How to Learn a Foreign language

UNIT I LEARNING LANGUAGES

TEXT A

HOW TO STUDY

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. Learning can be interesting and enjoyable.

2. You should know which methods of learning are best for you and use them.

3. Weekdays are good for working on longer projects and recreation.

4. A schedule can save you time and energy.

5. When studying foreign languages it is more important to know the meaning of isolated words.

6. While taking notes during a lecture you should make notes as the lecturer puts in.

 

Learning can be interesting and enjoyable. It all depends on you. This text points out some basic steps towards good learning.

You should start with positive thinking. Don’t tell yourself you can’t do it. Next you should know your goal. Thus you won’t waste time doing unnecessary work.

Finally, know yourself. Find out which methods of learning are best for you and use them. A schedule can save you time and energy. It can keep you from forgetting important things. With a schedule you won’t constantly have to decide what to do next. Make out a chart for a full week. Try to estimate how much time you’ll need for each subject and schedule your time. Weekends are good for working on longer projects and recreation.

When studying foreign languages, it is important to read more for ideas than for the meaning of isolated words. Try to guess at unfamiliar words. When you need to look up a word in the dictionary, put up a mark beside it in your vocabulary. Use the list of marked words as a study list. Spelling is one subject where mechanical copying can be a good thing. Keep a list or stack of cards of the words you have misspelled and want to learn.

The temptation to overload yourself with facts is strong. But resist it! What you want is important ideas, not every scrap of information. While taking notes during a lecture or in class or from a book, keep these rules in mind: 1) make notes in your own words; 2) condense your information; 3) always record where your notes come from. This last rule is particularly important if you are writing a paper. Study regularly and stay fit. Staying fit means proper diet, recreation each day, regular exercise and plenty of sleep.

You have some guidelines to follow, but the final results are up to you. Self-knowledge and self-direction are the real keys to learning. Knowing how to study will help you in many ways and not only in college or University.

 

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. приятный, доставляющий удовольствие

а) enjoy b) enjoyable с) enjoyment d) enjoin

 

2. оценивать

а. estimable b) esteem c) estimate d) estate

3. отдых, развлечение, приятное времяпровождение

а. recreation b) recover c) reclamation d) recovery

4. искушение, соблазн

a) tempt b) temptation c) temper d) temperament

5. значить, означать

a) mean b) means c) meaning d) meaningless

6. особенно, особо

a) particular b) particularity; c) particularly d) particularize

7. перегружать

a) overload b) load c) unload d) underload

8. постоянно

a) constancy b) constant c) consist d) constantly

9. сопротивляться, противостоять

a) resistance b) resist c) resistant d) resistive

10. директива, руководство

a) guide b) guidebook c) guideline d) guaranty

 

III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие предлоги:

a) for (2) b) from c) out (2) d) on e) with

1. The teacher pointed … that the student had a lot of spelling mistakes in his dictation.

2. Mornings are good … doing physical exercises.

3. I depend … my parents.

4. Try to find … how many students miss classes every week.

5. Having a plan will keep you … doing unnecessary work.

6. I don’t know how much time I need … this task..

7. You should start … positive thinking.

 

IV. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. to waste time	a) незнакомые слова
2. to look up a word in the dictionary	b) делать орфографические ошибки
3. to take notes of a lecture	c) терять время
4. to keep in mind	d) экономить время
5. unfamiliar words	e) записывать лекцию
6. to misspell	f) оставаться здоровым
7. to save time	g) помнить, иметь в виду
8. to stay fit	h) искать слово в словаре
9. to follow the guideline	i) куча (кипа) карточек
10. stack of cards	j) следовать директиве (руководству)

 

V. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. schedule	a) a book that gives the words of a language in alphabetic order and explains their meaning
2. to spell	b) a programme of work to be done or of planned events
3. dictionary	c) to name or write the letters of a word in their correct order
4. guideline	d) the total number of words in a language; all the words known to a person not in the alphabetic order
5. vocabulary	e) a general rule, instruction or piece of advice

 

TEXT B

TEXT D

ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. About 400 million people speak English as their first language.

