Unit 5. The world of culture

UNIT 5. THE WORLD OF CULTURE

What is culture? What’s the role of culture in a person’s life?

 

GRAMMAR: Infinitive. Infinitive Constructions.

5.1. Read, translate and learn these words.

Nouns: artifact, attraction, canvas, castle, church, exhibit, exhibition, genre, heritage, jewellery, landmark, landscape, marble, orchestra, region, sculpture, sight, site

Verbs: damage, destroy, discover, exhibit, go sightseeing, invent, maintain, originate, perform, preserve, respect

Adjectives: ancient, artificial, impressive, man-made, original, valuable, ugly

 

5.2. Translate the adjectives with the suffixes –ful, -ous, -ic, -ive, -al.

1. peaceful, doubtful, successful, beautiful, truthful, harmful, powerful, wonderful, colourful;

2. famous, various, religious, victorious, dangerous, numerous, previous, analogous, obvious;

3. academic, economic, gigantic, electronic, fantastic, electric, scientific, specific;

4. active, intensive, effective, preventive, attentive;

5. cultural, natural, gradual, annual, emotional, individual, social, physical, ideal, traditional.

 

5.3. Form adverbs with the suffix –ly.

main, rapid, annual, usual, gradual, certain, previous, quick, regular, slow, extreme, successful.

 

GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE, ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

Grammar: Infinitive, its forms and functions
	Active	Passive
Simple	to build	to be built
Perfect	to have built	to have been built
Continuous	to be building

 

5.4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the infinitive.

1. To skate is pleasant. (подлежащее)

2. Our plan is to go on an excursion around London. (часть сказуемого)

3. This exercise is to be done. (часть сказуемого)

4. I hope to see the exhibition soon. (дополнение)

5. He is afraid to miss the train. (дополнение)

6. The sites to be visited (which are to be visited) include some old building (определение)

7. She was always the first to come (who came) to the meeting. (определение)

8. He dressed and went out to buy the morning paper. (обстоятельство цели)

9. I was too tired to go sightseeing. (обстоятельство следствия)

 

5.5. Read, analyse and translate the following sentences.

1. We arranged to visit the ruins the next day. 2. They had to change the original design of the castle. 3. These artifacts are too valuable to exhibit them in the museum. 4. She was the last person to see this painter alive. 5. He is the artist to have painted it. 6. That ancient church is to be restored. 7. He was so excited after the excursion that he couldn’t talk of other things. 8. He began to paint a year ago. 9. We remained in the gallery to see more canvases. 10. To walk in this park was a pleasure. 11. He was not a man to tell lies.

 

5.6. Read the text and answer the questions after it.

THE WORLD HERITAGE

How long would it take you to see the most famous places in the world? Three months? Six months? Twelve months? No. If you visit one of the world’s most famous places every day, it will take you fifteen months!

At the moment there are more than 460 world heritage sites around the world from Albania to Zimbabwe. Some sites are man-made such as Machu Picchu in Peru, others are natural such as the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina. However, every site is important because each one is a part of everyone’s past, present and future.

Unfortunately, our children and grandchildren may not have a chance to visit many of these places. War, weather, age, traffic and pollution damage these famous sites. However, one of the biggest problems for them is vandalism. Some people, visiting the attractions, destroy or damage them. They sometimes spray paint on the walls of the buildings or steal valuable items like mosaics.

At some sites, such as Stonehenge in England, governments have built high fences to protect the site from vandals. But high fences are very ugly and very unfriendly. So, experts suggest some other ideas about how to solve the problem of vandalism. Guards, dogs and television cameras are among them. The problem is that all these solutions are very expensive.

Other experts say that the best solution is education. When people are taught to respect their history, they will not destroy or damage it, but preserve it.

In 1972 countries around the world united to form The World Heritage Organisation. Today, the organisation helps to maintain and restore the most important attractions from our history and spreads the information about the value of historic sites.

 

1. What do you think makes the places famous? 2. Why do people want to visit famous sites?

3. Why do people do damage to these places? 4. What places have you been to?

5. Have you brought any souvenirs from there? Which ones?

 

5.7. Find the words in the text which have a similar meaning to the following words:

1. places; s……, a……… 4. joined: u……..

2. destroy: d…….. 5. repair: r……..

3. protect: p………, m……… 6. artificial: m…….

