Part 2. Jobs and responsibilities

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION - 3

PART 1 SOCIALIZING - 4

Part 2 JOBS AND RESPONSIBILITIES -8

Part 3 SPEECH PRACTICE -12

Part 4 BUSINESS STRUCTURE - 13

Part 5 DEVELOPING SKILLS - 20

Part 6 GRAMMAR SECTION - 23

SUPPLEMENTARY

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The edition promotes you with the possibility to master your Business English skills independently. The Vocabulary, Grammar, Functions, Reading and Writing exercises and VIDEO are presented here in the corresponding sections and in the electronics version.

You will find it easier to do the Developing Skills section after you have done the Grammar and Speech Practice ones.

You should decide which of the exercises to do and which will be the most useful and interesting for you, bearing in mind what you have done in class for each unit.

If necessary, ask your teacher for advice.

 

 

GOOD LUCK!

Part 1. Socializing

G R E E T I N G S

- How do you \do? (highly formal)*
- Good \ morning! (ratherformal)} - \ Morning! (less formal]	- used from early morning till 12.00p.m
- Good after \ noon! (formal)} - After \ noon! (less formal)	- used from 12.00p.m. till 06.00 p.m.
- Good \evening! (formal)} - \ Evening! (lessformal)	- used after 06.00. p.m.
Hal \lo! [Hello, hullo]!	- rather informal, can be used any time of the day and often followed by a person's name and such
e	expressions as "Haven't seen you for ages! " or "It's good to see you again/" and "How are you?"!
\Hi! (coll.)	used in outwork situations.

Commentary

* 'How do you \ do?' is usually used while getting acquainted with other business people but not customary among people meeting every day. It's a general way of greeting people and requires the same phrase in reply corresponding to the Russian forms «Здравствуйте!» - «Здравствуйте!».

But it is also often understood as "How are you getting \ on?" («Как дела?»). And there comes the reply: " \ Fine! \ Thanks! / And you?"

ILLUSTRATIVE DIALOGUES:

1.

- "How do you do, Mr. Smith? I am Frank Newman of Green Star LTD."

-"How do you do, Mr. Newman?"

2.

- "Morning, David! This is Edward Scott, our new sales representative."

-"Oh, yes, Edward! Welcome to JCK Advertising! How do you do?"

-"How do you do? Pleased to meet you."

3.

-"Oh, hullo, Pete! How are you?"

-"Hi, Bob! I am OK. Haven't seen you for ages!"

SMALL TALK

Small Talk - is a traditional beginning of any business contact. Before moving to the subject of the meeting, you should arrange a short conversation to build a bridge to mutual understanding. It's also called "socializing". It presents an exchange of some polite questions and answers, such as asking of one's affairs, flight or trip, if any, weather, hotel and replies to them. Usually, both the speaker and his companion is aware of the perspective reply to the question asked. Don't give detailed information! It's just Etiquette common in business communication. Phrases of " Welcoming " are preferable to compose a friendly atmosphere that promotes fruitful negotiating.

NOTE: But not any questions are possible to ask. Keep in mind that it's better not to ask too personal questions at a first meeting. And never ask about money!

 

ILLUSTRATIVE SMALL TALK

 

N.: - Good morning, Mr. Smith! How are you?

S.: - I'm fine, thank you. And how are you getting on with your business?

N: - It's OK, thanks. Did you have a good trip?

S: - Excellent! The weather is pleasant today, isn't it?

N: - Yes. Good weather, good business.

S: - Absolutely!

N: - Would you like a cup of coffee?

S: - Thanks. Let's get down to business now, if you don't mind?

N: - All right. Business before pleasure.

S: - The British say: "Time and tide wait for no man."

N: - I see.

I N T R O D U C I N G P E O P L E

Who are you? - the question is "What's your name?" and requires some information about the partner's fist name and family name. But you can initiate the procedure of introducing by yourself saying:

"We haven't met before, have we?" or "Excuse me, have we met before? or "I don't think we've met, have we?" and get the answer: 'No, we haven't".

In reply: - Let me intro\ duce myself, my name's Edward \ Green.

- May I intro \ duce myself?"

- Allow me to intro \ duce myself, I am Dr. Henry\Bendrix.
These forms are rather forma and, used in business situations.

Sometimes you need to introduce a stranger to other people. So you may say:

- Have you met / Mr.Harvey?

or

- I'd like you to meet Doctor \ Stanley.