2. About 20 million people use it a second language.

3. In Shakespeare’s time a lot of million people spoke English.

4. English has become a world language because it was used as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world.

5. English is the language of business, technology, aviation, sport and pop music.

6. All world’s periodicals are in English.

English is one of the most widespread, languages on Earth. About 400 million people speak English as their first language. About the same number of people use it as a second language. It is the language of business, technology, aviation, sport and pop music. 75% of the world's mail and 60% of the world's telephone calls are in English. 60% of the world's radio stations broadcast in English and more than half of the world's periodicals are in English. It is an official language in 44 countries.

Today, when English is one of the major languages in the world, it is difficult to realise that in Shakespeare's time, for example, only a few million people spoke English. The other nations of Europe didn't think it was important, and it was unknown to the rest of the world.

English has become a world language because it was used as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English began in the 17th century, with the first settlement in North America. Above all it is the massive immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries and the great growth of population in the United States that has given the English language its present position in the world.

There are three groups of people who speak English: those who speak it as their mother tongue language; those who have learned it as a second language; and those who are forced to use it for a practical purpose - administrative, professional or educational. One person in seven of the world's population belongs to one of these three groups.

II. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие предлоги:

a) to (2) b) of (2) c) in (2) d) with

1. More than half of the world’s periodicals are … English.

2. In Shakespeare’s time English was unknown … the rest of the world.

3. This exporting of English began … the 17^th century.

4. The great growth … population in the United States has given the English language its present position in the world.

5. One person in seven of the world’s population belongs … one of these groups.

6. About he same number … people use it as a second language.

7. The exporting of English began … the first settlement in North America.

 

 

III. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. widespread	a) главным образом, в основном
2. belong	b) тот же самый, одинаковый
3. growth of population	c) поселение
4. broadcast	d) родной язык
5. above all	e) широко распространённый
6. the same	f) современное положение
7. mother tongue	g) быть вынужденным что-либо делать
8. settlement	h) вести радиопередачу
9. present position	i) принадлежать
10. to be forced to do something	j) рост населения

 

IV. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

a) first b) second c) foreign

1. In India, English is a … language.

2. In New Zealand, English is a … language.

3. In France, English is a … language.

4. In Russia, English is a … language.

 

V. Закончите предложение выбрав верный вариант:

1. English is an official language	a) widespread languages on Earth.
2. There are three groups of people	b) has given the English language its present position in the world.
3. English is one of the most	c) in 44 countries.
4. English has become a world language because	d) who speak English.
5. There are some people who are forced	e) it was used as a mother tongue in all the continents of the world.
6. The massive immigration in the 19^th and 20^th centuries and the great growth of population in the United States	f) to use it for a practical purpose – administrative, professional or educational.

 

UNIT II ECONOMICS

TEXT A

GREAT ECONOMISTS

THE FATHER OF ECONOMICS

ADAM SMITH AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. «The Wealth of Nations» written by Adam Smith was published in 1776.

2. In Smith's opinion, the land was the only source of wealth.

3. Smith believed that economy would work best if it functioned without government regulation.

4. Business firms produce only those products that consumers want and produce them at the highest possible cost.

5. Under the «invisible hand» Smith meant the economic forces that we today would call supply and demand.

6. Smith used the metaphor of the «invisible hand» to explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of regulation.

7. It was Adam Smith who compared the two economic forces to the blades of scissors.

8. Alfred Marshall explained the economic events in terms of the equilibrium market price resulting from the interaction of supply and demand.

 

Seventeen seventy-six, the year that we associate with the signing of the Declaration of Independence, also marked the publication in England of one of the most influential books of our time, The Wealth of Nations. Written by Adam Smith, it earned the author the title "The father of economics."

Smith objected to the principal economic beliefs of his day. He differed with the physiocrats who argued that land was the only source of wealth. He also disagreed with the mercantilists who measured the wealth of a nation by its money supply, and who called for govern­ment regulation of the economy in order to promote a "favorable balance of trade. "

In Smith's view, a nation's wealth was dependent upon production, not agriculture alone. How much it produced, he believed, depended upon how well it combined labor and the other factors of production. The more efficient the combination, the greater the output, and the greater the nation's wealth.