 

THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS

The primary function of any museum is to educate the general public by exhibiting historical objects which have been found. Museums provide clear description of these objects. They explain where they are from, when and how they were made, and what they were used for. A­­­____________________.

Museums help us to understand our history. B_____________________. The exhibition of Tutankhamen’s tomb is a good example of this. The number of gold objects and other artifacts found in the tomb was extremely impressive. This exhibition travelled the world and taught people about ancient Egypt.

Museums are important centres for education and research. C_____________.

 

1. What is more, people can learn about the history and culture of other countries.

2. Moreover, many have laboratories for preserving ancient objects.

3. In order to do this, historians and archaeologists have to do extensive research.

 

5.11. Grammar for revision. Put the verbs into the correct passive tense, then use the prompts (a-e) to ask and answer questions in pairs.

The Louvre is the national museum and art gallery of France. In 1546, work on the Louvre 1) ……….. (start) by King Francis I. The Louvre 2) ………. (use) as a royal palace until 1682. It 3) ………. (open)

to the public as a museum and art gallery in 1793.

Today many of the world’s most famous paintings 4) ………. (keep) in the Louvre, as well as sculptures, jewellery and other forms of art. It 5) ……….. (visit) by millions of people every year.

 

SA: When was work on the Louvre started? - SB: Work on the Louvre was started in 1546.

a When/work/the Louvre/start?

b What/ the Louvre /use as/until 1682?

c When/the Louvre/open/to the public?

d What/keep/in the Louvre?

e How many people/it/visit/every year?

 

5.12. In pairs, ask and answer questions, then talk about each place, as in the example.

Name: the Eiffel Tower, Paris, Name: the Parthenon, Athens,

France Greece

Designer: Gustave Eiffel Designer: Ictinus & Callicrates

Completed: 1889 Completed: 423 BC

Material: iron Material: marble

Built as: entrance to the exhibition Built as: temple of goddess

to memorize the French Revolution Athena

 

Name: the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Name: Arch of Triumph, Paris,

Italy France

Designer: Bonnano Pisano Designer: Jean Chalgrin

Completed: 14 century Completed: 1835

Material: white marble Material:: stone blocks

Built as: bell tower of Pisa Cathedral Built as: memorial to Napoleon’s

victorious battles

Model 1

SA: Where is the Eiffel Tower located?

SB: It is located in Paris, France. Who was it designed by?

SA: It was designed by Gustave Eiffel. When was it completed?

SB: It was completed in 1889. What is it made of?

SA: It is made of iron. Why was it built?

SB: It was built as a memorial to the French Revolution.

Model 2

The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris, in France. It was designed by Gustave Eiffel and it was completed in 1889. It is made of iron. It was built as a memorial to the French Revolution.

 

5.13. a) Complete the dialogue using the questions in the list.

How old is it? What does it look like? What’s that?

A: Did you have a good time in Greece, Mary?

B: Yes, thanks. It was wonderful. The best place we visited was the Acropolis.

A: Really? 1) …

B: It’s an ancient building on top of a hill in Athens.

A: Oh. 2) …

B: It was built by the ancient Greeks in 500BC.

A: That’s amazing. 3) …

B: It’s made of marble and it has lots of columns. It’s really beautiful.

A: It sounds fantastic. I wish I’d been there with you.

 

5.14. Examination Task

Collect the information about any widely known sight in our country or abroad and give

a report on it. Say about: what it is famous for, place where located, when it was built, the reason

to build, the name of the architect (if known), the material used, why it attracts people now.

THE WORLD OF MUSIC

5.18. Read the questions, then read the text and answer the questions.

1. When and where did music originate? 2. What are the main genres of music? 3. What is the role of music in other arts? 4. What is the role of music in our life?

MUSIC

Music is one of the oldest arts. People probably started singing as soon as language developed. Many ancient people including the Egyptians, Chinese, Babylonians and the people of the India used music in religious ceremonies. The first written music dates from about 2500 B.C..

Nowadays there are many various musical genres. Among them are classical music, country music, rock music, rhythm and blues music, reggae, electronic music, punk, hip-hop, rap and so on. All attempts to divide music into different genres are artificial. Musicians tend to produce music in any style without concerning themselves with which genres they are working in. For example, Gershwin’s ”Rhapsody in Blue” is referred to both jazz and classical music.

