Connecting words (conjunctions)

5.8. Match the following English and Russian expressions:

 

1. как …, так и … a) so

2. ни … ни … b) as for (me)

3. таким образом c) both … and …

4. посредством, с помощью d) by means of

5. что касается (меня) e) thus

6. по сравнению с f) by the way

7. либо …, либо … g) on the other hand

8. между прочим, кстати h) as well as

9. с одной стороны i) compared with/to

10. поэтому j) either … or…

11. (а) также и k) on the one hand

12. с другой стороны l) neither … nor …

 

Here are some conjunctions which are in everyday use:

if, as, for, yet, that, though, although, since, while, until, when, unless, because, whether,but

 

5.9. Use the conjunctions given above to complete the sentences.

1. The wind was cold … it was the month of December. 2. Paul did not know … to choose a book or a ball as a birthday present. 3. Let us stay outside … the sun is in the sky, then go indoors. 4. Susan was cooking dinner … Jane was cleaning the flat. 5. You need not come with us … you wish to. 6. We would like to go sightseeing … the weather is fine. 7. The match did not take place … of the heavy rain. 8. We looked everywhere for the lost book … could not find it.

5.10. Read the text and complete it with the appropriate sentences(1-3).

THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS

The primary function of any museum is to educate the general public by exhibiting historical objects which have been found. Museums provide clear description of these objects. They explain where they are from, when and how they were made, and what they were used for. A­­­____________________.

Museums help us to understand our history. B_____________________. The exhibition of Tutankhamen’s tomb is a good example of this. The number of gold objects and other artifacts found in the tomb was extremely impressive. This exhibition travelled the world and taught people about ancient Egypt.

Museums are important centres for education and research. C_____________.

 

1. What is more, people can learn about the history and culture of other countries.

2. Moreover, many have laboratories for preserving ancient objects.

3. In order to do this, historians and archaeologists have to do extensive research.

 

5.11. Grammar for revision. Put the verbs into the correct passive tense, then use the prompts (a-e) to ask and answer questions in pairs.

The Louvre is the national museum and art gallery of France. In 1546, work on the Louvre 1) ……….. (start) by King Francis I. The Louvre 2) ………. (use) as a royal palace until 1682. It 3) ………. (open)

to the public as a museum and art gallery in 1793.

Today many of the world’s most famous paintings 4) ………. (keep) in the Louvre, as well as sculptures, jewellery and other forms of art. It 5) ……….. (visit) by millions of people every year.

 

SA: When was work on the Louvre started? - SB: Work on the Louvre was started in 1546.

a When/work/the Louvre/start?

b What/ the Louvre /use as/until 1682?

c When/the Louvre/open/to the public?

d What/keep/in the Louvre?

e How many people/it/visit/every year?

 

5.12. In pairs, ask and answer questions, then talk about each place, as in the example.

Name: the Eiffel Tower, Paris, Name: the Parthenon, Athens,

France Greece

Designer: Gustave Eiffel Designer: Ictinus & Callicrates

Completed: 1889 Completed: 423 BC

Material: iron Material: marble

Built as: entrance to the exhibition Built as: temple of goddess

to memorize the French Revolution Athena

 

Name: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Name: Arch of Triumph, Paris,

Italy France

Designer: Bonnano Pisano Designer: Jean Chalgrin

Completed: 14 century Completed: 1835

Material: white marble Material:: stone blocks

Built as: bell tower of Pisa Cathedral Built as: memorial to Napoleon’s

victorious battles

Model 1

SA: Where is the Eiffel Tower located?

SB: It is located in Paris, France. Who was it designed by?

SA: It was designed by Gustave Eiffel. When was it completed?

SB: It was completed in 1889. What is it made of?

SA: It is made of iron. Why was it built?

SB: It was built as a memorial to the French Revolution.

Model 2

The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris, in France. It was designed by Gustave Eiffel and it was completed in 1889. It is made of iron. It was built as a memorial to the French Revolution.

 

5.13. a) Complete the dialogue using the questions in the list.

How old is it? What does it look like? What’s that?

A: Did you have a good time in Greece, Mary?

B: Yes, thanks. It was wonderful. The best place we visited was the Acropolis.

A: Really? 1) …

B: It’s an ancient building on top of a hill in Athens.

A: Oh. 2) …

B: It was built by the ancient Greeks in 500BC.

A: That’s amazing. 3) …

B: It’s made of marble and it has lots of columns. It’s really beautiful.

A: It sounds fantastic. I wish I’d been there with you.

 

5.14. Examination Task

Collect the information about any widely known sight in our country or abroad and give

a report on it. Say about: what it is famous for, place where located, when it was built, the reason

to build, the name of the architect (if known), the material used, why it attracts people now.