The heart of Smith's economic philosophy was his be­lief that the economy would work best if left to function on its own without government regulation. In those cir­cumstances, self-interest would lead business firms to produce only those products that consumers wanted, and to produce them at the lowest possible cost. They would do this, not as a means of benefiting society, but in an effort to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. But all this self-interest would ben­efit society as a whole by providing it with more and better goods and services, at the lowest prices.

To explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of regulation, Smith used the metaphor of the "invisible hand":

The "invisible hand" was Smith's name for the eco­nomic forces that we today would call supply and de­mand, or the marketplace. He disagreed with the mercantilists who called for regulation of the economy.

Instead, Smith agreed with the physiocrats and their policy of "laissez faire," letting individuals and businesses function without interference from government regula­tion or private monopolies. In that way, the "invisible hand" would be free to guide the economy and maxi­mize production.

The Wealth of Nations goes on to describe the princi­pal elements of the economic system. In a famous sec­tion, Smith demonstrated how the division of labor and the use of machinery in­creased output.

Similarly, other sections dealing with the factors of production, money and international trade are as mean­ingful today as when they were first written.

You can see, therefore, that Thomas Jefferson's Dec­laration of Independence and Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations have more in common than a birthday. More importantly, both contain some of the best descriptions of the principles upon which our political and economic systems are based.

 

 

Text B

What is Economics?

I. I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

Text С

What is business?

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, на какие вопросы в тексте есть ответы yes (Y), а какие нет – no (N):

1. What is a modern definition of business?

2. What are the main functions of management?

3. What does production involve?

4. How do goods differ from services?

5. What do companies do with their profits?

6. What does competition influence?

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit.

First production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution.

Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.

Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

 

II. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. to mean	a) услуга
2. goods	b) обмен
3. profit	c) заботиться о
4. distribution	d) товары
5. service	e) излишек
6. exchange	f) распределение
7. to take care of	g) значить, означать
8. surplus	h) прибыль
9. on the other hand	i) расходы, издержки, затраты
10. expenses	j) с другой стороны

III. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. Sale	a) products which people either need or want
2. Goods	b) the creation of services or the changing of materials into products
3. Profit	c) the production, distribution and sale of goods and services for a profit
4. Business	d) the exchange of a product or service for money
5. Production	e) the money that remains after all the expenses are paid

 

IV. Подберите синоним для следующих слов:

1. to perform	a) to remain	b) to do
c) to pay	d) to buy
2. goal	a) creation	b) exchange
c) objective	d) price
3. to use	a) to apply	b) to begin
	c) to get	d) to grow
4. example	a) effect	b) difference
c) expenses	d) instance
5. different	a) necessary	b) dependent
c) various	d) major

 

Text D

Management functions

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity.

2. The management functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling and advertising.

3. Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved.

4. Planning is considered to be the second management function.

5. Organizing is the process of putting the plan into action.

6. Staffing is not considered to be a part of the organizing function.

7. In directing managers guide, teach, and motivate workers.

8. The fourth management function is controlling.

9. In controlling managers evaluate how well company goals are being met.

 

Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. These management functions are planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Planning involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it. However, even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions, planning continues as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.

Organizing, the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as part of the organizing function.

Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires communication with employees.

In the last management function, controlling, managers evaluate how well company objectives are being met. In order to complete his evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure. In making changes, managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.

In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, organizational, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

 

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих слов:

1. значение, важность	a) important	b) importance
c) import	d) importer
2. успешный	a) successful	b) succeed
c) success	d) succession
3. требовать	a) requirement	b) request
c) requisite	d) require
4. управленческий	a) manager	b) managerial
c) management	d) manage
5.учреждать, устанавливать	a) establish	b) establishment
	c) established	d) estate
6. эффективный	a) effect	b) effective
c) effectiveness	d) effectuate
7. оценивать	a) evaluate	b) evaluation
	c) event	d) evolve

 

