable garden”) to the specific (“I want four 4 x 10 raised stone beds in the northeast corner of the back yard with six kohlrabi plants, a dozen rutabagas, and five Bad Boy tomatoes”).

2. Designing a sustainable landscape is rigorous, but anyone can do it. For now, here’s an overview of the process: When you understand the site and your own needs, you’re ready to take a first stab at putting everything together. This draft is called the conceptual design. You create it in steps, starting with a bubble diagram and moving through field measuring, a base sheet, and ending with a concept plan.

3.When you have a good understanding of how the elements fit together, you can begin to work on all the little details. What will that patio be made of, and precisely what will its shape and location be? Which tree will go on the east side of the house, and what size will it be at planting time? What species of perennials will go in the front border, how many of each kind, and what container size? You can even develop a series of individual plans that detail the construction, planting, irrigation, and other phases of the work. These plans will help you refine your ideas and guide you through the long process of constructing the landscape, and they’ll help you share your vision with a contractor if you decide to hire a pro.

4. A landscaping project really is many projects rolled into one. Depending on the scope of your project, you may be doing demolition, moving and grading soil, installing irrigation and drainage systems, building all sorts of structures, planting plants, mulching, and doing a lot more. Some tools, such as shovels and rakes, are common to many of these tasks, and you’ll get to know them quite well indeed. Other jobs — particularly hardscape construction — require special and sometimes costly tools. You probably already have the basic tools; others can be rented or borrowed. (Buying tools that you only use once or twice isn’t very sustainable, is it?)

5. The right tools make the job easier and safer, and the outcome will be more like what a pro would do. As for materials, you’ll be getting these from a variety of sources: lumberyards, concrete plants, nurseries, landscape supply stores, stone and masonry dealers, irrigation supply stores, and others. Try to buy locally, but if a more sustainable material is available elsewhere, it may be a better choice environmentally. Sustainable means buying as little as possible.

 

TASK 2. Read Text A and choose an appropriate title for each part of it:

a) Creating the Conceptual Design

b) Your Best Thinking

c) Many Projects Rolled Into One

d) Buying As Little As Possible

e) Refining Your Design

 

TASK 3. Match the columns to complete the sentences:

1. Design deserves your best thinking 2. The design phase is a time 3. Designing a sustainable landscape is rigorous, 4. You create it in steps, 5. What species of perennials 6. You can even develop a series of individual plans

a) but anyone can do it. b) will go in the front border? c) because it determines the outcome of the project. d) to slow down and pay attention. e) that detail the construction, planting, irrigation, and other phases of the work. f) starting with a bubble diagram.

 

Text B

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

Rendering cliché

(речевые клише, используемые для краткого изложения прочитанного текста (резюме)

II. Начало статьи

1. The paper begins with a short discussion on - статья начинается с короткой дискуссии о

2. Тhе paper deals first with the problem of- вначале статья имеет дело с...

3. The first paragraph deals with - первый абзац имеет дело с...

 

III. Переход к изложению следующей части:

1. Then follows a discussion…

2. Next the author goes on to the problem of...

3. The next paragraph deals with...

4. Further the author tries to determine/to indicate/to explain…

5. It must be emphasized that…

6. It should be noted that…

7. 1t is evident that…

8. It is interesting that…

9. It is interesting to note …

10. It is worth mentioning …

 

IV. Конец изложения статьи:

1. Finally (in the end) the author emphasizes...

2. The author comes to the conclusion that...

3. To sum up …

4. It is common knowledge …

5. In conclusion the text reads …

V. Оценка статьи:

In my opinion …

I think, I suppose, I believe …

In this connection, I'd like to say …

I find the question of... very important because...

We should not forget that …

The paper (article, text) is interesting (not interesting), of importance (of little importance), valuable (invaluable), up-to-date (out-of-date), useful (useless)

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

TEXT 1. CUBA

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Capital city: Havana, Area: 42,803 sq miles (110,860 sq km)

Population: 11,300,000, Official language: Spanish

Major religions: Christian 41%, other 59%

Government: One-party state, Currency: Cuban peso

Adult literacy rate: 97% Life expectancy: 77 years

People per doctor: 189, Televisions: 239 per 1,000 people

More than 200 rivers wind their way across Cuba, watering the lush green scenery of the Caribbean’s largest island. The land is made up of mountains, rolling hills, and flat plains, all covered in a fertile soil that is ideal for growing sugar, tobacco, and a variety of tropical fruits and vegetables. Most Cubans are descended from the early Spanish settlers, or from Africans brought over later to work as slaves on the plantations.

Cuba’s lively music reflects its mix of Spanish and African influences. The Spanish brought distinctive melodies, along with the guitar and violin, and the Africans brought a very different style, as well as various drums and short wooden sticks called claves. The music has gradually fused to create rhythms such as the mambo and salsa. A thriving Afro-Cuban jazz scene has also developed.

CUBAN POLITICS

In 1959, Fidel Castro and a group of rebels overthrew the ruling dictator, Fulgencio Batista. Since then, Cuba has been a communist state, aided by the Soviet Union until its breakup in 1991. Many of Castro’s social policies have been successful. Housing and health care have greatly improved, and most people can now read and write. However, the US remains hostile to the communist government.