Music plays a major role in other arts. Opera combines singing and orchestral music with drama. Ballet and other forms of dancing need music to help the dancers. Films and TV dramas use music to set mood and emphasize the action.

Music plays an important part in all cultures and social activities. Many people perform and listen to music for their own satisfaction. Singing in a choir or playing a musical instrument in a band can be very enjoyable. Music provides people with the way to express their feelings.

Notes:

a choir –хор

an attempt – попытка

to emphasize – придавать выразительность, выделять

 

5.19. Analyse and translate the grammar forms with ending-ing from the text:

started singing, including the Egyptians, without concerning themselves, opera combines singing and orchestral music, forms of dancing, singing in a choir, to express their feelings

 

5.20. Grammar for revision. Complete the sentences with -ing forms of the verbs in brackets.

1) My mother can’t stand (listen) to loud hard rock music. She thinks it is awful.

2) Some people hate (go) to the symphony concerts. They don’t understand classical music.

3) I want to continue (play) the piano. I’ve been studying it already for three years and I love it.

4) I don’t like (watch) operas on TV. It’s better to see them live.

5) My friend has started (go) to music school. She wants to learn how to play the guitar.

6) They began (show) rock festivals on TV. They want us to be familiar with the hottest bands.

 

5.21. Grammar for revision: expressing future actions. Discuss your plans for this evening and use the Present Continuous to talk about fixed arrangements in the near future. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

A: You (do) anything special this evening?

B: I’m not sure. Why?

A: Would you like (go) with me? Tamara Gverdtsitely (sing) at our theatre.

B: I don’t know, I really (not want) to go tonight. What about tomorrow?

A: I’d love to, but I (go) to a concert with my friends.

B: Well, can we do something this weekend?

A: Sure. You (plan) anything for Sunday? If not, let’s go to a concert of modern music.

В: Yes, why not?

5.22. 1) What do we call people who compose/ produce/ write/ make music?

2) Read the story of the greatest composer and try to focus on essential facts of his life.

THE MASTER

Ludwig van Beethoven was born in1770 in Bonn, Germany. He was the eldest of three boys. His father and grandfather were musicians. Ludwig started learning the violin and the piano at a very early age. In 1783 he published his first composition. He was only 13. In 1787 he travelled to Vienna to study under Mozart, but returned to Bonn because his mother was dying. After her death he moved to Vienna. He never returned to his hometown. In 1795 he gave his first public performance as a pianist. It was a success. In the late 1790s, Beethoven began to lose his hearing and by 1819 he was completely deaf. It was during this period that he wrote some of the most famous compositions like Moonlight (1891), Pastoral(1898), Emperor (1809). After he became deaf he continued to compose great music which was joyful and optimistic. In the later years, he was lonely and depressed and didn’t write much. Although, he fell in love several times he never married. Beethoven died on March 26, 1827 in Vienna after he caught pneumonia. More than 10,000 people came to his funeral. Beethoven was the first composer who used music to express deep feelings and ideas such as his belief in freedom and heroism. Even today he is, for many people, the greatest composer.

Notes:

deaf – глухой

a funeral - похороны

 

5.23. Examination Task: What outstanding composers and musicians do you know? Talk about one of them answering the questions below:

a) What country did they come from? b) What are the most famous their compositions? c) What is their contribution into world music?

 

5. 24. Read, memorize and act out the dialogue. Then talk about your music preferences using phrases in bold.

ROCK AND POP MUSIC

A: Do you like listening to music?

B: Sure.

A: What kind of music do you prefer?

B: It depends. Mostly rock and pop music, but sometimes the classical and country music. And you?

A: As for me, I listen to all kinds of music, even the music my parents listen to. For example, the Beatles, a British pop group.

B: Sorry for interrupting you. I also like the Beatles. Their music is based on rock and roll exported from the USA. But it is very different from any other American music.

A: Yes, you are right. It was the birth of a new pop culture. It influenced the

musical culture of many countries. By the way, do you remember their names? B: Of course, I do. George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr.

Do you know the names of any other British singers?

A: Naturally, Mick Jagger from the Rolling Stones, Elton John and many others.

 

PAINTING

Art is the product or process of arranging items (often with symbolic meaning) in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect. It includes music, literature, film, photography, sculpture, and paintings.