- \Ms. Leeds, this is \Mr. Snow. - Unpretentious and yet formal enough for any occasion.

NOTE: When introducing oneself the one addressed to is expected to say his name. Then follows the exchange of the phrases: - "How do you do?"

- "How do you do?" from both being acquainted.

In reply: - My \ pleasure.

- It's nice \ meeting you

- Pleased to \ meet you.

- Glad to \ meet you.

Only to the previous two phrases your counterpart can react saying:

- "Me \ too."

The other possible replies may be:

- "The pleasure is \ mine /actually."

- "Nice to meet you \ too."

The replies mentioned above are rather formal. But in less official situations it's possible to say:

-"Hal /lo!"

or to give a usual answer

- "How d'you do?"

Examples

- Good morning! Excuse me, have we met before?

- Oh, I'm afraid, not! My name's John Brown. Pleased to meet you.

- The pleasure is mine. And I am Robert Bean.

What are you? - the question is "What do you do?" or "What's your job?" The speaker is

interested in a

person's job and responsibilities. Usually the answer provides some information about the legal name of the company, its activity and the position of the person in the group. It's customary accompanied by another question: "Where are you from?" and followed by an answer: "I'm from Bybery Systems." or "I'm from Orenburg", or "I'm from Russia."

In reply:

- I represent the THT Company. I work for* Transgas LTD. (or "I work with Transgas LTD)

- I work in the office.

- I work at the Research and Development department. I work in sales.

- We are based in New York but have offices worldwide. We are active in gas transmitting.

- We do business with many Asian and European countries.**

- We engage a first class reputation.

NOTES: * the verb "to work" can be followed by different prepositions as it is shown in

the above sentences.

** the construction "to be based in..."varies in meaning depending on the subject 1. "We are based in..." means that the head office of the firm is located in some city or town and may have some branches or subsidiaries. 2. "I am based in Paris" means that the person is on the staff of a branch office or the head office but travels a lot.

ILLUSTRATIVE DIALOGUES

1. - Excuse me, are you Mr. Briggs?

- Yeah!

- Hello! I am Mark Whites from JCK Co.

- Hi! Nice to meet you!

- And you. I am here to take you to the hotel.

- Thank you.

2. - Hello! I am Robert Carlson. I don't think we've met, have we?

- No. Glad to meet you. My name's Percy Alexander.

- What are you, Mr. Alexander?

- I represent Prodata Ltd. We are based in Geneva.

- So you are not from Brighton then?

- No. I am here temporarily.

- I see.

3. - Good afternoon! Let me introduce myself. I am Carol Streep.

- How do you do, Ms. Streep.

- I am fine. But call me just Carol.

- OK, Carol. And I'm Bob, Bob Russel.

- Where are you from, Bob?

- I work for the Agrico Denmark. And what about you? What's your job?

- I am a Sales Manager with Pepsico.

- Really? That's interesting!

Speech Practice

Making contact

A first meeting

A. Peter Berger is a consultant with Prodata, a computer consultancy firm. He is normally based in Geneva but he's working in Bradford at the moment, setting up a new quality control system. On his first day there, he meets Jenny Carlson over lunch.

PART 4. Business structure

 

Complete the organization chart from the information provided. Two
examples have been done for you. (Note that there are various ways of
constructing an organization chart. This is one of the most usual.)

The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive, or President
in the USA) is the head of the company.

The company is run by a Board of Directors; each Director is in charge of a
department. However, the Chairman of the Board is in overall control and may
not be the head of any one department.

Most companies have Finance, Sales, Marketing (sometimes part of Sales),
Production, Research and Development (R & D) and Personnel Departments.
These are the most common departments, but some companies have others as
well.

Most departments have a Manager, who is in charge of its day-to-day
running, and who reports to the Director; the Director is responsible for
strategic planning and for making decisions.

Various personnel in each department report to the Manager. One example,
present in almost all companies, is the Sales Representative, who reports to
the Sales Manager.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The Organizational Structure of the company depends on different matters, suchas: size of the company, type of ownership, availability of regional divisions,etc. But most of the companies have certain usual functions shown on the Organizational Chart. Job Descriptions are attached below.

 

• BOARD OF DIRECTORS is the highest level in the organizational structure
of any corporation. In other types of ownership there won't be one (for
example, partnership). Usually from five to ten owners with the largest
number of shares get elected to the Board of Directors.