SUGAR INDUSTRY

Sugar has long been important to Cuba and still makes up 75 percent of the country’s earnings from exports. By the 1800s, the sugar industry was already booming, fueled by African slaves who worked by hand on the vast colonial plantations. Today, the methods are more modern and the cane is usually cut down by machine or bulldozer. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union led to a steep decline in demand for sugar, and reduced supplies of imported oil. To overcome this crisis, many of the mills started to use bagasse, a by-product of sugarcane, to run their machinery.

HAVANA

The largest city in the Caribbean, Cuba’s capital, Havana, has a population of more than 2 million. It was founded by the Spanish in 1515 and some areas of the city are extremely old, with cobbled streets and elegant colonial buildings. Today, parts of Havana have become run down and in need of improvement. However, housing policies mean there are no shantytowns around the city. Havana is a major port and exports most of Cuba’s sugar, tobacco, and tropical fruit.

TEXT 2. JAMAICA

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Capital city: Kingston, Area: 4,243 sq miles (10,990 sq km)

Population: 2,700,000, Official language: English

Major religions: Christian 55%, other 45%

Government: Multiparty democracy, Currency: Jamaican dollar

Adult literacy rate: 88% Life expectancy: 75 years

People per doctor: 714, Televisions: 182 per 1,000 people

RASTAFARIANISM

The Rastafarian religion began among the poor of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1930s. Members believe that Haile Selassie, the former emperor of Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), was a god. They also believe that God (Jah) will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the promised land. Rastafarians do not usually eat pork, they are against violence, and wear their hair in long dreadlocks. Their clothes are often green, yellow, and red because these are the colors of the Ethiopian flag.

The beautiful island of Jamaica is a place of strong contrasts. On the one hand, there is the relaxed attitude of people enjoying the national passions – cricket and reggae music. On the other hand, there is tension between the few powerful families and the many poor living in violent slums. This side of life is rarely seen by the tourists who flock here each year. In addition to tourism, the mineral bauxite, used to make aluminum, is a valuable source of income. Sadly, the landscape is damaged by the bauxite mines, which leave red mud lakes with an acid content that kills vegetation.

REGGAE MUSIC

The driving rhythms of reggae music can be heard everywhere across the island. Its songs often tell of hardship and political struggle, and are linked to Rastafarianism. Reggae developed in Jamaica from ska, which was a blend of African, European, and South American styles. Jamaican singer Bob Marley (1945–81) made reggae music popular around the world.

KINGSTON

Jamaica’s capital city and chief port, Kingston, is one of the largest urban centers in the Caribbean. Founded by the British, the city first grew as a major port for shipping cane sugar to Europe. However, an earthquake in 1907 damaged the city. It has now been rebuilt with modern hotels, banks, and financial offices. Crowded shantytowns also exist on the western side of the city. Violence frequently breaks out here, connected either to political unrest or to the long-established trade in illegal drugs.

TEXT 4. ARGENTINA

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Capital city: Buenos Aires, Area: 1,068,296 sq miles (2,766,890 sq km)

Population: 38,400,000, Official language: Spanish

Major religions: Christian 92%, Jewish 2%, other 6%

Government: Multiparty democracy, Currency: Argentine peso

Adult literacy rate: 97% Life expectancy: 74 years

People per doctor: 370, Televisions: 289 per 1,000 people

 

Stretching from the subtropical forests of the north, down across the vast central plains of the Pampas, to the snowcapped mountains of Patagonia in the south, Argentina occupies most of southern South America. The country is bounded by the Andes Mountains in the west, and slopes gently downhill to the Atlantic Ocean in the east. Today’s population is a mixture of native Indians, Spanish settlers, and immigrants from southern Europe who arrived during the past 100 years. The country is relatively wealthy, but has suffered from years of political instability, with periods of military rule alternating with elected governments.

BUENOS AIRES

Almost 40 percent of Argentinians live in or near the capital city of Buenos Aires, making it one of the major cities in the southern half of the world. The city was founded by the Spanish in 1536 as a port on the Río de la Plata, and inhabitants are still called porteños, meaning “people of the port.” Modern Buenos Aires is highly sophisticated, with grand avenues, a subway system, and expensive stores. It is the trading center of the country, and most of Argentina’s exports are shipped through its docks.

TIERRA DEL FUEGO

When Ferdinand Magellan and his Spanish crew first saw the rocky islands at the tip of Argentina in 1520, they named them Tierra del Fuego, or Land of Fire, because they saw fires lit by the Fuegian Indians to keep warm. The islands, shared between Argentina and Chile, are wet and windswept, with glaciers carving out huge valleys in the mountains.

ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS

In the years leading up to World War I in 1914, about 2 million people fled the poverty of southern Europe to start a new life in Argentina. More than half came from Italy, finding work on the land or in the expanding cities of Buenos Aires and Rosario. Italian food, such as the potato pasta ñoquis, is still served in restaurants throughout Argentina.

