Ex. 34 Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Well fluids must be separated into oil, gas and water and each of them must be measured.

2. In the early days of the oil industry, separators were not used. The production from wells was discharged directly into storage tanks. Although this resulted in separation of the liquids and gases, the practice was both wasteful and dangerous.

3. The separators were developed to reduce such waste and the danger of fire and explosion.

4. The equipment used to separate the liquids from the gases is referred to as a separator.

5. The simplest form of an oil and gas separator is a small tank in which the force of gravity is used to separate the oil and gas.

6. Oil, being heavy compared to the gas, falls to the bottom of the tank from which it goes into storage tanks. Gas, being lighter, rises to the top of the tank and goes from there into a gas-gathering system.

 

Ex. 35 Fill in the gaps with given words and word combinations:

Single tube, design, centrifugal action, inlet, stock tanks, chamber, forces, gravity, swirl cylinder, outlet, float, separate, double tube, baffle, liquid reservoir, tubes.

In a vertical Separator the mixture of oil and gas enters, where it given a swirling motion by a spiral inletin the separator space or

. At this point there are twotending tothe oil from gas. The first is the effect of; the second is the, which causes the heavy oil particles to collect on the walls of the separator. Gas, which still contains some oil, rises through chamber and then enters theand oil drains throughto the bottom of separator. The gas then passes through another chamber and leaves the separator through gas. The oil is regulated by aand control valve, so liquid covers the drain tubes and the oil outlet.

Separators of horizontal type are also common; and, although of different

, they have the same uses as the vertical separator. There are andseparators. Horizontal separators of the two tube design are often used. The unit is made if two horizontal tubes mounted one above the other. The liquids fall through the first connecting flow pipe into the, which occupies the lower portion of the bottom tube. Oil, separated from gas, goes to

. Gas leaves the separator through the gas outlet.

 

Ex. 36 Translate Text 8 into English.

Unit 3

Oil and gas processing

Get acquainted with the new terminology of the unit, write down and learn new words

refinery – нефтеперерабатывающий завод (НПЗ) to process – обрабатывать

processing – обработка gasoline – бензин, бензиновый diesel fuel – дизельное топливо

jet fuel – топливо для реактивных двигателей fraction – фракция

fractional distillation – фракционная перегонка

chemical processing – химическая обработка conversion – химическое превращение catalytic cracking – каталитический крекинг coking – коксование

catalytic reforming – каталитический риформинг alkylation – алкилирование

reforming – реформинг

high octane hydrocarbons – высокооктановые углеводороды

 

Text 9

Processing of Oil and Gas

As a raw product, crude oil is of limited use. Refineries must separate and process the mix of hydrocarbons which make up crude oil before they can be transformed into hundreds of useful products such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuels.

The first and most important step is to separate it into various component or fractions. This takes place in a fractionating column, also known as an atmospheric distillation tower. This is a tall steel tower with perforated trays. Since each fraction has a different boiling range, a distillation tower is able to separate the various fractions using heat and cooling. Heavier hydrocarbons boil at much higher temperatures than lighter hydrocarbons. They settle in trays at the bottom of the tower closest to furnace. The lighter fractions collect at the top.

Distillation is a continuous process which begins by heating crude oil in a furnace. Then it turns into a vapor. The vapor rises through perforations in the trays that are fitted with bubble caps. These caps force the vapor to pass through a previously liquefied fraction in the tray. This cools the vapor enough for it to shed that fraction. The remaining vapor repeats this process as it continues upwards. As each fraction reaches the tray where the temperature is just below its own boiling point, it condenses, liquefies and is drawn off the tray by pipes. A number of trays are needed to collect the liquids from each fraction.

The products of distillation can be divided into four categories:

1. Gases and light gasoline

The gases (methane, ethane, propane and butane) are commonly used to fuel refinery furnaces while the light gasoline is routed to gasoline blending.

2. Light distillates (naphta, kerosene)

Naphta is used in the production of gasoline and petrochemicals. Kerosene is used as a jet fuel and stove oil.

3. Middle distillates (light and heavy gas oils)

Light gas oils are made into jet, diesel and furnace fuels. Heavy gas oils undergo further chemical processing such as cracking to produce naphta and other products.

4. Residual products

Residual products are further processed to produce refinery fuels, heavy fuel oil, waxes, greases and asphalt.

The next step is conversion. During this process fractions from distillation towers are transformed into streams (intermediate components) that eventually become finished products. The most widely used conversion method is called cracking because it uses heat and pressure to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones.

A cracking unit consists of one or more tall, thick-walled, bullet-shaped reactors and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers and other vessels. Fluid catalytic cracking, or “cat cracking”, is the basic gasoline-making process. Using intense heat, low pressure and a powdered catalyst (a substance that accelerates chemical reactions), the cat cracker can convert most relatively heavy fractions into smaller gasoline molecules.

Hydrocracking applies the same principles but uses a different catalyst, slightly lower temperatures, much greater pressure and hydrogen to obtain chemical reactions.

Cracking and coking are not the only forms of conversion. Other refinery processes, instead of splitting molecules, rearrange them to add value. Alkylation, for example, makes gasoline components by combining some of the gaseous byproducts of cracking.

The process, which essentially is cracking in reverse, takes place in a series of large, horizontal vessels and tall, skinny towers that loom above other refinery structures. Reforming uses heat, moderate pressure and catalysts to turn naphtha, a light, relatively low-value fraction, into high octane gasoline components.

 

Exercises