 

• MANAGING DIRECTOR is appointed by the Board of Directors for a certain period of time. He is responsible for managing the company, fulfilling the main strategy and developing business. He reports to the Board of Directors and shareholders.

 

• FINANCIAL CONTROLLER is responsible for Finance and Accounting
Function. This function is dealing with all aspects of reporting to authorities, shareholders and management of the company. They have to provide them with accurate and transparent financial and management reports in a timely manner. Managers use financial data for decision making purposes. Budget group develops plans and budgets.

 

• PERSONNEL MANAGER is the Head of the Personnel Department. The Personnel Department is dealing with issues of personnel training, hiring policies, defining reward systems for people from different departments and divisions.

 

• MANUFACTURING MANAGER is responsible for managing production, quality control and research and development. Heads of workshops usually report to him. Information regarding new market trends comes from the Marketing Department to the Research and Development Division where they improve existing products or develop new ones.

Quality Control Division is dealing not only with quality of products but
also with quality of business processes. So they check both quality of products
and business processes.

• SALES AND MARKETING MANAGER is always a very hard and artistic job to do but I think that it gives you more satisfaction that any other works within the company. Sales and Marketing Department is responsible for sales of products, promotion and advertising, market research, developing product
and market strategies, concluding contracts with clients and many other things (from the way packaging should look to organization of presentations and shows).

 

• PURCHASING MANAGER is working closely with Manufacturing Function because the Purchasing Department is responsible for purchasing materials, low value items and all the assets for Production. They have to find the best quality materials at the lowest price.

Company
Structures

 

READING Look at the organization chart for Cooper France. Where should the following labels appear?

Sales secretary agent

Now read the passage and complete the chart to show the positions that Jean Lamadon and his
colleagues occupy.

My name's Jean Lamadon, and I'm one of the two sales manager here at Cooper France.
Cooper is an international group based in America which, among other things, produces tools
and equipment for the professional and consumer markets. The group has subsidiaries in several
European countries.

suppose that if I'm going to describe how things are organised here in France I'd better start
at the top! That's where you'll find Alain Madrange who is everybody's boss here! He controls
all aspects of finance and is in permanent contact with our head office. Both myself and Michel
Carnelez, who is the other sales manager, report directly to him.

As I said, there are two sales managers, because we sell two very different categories of product in
France. The first is electrical equipment which is used for assembling components for printed circuit
boards. That's my area. The other is what we call 'tools and hardware' which includes a lot of quite
different products, mostly sold in Do-It-Yourself shops all over the country. Michel Carnelez is in
charge of that, and he doesn't have any Cooper employees working under him apart from Sylvie
Cieutat, his sales secretary. That means he relies entirely on a national network of ten sales agents
including his Paris agent Daniel Royatte. Michel spends much more time, than I do, marketing and
promoting his products.

The way my department is organized is really quite simple. About 80% of our business is done
through distributors and the rest is direct to major account holders, who are our really big cus-
tomers. As we sell all over the country this means I need a team of sales people. At the moment
there are four, each responsible for one territory: Cyril Jehanne for the north, Jean-Noel Echave for
the south, Daniel Lorand for the west and Patrick Amat for the east. I also have a customer
services assistant, Jocylene Cuisy, and a sales secretary, Marie-Christine Chaussadas.
Together they run the sales office and look after most of the administration.

VOCABULARY Ex.1 Circle the word that does not belong in each horizontal group.

1 business company society subsidiary

2 salary manager salesman employee

3 finance product research marketing

4 distributing selling assembling promoting

5 components tools hardware strategy

6 end user customer client distributor

Ex.2 Which of the groups of three words that you identified above refer to the following definitions?
a people who buy goods or services

b types of commercial organizations

с different departments or functions

d people who work inside a company

e activities that involve meeting customers.......................

f products that can be sold

Ex.3 Match each of the words that you circled with the following:

1.......................... a monthly payment in exchange for work

2.......................... an item that has been made

3.......................... a plan of action

4.......................... a non-profit-making organization

5.......................... putting parts together

6.......................... a person or business which has an agreement to sell the goods of another firm

PART 5. Developing Skills

VIDEO Laboratory Work "COMPANY STRUCTURES AND BUSINESS PROFILE"

NAMES OF THE STAFF:

- Jenny Ross

- Derek Jones

- Don Bradley

- Clive Harris

- Edward Green

- Geraldine Scott

- Kate Mckenna

- Bob and Pete

- Sally

Task 1. Show how many different job titles you can name

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2. Write down responsibilities of the following staff:

1. The head of the company

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The Director / Manager of the department

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The Customer Services Assistant

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The Sales Representative

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 3. Watch the VIDEO and give the answers to the questions

a) Who arrives first? __________________________________

second? _____________________________________

third? ______________________________________

b) What day of the week is it? _________________________

c) What time of the day is it? __________________________

d) Who does Edward Green want to see? _________________________

e) Who does he meet first? _________________________

f) Where is she showing him to? _________________________

g) Name what you have seen there _________________________

Task 4. Give as full information about the company as possible

- The official name of the company is___________________

- Its business profile is_______________________________

- The Product is____________________________________

- It is based in __________________________________

- _________________________ is everybody's Boss here.

Task 5. Watch the VIDEO once again and fill in the gaps

GREET A COLLEAGUE

 

Clive:	Jenny:
Greets Jenny.
Makes small talk:	1. ____________ ____________ ___________________
Makes small talk:	2. __________ _______________ ____________________________

Jenny: Greets Kate:	Kate: Greets Jenny: 3. ______ _______, Jenny.
Responds: 5. _______ ______ _________ _________________	Asks a polite question: 4. ____________ ________ ________

INTRODUCE YOURSELF

Edward:	Geraldine:
Greets Geraldine and introduces himself: Good Morning. 1. ____________ ___________Edward Green.
Gives Don's Name: 2. to see Don Bradley	Asks him to wait: Ah yes. One moment, please.
Jenny:	Edward:
Checks: Are you Edward Green?	Responds: Yes.
Introduces herself: 3.________ __________Jenny Ross.
Asks a polite question: 4. ______ _________ _______ ___________.	Responds: Hello.
Welсотes Edward: 5. _________ ________ __________ 6. ________ __ __________Bibury Systems.	Responds: Thank you.
Gives fob title: 7. ___________ ________ _________ ________ ___________ in the marketing department.

INTRODUCE A NEW COLLEAGUE

Jenny gives Edward's name: Kate, _________ _____________ Edward Green.	Greets Edward: Ah yes. Edward. Hello.
Gives Edward job title: 2. ______________ our new ____________ _________________.	Welcomes Edward: 3. _________ _________ Bibury Systems marketing department.

 

Task 6. Match the names of the Bibury Systems staff with the jobs in the chart:

THE BOARD Managing Director or Chief Executive Sales and Marketing Director Financial Director Personnel Director

 

 

Sales Executives

SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT

 

Part 6. Grammar Section

A. Expressing Present

UNIT 1 Present continuous (I am doing)

a) Study this example situation:

We use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking:

- Please don't make so much noise. I'm studying (not 'I study')

- 'Where is Margaret?' 'She's having a bath.' (not 'she has')

- Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more.

- (at a party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not 'do you enjoy')

b) We also use the present continuous when we talk about something which is happening around, the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.. Study this example situation:

-Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a cafe. Tom says: 'I'm reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've finished it.'

Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and hasn't finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples:

- Silvia is learning English at the moment. (not 'learns')

- Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. (not 'builds')

But perhaps Silvia and Tom are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking.

c) We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For example: today, this season etc.:

- 'You're working hard today.' 'Yes, I have a lot to do.'

- Tom isn't playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.

d) We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations:

- The population of the world is rising very fast. (not 'rises')

- Is your English getting better? (not 'does... get')

Exercises

1.1 I n this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.

Examples: Please don't make so much noise. I am studying (study).

Let's go out now. It isn’t raining (not/rain) any more.

Listen to those people. What language are they speaking. (they/speak)?

1. Please be quiet. I ………………… (try) to concentrate.

2. Look! It ……………………… (snow).

3. Why …………………… (you/look) at me like that? Have I said something wrong?

4. You ……………………. (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter?

5. Excuse me, I …………………….. (look) for a phone box. Is there one near here?

6. (in the cinema) It's a good film, isn't it? ……………………… (you/enjoy) it?

7. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They ……………………. (shout) at each other again.

8. Why …………………… (you/wear) your coat today? It's very warm.

9. I ………………………... (not/work) this week. I'm on holiday.

10. I want to lose weight. I ……………………... (not/eat) anything today.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.2 Complete these sentences using one of these verbs:

Exercises

2.1 In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form.

Examples: Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees centigrade.