FALKLAND ISLANDS

Some 300 miles (480 km) east of Argentina lie the disputed Islas Malvinas. Occupied by Spain in 1767, the islands were invaded by Britain in 1833 and renamed the Falkland Islands. Britain and Argentina have contested ownership ever since. In 1982 an Argentinian invasion was repelled by Britain, which now has a military garrison there.

DANCING THE TANGO

Tango, the national music of Argentina, began in the slums of Buenos Aires. The music, and the dramatic dance style that goes with it, reflects the hopes of working people and is sometimes happy, but often sad. Tango music is played on a bandoneon, a type of accordion, with a piano and violin accompaniment.

GAUCHOS OF THE PAMPAS

As famous as his northern cousin, the American cowboy, the Argentine gaucho has roamed the rolling plains of the pampas for about 300 years. The name gaucho comes from a South American word for outcast, since gauchos have always chosen to live beyond the law of the cities. The men work on the vast estancias, or ranches, fixing fences and corrals (pens for animals), tending the horses, and looking after the large herds of cattle. Tough, self-reliant, and free, the gauchos have become legendary heroes and anational symbol of Argentina.

TEXT 5. BRAZIL

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The largest country in South America, Brazil covers almost half the continent. From the 16^th to 19th centuries it was ruled by the Portuguese, who named it after the brazilwood tree. The country contains deserts in the northeast, rain forests in the north and west, and rolling grasslands in the south. Because the climate is so varied, it is possible to grow almost any crop. Brazil has crowded modern cities – and areas that have never been explored. In the south, the forces of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers have been harnessed to form the one of the world’s largest hydroelectric projects, the Itaipú Dam.

CITY LIFE

About 80 percent of Brazilians live in cities, most of which have developed near the coast. Over the years, many people have moved to the cities from the countryside in search of work and a better standard of living. For many years the cities grew rapidly, although this has now slowed down. More than 20 million people live in or around the city of São Paulo, more than the populations of London and Paris put together.

PEOPLE OF BRAZIL

The population of Brazil is a mixture of peoples. Some are descended from native Indians who have always lived in Brazil, others from the Portuguese who ruled there for 300 years. Many Brazilians have African ancestors who were brought over in the 17th century to work as slaves on the sugar plantations. At the beginning of the 20th century many Japanese sailed to Brazil to escape crop failures at home. Also during the 20th century, large numbers of European migrants settled in the south of the country.

AGRICULTURE

Brazil is the world’s major producer and exporter of coffee, which is grown on huge plantations, mostly in the states of Paraná and São Paulo. However, coffee is only one of the country’s main crops; soy beans, sugarcane, and cotton are also produced on a large scale. Brazil is one of the world’s main producers of oranges, bananas, and cocoa beans as well. About one-quarter of Brazilians work in agriculture, although the size of farms varies from tiny plots of land to vast estates. Many people work in the fields for little pay, while a few rich landowners benefit from huge profits.

AMAZON RAIN FOREST

Covering an area the size of Australia, the Amazon rain forest is the largest remaining tropical rain forest anywhere on Earth. It covers about one-third of South America, mostly growing around the Amazon River in Brazil. Many animals, birds, insects, and reptiles rely on the trees for food and shelter, as do the tribes of Amazonian Indians who have lived in the forest for thousands of years. But the rain forest is a fragile environment and both wildlife and people are under serious threat as vast areas of the forest are cut down.

INDIAN TRIBES

At one time there were about 5 million native Indians living in the rain forest; today, only about 220,000 remain. The largest of these tribes are located on the above map. Most live as shifting cultivators, which means they settle for a while to hunt and grow basic food crops, and then move on. This way the forest soil can recover its fertility. Since the arrival of people from outside the forest, the Indians have been at risk from diseases, such as influenza and measles, to which they have no resistance.

TEXT 6. EUROPE

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A great curve of mountain ranges that includes the Pyrenees and the Alps roughly divides the cooler north of Europe from the warmer south. In the far north, treeless tundra merges into cool coniferous forests that extend across Scandinavia and into Russia. South of this lies the fertile North European Plain, which supports most of the continent’s agriculture and mixed woodland. By contrast, the Mediterranean region to the south is hot and almost desertlike in places. Volcanic activity is confinedto Iceland and southern Italy, where Mount Etna is constantly active. The

Ural and Caucasus mountains form Europe’s eastern borders.

THE ALPS

The mountains that form the Alps run from southeastern France, through Switzerland and Italy, into Austria. In the last 2 million years, ice has molded the scenery, carving pyramid-shaped peaks, like the Matterhorn (above), knife-edged ridges, dramatic waterfalls, and armchairshaped basins filled with lakes. Alpine plants, such as the Bird’s Eye primrose, have adapted to growing at high altitudes.

THE LAKE DISTRICT

The 15 lakes of the Lake District in northwestern England lie in U-shaped valleys extending outward like the spokes of a wheel from an uplifted dome of low mountains. Long ago, the valleys contained rivers, but during the Ice Age these were deepened by the movement of glaciers. Most were dammed by eroded rock left behind when the glaciers melted. The erosion of the main valleys has cut off tributary valleys and left them “hanging” above the main valleys, often with waterfalls cascading from them.

THE EUROPEAN UNION

In 1957, s