In a broad sense, all art is the opposite of nature: this meaning is embodied in the contrast between “artificial” – that is created by people – and “natural”.

 

Notes:

embody v – воплощать

 

5.32. Now match the words from A with their definitions from B.

A	B
1. a portrait	a. a painting of part of the countryside
2. a self-portrait	b. a painting of inanimate objects, e.g. fruits
3. a landscape	c. a painting of a person
4. a still-life	d. a painting that is not realistic
5.an abstract painting	e. a painting of plants, buildings
6. a seascape	f. a painting of the artist by himself/herself
7. a cityscape	g. a painting of an ocean, sea, waves

 

5.33. Match the names of the following artists with the country they are from and the style they painted their masterpieces.

1. Raphael Santi A. Spain a. Impressionism

2. Kandinsky B. England b. Renaissance

3. Turner C. Italy c. Cubism

4. Rembrandt D. Russia d. Romantism

5. Gainsborough E. Netherlands e. Expressionism

6. Van Gogh F. England f. Suprematism

7. Andy Warhol G. France g. Realism

8. Picasso H. Netherlands h. Baroque

9. Malevich I. USA i. Post-Impressionism

10. Renoir J. Russia j. Pop Art

 

5.34. Guess if these statements are true, false or the information is not stated in the text. Then read the text and check your answers.

1. The High Renaissance style was founded in the 17-th century.

2. Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist but also a great thinker.

3. Only eighteen paintings of Leonardo came down to us.

4. Leonardo invented new kinds of paints.

5. Leonardo’s innovations made his paintings look lifeless.

6. Three of Leonardo’s paintings are in the Louvre Museum.

 

 

THE GREATEST OF ALL TIMES

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

Part 1

The High Renaissance style was founded by one of the most gifted individuals ever born. Leonardo da Vinci fulfilled the Renaissance ideal of the Universal Man. He was not only a great painter and sculptor, but also the outstanding architect, an inventor, an engineer, a musician, and a leading physicist, botanist, anatomist, geologist and geographer of his time.

Leonardo was born in 1452 in the town of Vinci, near Florence, Italy. In 1466, his family moved to Florence where at the age of 15 he went to work with a famous artist and by 20 he was a master painter. Leonardo’s fame as an artist is based on eighteen paintings that came down to us, some of them incomplete, some damaged as a result of his experimental techniques.

Leonardo’s art surpassed the achievements of his time. He created a new, more realistic style of painting. At that time, when artists painted people, they looked flat. People painted by Leonardo looked real. He invented “aerial perspective” and three-dimensional existence of colours due to specific using of a dark background. His principle of grouping figures within an imaginary pyramid, linked by their gestures and emotions, became a High Renaissance compositional rule. His famous masterpiece, the Madonna on the Rocks (Louvre, Paris) exemplifies all these ideas of his style.

Often, da Vinci decorated religious buildings, like churches and monasteries. In 1495, he created another of his great painting, the Last Supper, on the dining room wall of a monastery. It took him three years to complete it. People admire it for the bright colours that Leonardo used and the vivid emotions of the people in the scene.

Leonardo’s power as an artist and thinker is evident in the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, his two most famous works. There are two Leonardo’s paintings in the Hermitage Museum. They are the Madonna with a Flower and the Madonna Litta.

Notes

gifted – одаренный a masterpiece – шедевр

to surpass – превосходить, опережать evident –очевидный

a background – фон

 

Keys to the exercises.

5.32. 1–c, 2–f, 3–a, 4-b, 5-d, 6-g, 7-e

5.33. 1-C,b; 2-D/J,e; 3-B/F,d; 4- E/H,g; 5-B/F,h; 6- E/H,i; 7- I,j; 8-A,c;

9-J/D,f; 10-G,a

5.34. 1 - F, 2 – T, 3 – T, 4 – NS, 5 – F, 6 - NS

 

LITERATURE

5.35. Read the text and say what main kinds of literature exist. Give examples of books written in different literary genres.

In the ancient oral traditions, before stories and poems were written down, literature had a mainly public function – mythic and religious. Oral literature included folk tales, legends, proverbs and ancient epics, such as the Greek Odyssey. Poetry had an advantage over prose those days – it was easier to memorize.

As literary works came to be preserved in writing, and then printed, their role became more private, as a means for the expression of emotions. There appeared lots of different literary genres. Among them are adventure stories, detective stories, biographies and autobiographies, fantasy, science fiction, novels, historical novels and others.