George doesn’t go (not/go) to the cinema very often.

How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?

1. The swimming bath …………………. (open) at 9.00 and ………………… (close)

at 18.30 every day.

2. What time ………………………… (the banks/close) in Britain?

3. I have a car but I ……………………… (not/use) it very often.

4. How many cigarettes ………………………… (you/smoke) a day?

5. 'What …………………........... (you/do)?' 'I'm an electrical engineer.'

6. 'Where ………………………... (your father/come) from?' 'He ……………………

(come) from Scotland.'

7. If you need money, why ……………………………... (you / not / get) a job?

8. I ……………………… (play) the piano, but I …………………. (not/play) very well.

9. I don't understand the word 'deceive'. What …………………… ('deceive' / mean)?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.2 This time you have to read some sentences and correct them. The English is correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.

Example: The sun goes round the earth. The sun doesn’t go round the earth.

The earth goes round the sun.

1. The sun rises in the west. …………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Mice catch cats. …………………………………………………………………………………………...…..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Carpenters make things from metal. …………………………………………………………...….....

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The River Amazon flows into the Pacific Ocean. ………………………………….…………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.3 Now you have to use these sentences to make questions. Begin your question with the word(s) in brackets.

Examples: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) How often does Tom play tennis?

I get up in the morning. (What time/usually?) What time do you usually get up?

1. Ann watches television. (How often?) How often ………………………….…………………………

2. I write to my parents. (How often?) ……………………………………………………………………...….

3. I have dinner in the evening? (What time /usually?) …………………………………………………

4. Tom works. (Where?) …………………………………………………………………………………………..…

5. I go to the cinema. (How often?) ……………………………………………………………………………..

6. People do stupid things. (Why?) ………………………………………………………………………….…..

7. The car breaks down. (How often?) ……………………………………………………………………..…..

UNIT 3 Present continuous (I am doing) or present simple (I do)?

 

a) Study this explanation and compare the examples:

Present continuous (I am doing) Use the present continuous to talk about something which is happening at or around the time of speaking:	Present simple (I do) Use the present simple to talk about things in general or things which happen repeatedly:
past now future	past now future
The kettle is boiling.Can you turn it off, please?	Water boilsat 100 degrees Celsius.
Listen to those people. What languagearethey speaking?	Excuse me, doyou speakEnglish?
'Where's Tom? ' 'He's playingtennis.' (you find a stranger in your room) What areyou doinghere?	Tom playstennis every Saturday. What doyou usually doat weekends? What doyou do?(= What's your job?)
Silvia is in Britain for three months. She's learningEnglish.	Most people learnto swim when they are children.
Use the present continuous for a temporary situation:	Use the present simple for a permanent situation:
I'm livingwith some friends until I can find a flat.	My parents livein London. They have been there for 20 years.
That machine isn't working.It broke down this morning.	That machine doesn't work.It hasn't worked for years.

 

b) Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say 'I am knowing'.

You can only say I know. Here is a list of verbs which are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions):

Exercises

 

Exercises

4.1 In this exercise you have to read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past.

Example: Tom usually gets up at 7.30. Yesterday he got up at 7.30.

1. Tom usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning …………………………………..

2. Torn usually walks to work. Yesterday ……………………………………………..

3. Tom is usually late for work. Yesterday …………………………………………….

4. Tom usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday …………………………………..

5. Tom usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening …………………………...

6. Tom usually sleeps very well. Last night ……………………………………………

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.2 This time you have to put one of these verbs in each sentence:

hurt teach spend sell throw fall catch buy cos t

Example: I was hungry, so I bought something to eat in the shop.

1. Tom's father ……………... him how to drive when he was 17.

2. Don ………...……. down the stairs this morning and ……………… his leg.

3. We needed some money so we ……….… our car.

4. Ann …………….….. a lot of money yesterday. She …………………. a dress which …………………………..……. £50.

5. Jim …………….…… the ball to Sue who ……………………..…. it.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.3 In this exercise you have to write questions. A friend has just come back from holiday and you are asking him about it.

Examples: where /go? Where did you go?.

food / good? Was the food good?.

1. how long / stay there? ………………………………………………………….………

2. stay in a hotel? ……………………………………………………………..…………..

3. go alone? ……………………………………………………………..………………...

4. how / travel? ……………………………………………………………..……………..