III. Подберите синоним для каждого слова:

1. duty	a) dust	b) drum
	c) responsibility	d) response
2. perform	a) put	b) carry out
	c) publish	d) consider
3. goal	a) game	b) ball
	c) option	d) objective
4. determine	a) define	b) develop
	c) decrease	d) drop
5. continue	a) combine	b) contain
	c) go on	d) guide
6. complete	a) connect	b) compare
	c) compete	d) finish
7. vary	a) value	b) very
	c) change	d) choose

 

IV. Укажите перевод для следующих английских словосочетаний:

1. at all levels	a) размещать ресурсы
2. to allocate resources	b) достигать потенциальных способностей
3. to reach potential abilities	c) в то же время
4. at the same time	d) общие цели компании
5. to meet objectives	e) на всех уровнях
6. overall company objective	f) определять задачи
7. to assign the tasks	g) удовлетворять целям
8. interpersonal skills	h) проверка служащих
9. supervision of employees	i) навыки межличностных отношений

 

V. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. Controlling	a) defining overall company goals
2. Planning	b) evaluating the way the company goals are met
3. Directing	c) the process of carrying out the plan
4. Organizing	d) the process of guiding, teaching and motivating workers

 

Text E

The Four P’s

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту true (T), а какие – нет false (F):

1. Marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer.

2. Marketing can be divided into three main elements.

3. The product element of marketing involves research and development of a new product, research of the potential market and testing of the product.

4. There are three pricing options the company may take.

5. Placement is getting the product to the customer.

6. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer → retailer → wholesaler → customer.

Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all part of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives. Marketing can be divided into four main elements that are popularly known as the four P’s: product, price, placement, and promotion. Each one plays a vital role in the success of the marketing operation.

The product element of marketing refers to the good or service that a company wants to sell. This often involves research and development (R&D) of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality, and then introduction to the market.

A company next considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with, or below the prices that its competitors are charging. Most companies price with the market and sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry. The producers who establish these prices are known as price leaders.

The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is:

manufacturer → retailer → wholesaler → customer.

Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell smaller quantities to customers.

Finally, communication about the product takes place between buyer and seller. This communication between buyer and seller is known as promotion. There are two major ways promotion occurs: through personal selling, as in a department store; and through advertising, as in a newspaper or magazine.

The four elements of marketing – product, price, placement, and promotion – work together to develop a successful marketing operation that satisfies customers and achieves the company’s objectives.

 

II. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для следующих английских слов:

1. advertising	a) вовлекать, включать в себя
2. placement	b) производитель
3. to refer to	c) конкурент
4. customer	d) оптовый торговец
5. to involve	e) размещение
6. option	f) иметь отношение, относиться
7. competitor	g) реклама
8. to establish	h) розничный торговец
9. manufacturer	i) опцион, выбор право замены
10. wholesaler	j) основывать, учреждать
11. retailer	k) покупатель, клиент

 

III. Укажите синоним для каждого слова:

1. to take place	a) to call	b) to occur
c) to show	d) to think
2. to develop	a) to leave	b) to exchange
c) to progress	d) to spread
3. objective	a) goal	b) discount
c) application	d) object
4. manufacturer	a) designer	b) painter
c) retailer	d) producer
5. customer	a) operator	b) buyer
c) generator	d) wholesaler

 

IV. Укажите антоним для каждого слова:

1. quantity	a) development	b) goal
c) quality	d) aim
2. seller	a) construction	b) buyer
c) builder	d) shelter
3. above	a) below	b) among
c) near	d) between
4. often	a) always	b) usually
c) seldom	d) sometimes
5. different	a) difficult	b) common
c) dependent	d) similar

 

V. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. channel of distribution	a) основной производитель
2. department store	b) обеспечивать качество
3. for average price	c) изучение рынка
4. major producer	d) для того, чтобы
5. to insure quality	e) по средней цене
6. to charge the price for	f) канал распределения
7. to achieve objectives	g) универсальный магазин
8. market research	h) удовлетворять покупателям
9. in order to	i) достигать целей
10. to satisfy customers	j) назначай цену за

 

VI. Закончите предложения (например 1а):

1. The four main elements of marketing are popularly known as:

a) the movement of goods and services

b) the four P’s

c) the four M’s

d) buying, selling, market research, and storage

 