Prose is sometimes defined as “words in their best order” and poetry as “the best words in their best order”.

 

5.36. Here are the names of some famous writers and poets. Say what countries they are from: Russia, England, Scotland, America, Belarus, the Ukraine.

 

William Shakespeare, Mikhail Lermontov, Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Agatha Christie, Conan Doyle, Vasil Bykov, Anton Chekhov, Ray Bradbury, Yanko Kupala, Alexander Pushkin, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Ivan Turgenev, Taras Shevchenko, Robert Burns

 

5.37. Read the texts about two great writers and add more facts of their lives.

F.M.DOSTOEVSKY (1821-1881)

 

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a Russian novelist who is considered by many people to be one of the greatest writers ever. His first novel, Poor Folk, appeared in 1846. In 1849 he was arrested for his socialist beliefs, and was sent to a prison settlement in Siberia for four years. In 1859, he published the humorous Village of Stepanchikovo, and The House of the Dead in 1861, recalling his prison experiences. He lived abroad for a period, but returned to Russia in 1871.

Crime and Punishment, 1866, The Idiot, 1868, and the great work of his last years, The Brothers Karamazov, 1880, all show his genius for psychological analysis of character and creating narrative tension.

CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)

Charles Dickens is a British writer whose novels made him the most popular British writer of the 19^th century, and are still very popular today. When he was only 12, his father was imprisoned for debt and Charles had to go to work in a factory, as did the hero of his David Copperfield, 1849.

At the age of 17 he became a reporter, but only when he was 22, he found permanent work on the staff of a London newspaper. The publication of the first number of the Pickwick Papers, 1836, made him famous. This was followed by Oliver Twist, 1838, Nicholas Nickleby, 1839, and others.

His books contain humorous characters with unusual names, many of whom have become very well known. But they also show how hard life was in Victorian England for poor people and children, especially in his later novels Dombey and Son, 1848, Hard Times, 1854, Great Expectations, 1861.

 

5.38. Examination Task. Collect information about any widely-known painter, writer or architect and give a short talk about them. Decorate your project with pictures. Write about: what works he is famous for, a place where he lived, when he lived, what innovations he brought into art.

CULTURE SHOCK

5.39. Read the text below and answer the questions:

1. Have you been to another country? What things did you find strange?

2. What things do you think people will find strange about our country?

When people travel to other countries, they find that many things are different from their own country - the weather, the food, the times that shops are open, and so on. Often this upsets people and they feel lonely, depressed and homesick. This is called culture shock. Here are some things that visitors to Britain find strange.

Shops close at 5.30, which is much earlier than in many other countries. Most pubs and restaurants close at 11 pm. Visitors who like to go out late in the evening find this strange.

Young people can't go into pubs even with their parents until they are 16 and they can't buy alcoholic drinks till they are 18.

People in Britain usually live in small families and they are generally quiet. Visitors who normally live in large families or groups can feel lonely.

Of course, there are also lots of good things about Britain that people like. And remember that visitors to your country will find your lifestyle strange, too.

When you visit other countries you should accept the way that people do things there. Because something is different, it doesn't mean that it's better or worse. It would be a very sad world if everything was the same, so don't let culture shock spoil your visit to another country. Enjoy the differences.

THE GREATEST OF ALL TIMES

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

Part 2

Although da Vinci was a great painter, he was more interested in his experiments in other subjects. He is thought to be the first world’s real scientist because he always looked for a new understanding of how nature worked, gained through observations and experiments. For example, he was one of the first people to dissect human bodies. His notebook filled with more than 5,000 anatomical drawings (the Anatomy of Man) shows he was a great biologist.

Da Vinci was a great inventor. His scientific research and knowledge of architecture and mathematics let him design lots of things, many of which where ahead of his time. For example, he drew a flying machine 400 years before the airplane was invented. He also designed an air conditioner, an alarm clock, a reading lamp, scissors and many other things. In his notebooks, there were plans for a tank, a helicopter and a submarine as he was a brilliant military engineer as well.

All in all, Leonardo designed more than 1,000 inventions. Unfortunately, he did not have time to develop most of his ideas because he was more interested in thinking and planning projects than embodying them.