5. the weather/fine? …………………………………………………………….………....

6. what / do in the evenings? ……………………………………………………………...

7. meet any interesting people? …………………………………………………………...

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.4 This time you have to put the verb into the correct form. All the sentences are past.

Example: I didn’t go (not/go) to work yesterday because I wasn’t (not/be) very well.

1. Tom ………………. (not/shave) this morning because he ………….. (not/have) time.

2. We …………………. (not/eat) anything because we ………………. (not/be) hungry.

3. I …………………. (not/rush) because I ……………. (not/be) in a hurry.

4. She ……………… (not/be) interested in the book because she ……………………….. (not/understand) it.

UNIT 5 Past continuous (I was doing)

a) Study this example situation:

Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock. What were they doingat 10.30? They were playing tennis (at 10.30). 'They were playing' means that they were in the middle of playing tennis. They had started playing but they hadn't finished. This is the past continuous tense: I / he / she was we / they / you were

We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn't finished:

- This time last year I was living in Brazil.

- What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?

b) The past continuous does not tell us whether an action was finished or not. Perhaps it was finished, perhaps not. Compare:

- Tom was cooking the dinner. (past continuous) = He was in the middle of cooking the dinner and we don't know whether he finished cooking it.

- Tom cooked the dinner, (past simple) = He began and finished it.

c) We often use the past continuous (I was doing) and the past simple (I did) together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:

- Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.

- I saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book.

- It was raining when I got up.

- While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back..

But to say that one thing happened after another, use the past simple:

- Yesterday evening Tom was having a bath when the phone rang. He got out of the bath and answered the phone.

Compare:

- When Tom arrived, we were having dinner. (past continuous) = We had already started dinner before Tom arrived.

- When Tom arrived, we had dinner. (past simple) = Tom arrived and then we had dinner.

Note: There are some verbs (for example know) which are not normally used in continuous tenses.

 

Exercises

 

5.1 Here is a list of some things that Ann did yesterday (and the times at which she did them):

1. 8.45-9.15 had breakfast	4. 12.45-1.30 had lunch
2. 9.15-10.00 read the newspaper	5. 2.30-3.30 washed some clothes
3. 10.00-12.00 cleaned her flat	6. 4.00-6.00 watched television

Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times:

1. At 9 o'clock she was having breakfast..	4. At 1 o'clock ………………………
2. At 9.30 she ………………………...	5. At 3 o'clock ………………………
3. At 11 o'clock ……………………....	6. At 5 o'clock ………………………

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.2 A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm rang. Use the words in brackets to make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time. Example: (Don / have / a bath). Don was having a bath

1. (Ann / write / a letter in her room) Ann ………………………………………….

2. (George / get / ready to go out) George ………………………………………….

3. (Carol and Dennis / have / dinner) Carol and Dennis ………..…………………..

4. (Tom / make / a phone call) Tom ………………………………………………..

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.3 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).

Example: (I/fall/asleep when I/watch /television) I fell asleep when I was watching television.

1. (the phone / ring / when I / have / a shower) The phone …………………………......

2. (it / begin / to rain when I / walk / home) …………………………………………..…

3. (we / see / an accident when we / wait / for the bus) ……………...………………..…

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5.4 Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang (ring).

1. George …………… (fall) off the ladder while he,………… (paint) the ceiling.

2. Last night I ………….. (read) in bed when suddenly I ………… (hear) a scream.

3. ……………. (you/watch) television when I phoned you?

4. Ann ………….. (wait) for me when I ………….. (arrive).

5. I ……………… (not/drive) very fast when the accident ……………… (happen).

6. I ……………… (break) a plate last night. I …………..….. (do) the washing-up when it ……………………………………… (slip) out of my hand.

7. Tom ……………. (take) a photograph of me while I ………………… (not/look).

8. We ……………… (not/go) out because it …………….. (rain).

9. What ………………. (you/do) at this time yesterday?

UNIT 6 Present perfect (I have done)

 

a) Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. 'He has lost his key' means that he lost it a short time ago and he still hasn't got it. This is the present perfect (simple) tense: I/we/they/you have(= I've etc.) he/she has (= he's etc.) I (etc.) haven't have you (etc.) he/she hasn't has he/she

We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle. The past participle often ends in - ed (open ed, decid ed) but many important verbs are irregular (lost, written, done etc.).

b) When we use the present perfect there is a connection with the present:

- I've lost my key. (= I haven't got it now.)

- Jim has gone to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there now.)

- Oh dear, I've forgotten her name. (= I can't remember it now.)

- Have you washed your hair? (= is it clean now?)

c) We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening:

- I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

- Do you know about Jim? He's gone to Canada.

- Ow! I've burnt myself.

You can use the present perfect with just (= a short time ago):

- 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I 've just had lunch.'

- Hello, have you just arrived?

You can use the present perfect with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected:

- 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it. '

- 'When is Tom going to start his new job?' 'He has already started.'

d) Study the difference between gone to and been to:

- Ann is on holiday. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on her way there.)

- Tom is back in England now. He has been to Italy. (= He was there but now he has come back.)

Exercises

 

6.1 You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form.

Example: Phil / find a new job Phil has found a new job..

Dear Chris,

Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you.

1. Charles / go / Brazil Charles ………………………………………………………….

2. Jack and Jill / decide / to get married …………………………………………………..

3. Suzanne / have / a baby ………………………………………………………………...

4. Monica / give up / smoking …………………………………………………………….

5. George / pass / his driving-test …………………………………………………………

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6.2 In this exercise you have to read the situation and then write a suitable sentence. Use the verb given.

Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it. (lose) He has lost his key..

1. Ann's hair was dirty. Now it is clean. (wash) She ……..……………………………..

2. Tom was 80 kilograms. Now he weighs 70. (lose weight) …...……………………...

3. The car has just stopped because there isn't any more petrol in the tank. (run out of petrol) ……………………………………………………………………………….……

4. Yesterday Bill was playing football. Now he can't walk and his leg is in plaster. (break) …………….……………………………………………………………………...

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6.3 This time you have to use just. Answer the questions using the words given.

Example: Would you like something to eat. (no thank you / I / just / have / dinner)

No thank you. I’ve just had dinner..

1. Have you seen John anywhere? (yes / I /just / see / him) Yes …………………………

2. Has Ann phoned yet? (yes / she / just / phone) ………………………………………...

3. Would you like a cigarette? (no thanks / I / just / put / one out) ……………………….

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6.4 In this exercise you have to write sentences with already.

Example: Don't forget to post that letter. 'I’ve already posted it..

1. Don't forget to phone Tom. I …………………….…………………….…

2. Why don't you read the paper? ………………...…………………………….

3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I ……………..………………………….

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6.5 This time you have to put in been or gone.

Example: 'Where's Ann?' 'She's on holiday. She has gone to Italy. '

1. Hello! I've just ……………………. to the shops. Look! I've bought lots of things.

2. Jim isn't here at the moment. He's …………………………...... to the shops.

3. 'Are you going to the bank?' - 'No, I've already ………………………… to the bank.'

 

UNIT 7 Present perfect with how long and past

simple with when

Since and for

a) Use the past simple (I did) to ask or say when something happened:

- A: When did it start raining?

B: It started raining at one o'clock / an hour ago.

-A: When did Tom and Ann first meet?

B: They first met when they were at school / a long time ago.

Use the present perfect (I have done / I have been doing) to ask or say how long something has been happening (up to the present):

- A: How long has it been raining?

B: It' s been raining since one o'clock / for an hour.

-A: How long have Tom and Ann known each other?

B: They' ve known each other since they were at school / for a long time.

b) Since and for

We use both since and for to say how long something has been happening:

- I've been waiting for you since 8 o'clock.

- I've been waiting for you for two hours.

We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o'clock).

We use for when we say the period of time (two hours).

 

 

since 8 o'clock 1977 Monday Christmas 12 May lunchtime April we arrived

for two hours a week ten minutes five years three days a long time six months ages

- She's been working here since April. (= from April until now)

She's been working here for six months. (not 'since six months')

- I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now)

I haven't seen Tom for three days. (not 'since three days')

We do not use for in expressions with all (all day / all morning / all week / all my life etc.):

- I've lived here all my life. (not 'for all my life')

Exercises

 

7.1 In this exercise you have to write questions with how long and when.

Example: It is raining. (how long /it / rain?) How long has it been raining?.

(when / it / start / raining?) When did it start raining?.

1. Ann is learning Italian.

(how long / she / learn / Italian?) ……………………………………………………

(when / she / begin / learning Italian?) ………………………………………………

2. I know Tom.

(how long / you / know / Tom?) …………………………………………………….