 

Notes:

an observation - наблюдение

to dissect – анатомировать, препарировать

scissors – ножницы

 

6.3. Try to match the discoveries(1-5) with how they were discovered (a-e)

1) the equation e=mc² a) scientists worked together as a team

2) Hubble’s law b) there was a lucky accident

3) penicillin c) a scientist observed something very carefully

4) the first computer d) a scientist had a moment of inspiration

 

6.4 Read the text and check your guesses from exercise 6.3.

LANDMARKS OF SCIENCE

In the summer of 1905, a young man was sitting at home after a day’s work. While playing with his baby, he thought something over. Suddenly, it came to him! The equation e=mc² was born, the equation which would change our understanding of the universe but would help to create the nuclear bomb. Albert Einstein knew about the recent developments, such as Marie Curie’s research into radioactivity, but he had been working on his own. His mould-breaking equation showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.

By the time Einstein had become world-famous, a young ex-lawyer returning from the First World War started to work at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. Using the most high-powered telescope of its time, he began a slow observation of nebulae, small patches of light that appeared outside the galaxy. Edwin Hubble was on the brink of making the greatest astronomical breakthrough of the century. He discovered that these nebulae were in fact galaxies like our own, millions of light years away from us, which proved that the universe was much larger than had previously been thought.

Just before Hubble’s Law was published in 1929, another remarkable finding was made by the son of a Scottish shepherd. Before going on holiday, he left a dish with bacteria near the window of his laboratory. When he came back, he was going to throw the dish away when he noticed something out of the ordinary. He saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria was destroyed. It was the natural form of penicillin which Fleming realized was an effective way of killing bacteria. A few years later, penicillin became mass-produced and helped to save the lives of millions.

During the Second World War when penicillin was first being used, the US Navy were looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their artillery shells. They turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a physicist to produce a machine to do these complex calculations. Although they did not finish the machine until after the war, in February 1946, it did not matter. They had produced the world’s first computer. It was named Eniac.

Notes:

recent – последний, недавний

nebulae - туманности

a patch – небольшой участок

a shepherd - пастух

a shell – снаряд

 

6.5. Are these statements true (T) or false (F) according to the text or is there no information (NI)?

1. Einstein was at work when he thought of the formula e=mc².

2. Einstein took part in the programme that developed the nuclear bomb.

3. Hubble studied the nebulae for over twenty years.

4. Hubble discovered that our galaxy is bigger than we thought it was.

5. Fleming was studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened.

6. There was a blue mould around the bacteria in the dish.

7. Fleming developed the process for manufacturing penicillin.

8. The Eniac project failed to fulfill its original purposes.

9. The Eniac computer was extremely difficult to program.

 

6.6. Examination Task. Reading Comprehension. Read the text and do the tasks after it.

STEVE JOBS

Steve Jobs (1955-2011), an American computer-industry executive, best-known as the co-founder and mastermind of Apple computers, was born in San-Francisco, California, USA. Jobs was given up for adoption after birth and raised by his adoptive parents in Silicon Valley. He attended Reed College in Portland, Oregon for one semester before dropping out.

Being a college dropout, Steve Jobs teamed up with Steve Wozniak in 1976 to sell personal computers assembled in Job’s garage. That was the beginning of Apple Company, which launched the personal-computer revolution by introducing its first product, the Apple II computer in 1977, and made Steve Jobs a multimillionaire before he was 30 years old. As a result of buying Pixar Animation Studios in 1986, he became a billionaire in 2006.

The Apple computers were attractive, user-friendly, graphically oriented alternative to the IBM-Microsoft personal computers. Some famous Apple Company products are the colourful iMac computer and the iPod music player. S. Jobs oversaw the development of elegantly designed music players, smartphones, and computer tablets whose enormous success also led Apple to become a significant music and software seller.

Jobs was diagnosed with cancer in 2003. Though he refused to speak publicly about his health, he survived several surgeries, and had to take a long medical leave of absence from Apple twice, in June of 2009 and in January of 2011. He remained with the company as Chairman of the Board until he died in the autumn of 2011.

 

Notes:

an executive -руководитель

a mastermind - вдохновитель

to adopt – усыновлять

to drop out – бросать учебу

to launch - начинать

surgery - операция

to oversee – возглавлять, отвечать за…

 

1. Are the sentences below true, false or the information is not stated?

 

1. Steve Jobs grew up in San Francisco.

2. He got higher education.

3. The Apple Company started making their first computers in the garage.

4. Jobs was the inventor of a personal computer.

5. He left the Apple Company several times only because of his health problems.

6. Jobs was an important figure in the computing industry for many years.

 

2. Choose the statement that gives the main idea of the text.

1. Steve Jobs was successful all his life.

2. He completely changed the computer industry.

3. The Apple competed with the IBM Microsoft Company..

 

 

Keys to the exercises.

6.3. 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

6.5. 1-F, 2-NI, 3-NI, 4-T,5-F, 6-T, 7-NI, 8-T,9-NI

6.6. 1) 1-F, 2-NS, 3-T, 4-F, 5-NS, 6-T; 2) 2

 

6.6. Read the text and say if the sentences below the text are true (T) or false (F).

RUSSIAN NOBEL PRIZEWINNERS

Every year, six Nobel prizes are awarded for outstanding work in science, literature, economics and the promotion of peace. This international prize was founded by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and built up companies and laboratories in countries all over the world.

Many Russians have been nominated for the Nobel Prize since it started in 1901, and 19 of them have received the Nobel Prize for their outstanding contributions, particularly in the field of physics and literature, but also in other areas.

Boris Pasternak is a Russian poet and novelist, who is also known for his translations of Shakespeare’s tragedies; in 1957 he wrote the novel “Doctor Zhivago”, which was followed by the Nobel Prize.

Mickail Sholokhov, the outstanding 20^th century Russian writer, wrote and published a number of short stories while completing his most famous work And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to finish. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965.

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded over the years to individuals and organizations that work actively for peace and greater understanding. It was suspended during both World Wars. It was awarded to the founder of the Soviet Human Rights Committee Andrey Sakharov (1975) and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev (1990).

 

1. The Nobel Prize is awarded annually.

2. The Nobel Prize is not awarded to mathematicians.

3. Pasternak received the Nobel Prize for his translations of Shakespeare’s tragedies.

4. The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded annually since 1901.

5. Two Russians have been the Nobel Peace Prize winners.

 

6.7. Put the numbers of descriptions of Russian Nobel Prizewinners 1-5 into the right boxes.

Nobel Prizewinners	Andrei Sakharov	Ivan Pavlov	Pyotr Kapitsa	Nikolay Semyonov	Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov
№

 

1. The first Russian Nobel winner for medicine in 1904. He made many remarkable discoveries about blood circulation and the central nervous system and he discovered the conditioned reflex through his research on the digestive system.

2. In 1964, two Russian physicists shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Charles Touwns from the USA. Their work on a project led to the development of the laser.

3. He founded the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow, and in 1978 he became the oldest scientist ever to win the award for his work on low-temperature physics.

4. He made a great contribution to the study of chemical chain reactions, and in 1956 he became the first Russian to gain the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

5. The Soviet physicist known both as “the father of the Russian H-bomb” and as an outspoken civil rights campaigner. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975 for his work for peace.

 

 

6.6. T, F, F, F, T

6.7. 5, 1, 3, 4, 2

 

 

UNIT 5. THE WORLD OF CULTURE

What is culture? What’s the role of culture in a person’s life?

 

GRAMMAR: Infinitive. Infinitive Constructions.

5.1. Read, translate and learn these words.

Nouns: artifact, attraction, canvas, castle, church, exhibit, exhibition, genre, heritage, jewellery, landmark, landscape, marble, orchestra, region, sculpture, sight, site

Verbs: damage, destroy, discover, exhibit, go sightseeing, invent, maintain, originate, perform, preserve, respect

Adjectives: ancient, artificial, impressive, man-made, original, valuable, ugly

 

5.2. Translate the adjectives with the suffixes –ful, -ous, -ic, -ive, -al.

1. peaceful, doubtful, successful, beautiful, truthful, harmful, powerful, wonderful, colourful;

2. famous, various, religious, victorious, dangerous, numerous, previous, analogous, obvious;

3. academic, economic, gigantic, electronic, fantastic, electric, scientific, specific;

4. active, intensive, effective, preventive, attentive;

5. cultural, natural, gradual, annual, emotional, individual, social, physical, ideal, traditional.

 

5.3. Form adverbs with the suffix –ly.

main, rapid, annual, usual, gradual, certain, previous, quick, regular, slow, extreme, successful.