(when / you / first / meet / Tom?) …………………………………………………...

3. Bob and Alice are married.

(how long / they / be / married?) …………………………………………………….

(when / they / get / married?) ……………………………………….……………….

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7.2 In this exercise you have to put in since or for.

Example: Tom and I have known each other for six months.

1. It's been raining............................................... I got up this morning.

2. Tom's father has been a policeman........................................ 20 years.

3. Have you been learning English....................................... a long time?

4........................................ Christmas, the weather has been quite mild.

5. Ann has been on holiday................................................... three days.

6. That's a very old car. I've had it.................................................. ages.

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7.3 This time you have to make a new sentence beginning in the way shown.

Examples: I know Tom. I first met him six months ago. I have known him for six months.

It's been raining since 2 o'clock. It started. raining at two o’clock..

1. Tom's ill. He became ill three days ago. He has ………………...………………….

2. We have been married for five years. We got ………………………………………

3. Jim has a beard. He grew it ten years ago. He has ………………………………….

4. He has been in France for three weeks. He went …………………………………...

5. He has had his new car since February. He bought ………………………………....

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7.4 In this exercise you have to imagine that two people are talking. You have to make sentences with It's... since...

Example: A: Do you often go on holiday? (no / five years)

B: No, it’s five years since I went on holiday..

1. A: Do you often eat in restaurants? (no / six months)

B: No, it ……………………………………………………………………………

2. A: Does it often snow here? (no / years)

3. B: No, ………..........................................................................................................

Exercises

Present and past

1 Put the verb into the correct form, present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing), past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).

1. We can go out now. It is not raining (not/rain) any more.

2. Ann was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).

3. I ………………. (get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat.

4. What …………… (you do) in your spare time? Have you got any hobbies? …………

5. What speed ……………. (the car/do) at the time of the accident?

6. Mary usually ………… (phone) me on Fridays but she … (not phone) last Friday.

7. A: - When I last saw you, you ……………………….. (think) of moving to a new flat

В: - That's right, but in the end I (decide) to stay where I was.

8. What's that noise? What ……….. (happen)?

9. It's usually dry here at this time of the year. It (not rain) much.

10. ………………………………. Yesterday evening the phone (ring) three times while we ……………………………………… (have) dinner.

11. ………………………………... Linda was busy when we (go) to see her yesterday. She ………………………………….. (study) for an exam. We ………….. (not want) to disturb her, so we ……………… (not stay) very long.

12. ……………………………….. When I first ………………………. (tell) Tom the news, he ……………………………………………………………… (not believe) me. He ………………… (think) that I …………………….. (joke).

FOCUS

Present perfect

With the present perfect we use How long …? for questions about duration and

for or since for the answer:

How long have you been a permanent resident?

I’ve been a permanent resident since 1995.

Past simple

With the past simple we use When …? and How long …? To ask questions about the timing and duration of events in the past:

When did you come to the States? (TIMING)

How long did you live in Holland? (DURATION)

We can answer the first question by giving the exact time in the past or by giving the total number of units of time that separate the event in from the present:

I came in 1990 / I came 18 years ago.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION - 3

PART 1 SOCIALIZING - 4

Part 2 JOBS AND RESPONSIBILITIES -8

Part 3 SPEECH PRACTICE -12

Part 4 BUSINESS STRUCTURE - 13

Part 5 DEVELOPING SKILLS - 20

Part 6 GRAMMAR SECTION - 23

SUPPLEMENTARY

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The edition promotes you with the possibility to master your Business English skills independently. The Vocabulary, Grammar, Functions, Reading and Writing exercises and VIDEO are presented here in the corresponding sections and in the electronics version.

You will find it easier to do the Developing Skills section after you have done the Grammar and Speech Practice ones.

You should decide which of the exercises to do and which will be the most useful and interesting for you, bearing in mind what you have done in class for each unit.

If necessary, ask your teacher for advice.

 

 

GOOD LUCK!

Part 1. Socializing

G R E E T I N G S

- How do you \do? (highly formal)*
- Good \ morning! (ratherformal)} - \ Morning! (less formal]	- used from early morning till 12.00p.m
- Good after \ noon! (formal)} - After \ noon! (less formal)	- used from 12.00p.m. till 06.00 p.m.
- Good \evening! (formal)} - \ Evening! (lessformal)	- used after 06.00. p.m.
Hal \lo! [Hello, h