2. The product elements refers to:

a) the four P’s

b) testing of a product to insure quality

c) the good and service that a company wants to sell

d) getting the product to the customer

 

3. Most companies price:

a) with the market

b) below the market

c) beyond the market

d) above the market

 

4. A common channel of distribution is:

a) wholesaler retailer manufacturer customer

b) manufacturer retailer wholesaler customer

c) retailer manufacturer wholesaler customer

d) manufacturer wholesaler retailer customer

 

5. The two major forms of promotion are:

a) radio and television

b) personal selling and advertising

c) personal selling and newspapers

d) selling advertisements

VII. Заполните пропуски подходящими терминами из данного списка:

a) vital

b) charge

c) wholesaler

d) prices

e) placement

f) channel of distribution

g) take place

h) retailer

The most common 1)… is manufacturer wholesaler 2)…… customer.

Distribution can, however, 3)……… through slightly modified channels. For example, products are sometimes sold directly by the 4)…… or the manufacturer, rather than by the retailer. Generally, wholesalers 5)……… lower 6)……… than retailers and sell in larger quantities. Together, these channels of distribution play a 7)…….. role in the

8)……… element of marketing.

Text F

Economic systems

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. An economic system is the way in which a country uses its available
resources to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services.

2. There are four main economic systems.

3. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the lower the standard of living enjoyed by the country's citizens.

4. Planned economies are sometimes called “command economies”.

5. A planned economy is simple to understand and easy to operate.

6. Planned economies have a number of common features.

There are a number of ways in which a government can organize its economy and the type of system chosen is critical, in shaping environment in which businesses operate.

An economic system is the way in which a country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country's citizens. There are three main economic systems:

Planned economies

Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result, is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system varies from state to state but command or planned economies have a number of common features.

Firstly, the state decides what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all.

Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets, as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.

A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages.

- Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.

- Nations do not waste resources duplicating production.

- The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available.

Several disadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years:

- There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies.

- Any profits that are made are paid to the government.

- Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward.

 

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. государство	a) staff	b) statement
с) state	d) sample
2. решать	a) decision	b) decide
с) decisive	d) decided
3. намерение	a) international	b) intended
с) intend	d) intention
4. гражданин	a) citizen	b) citizenship
с) city	d) cite
5. предсказывать	a) prediction	b) predict
с) predicate	d) predicative
6. перепроизводить	a) produce	b) underproduce
с) overproduce	d) reproduce

 

III. Подберите синоним для каждого слова:

1. 1. to own	a) to oppose	b) to possess	c) to pay	d) to remain
.1 2. complicated	a) proper	b) common	c) complex	d) complete
3. to purchase	a) to buy	b) to post	c) to cost	d) to prefer
4. objective	a) demand	b) aid	c) defence	d) aim
5. to respond	a) to reach	b) to answer	c) to raise	d) to rise
6. to receive	a) to get	b) to react	c) to reduce	d) to gather

 

IV. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. to satisfy the demands	a) ряд общих черт
2. central planning and direction	b) принимать решения
3. to take decisions	c) иметь основной уровень жизни
4. production and consumption	d) центральное планирование и руководство
5. a number of common features	e) удовлетворять потребности
6. to start own business	f) начать собственное дело
7. to enjoy a basic standard of living	j) производство и потребление

V. Выберите характерные особенности плановой экономики:

1. These economies are characterized by a large amount of central planning
and direction.

2. This system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the
means of production.

3. The government takes all the decisions, it decides production and consumption.

4. The state usually plans five years ahead.

5. The production alters swiftly to meet changing demands.

6. Firms, which are privately owned see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

7. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict
changes in demand.

VI. Укажите недостатки плановой экономики:

1. Everyone in society receives enough goods and services.

2. There is no desire for individuals to work hard.

3. Any made profits are paid to the government.

4. The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it

wants.

5. Citizen cannot start their own businesses.

6. The state cannot respond to changes in people's tastes and fashions.

7. The state can ensure that everyone receives a good education and proper health

care.

Text G

Market Economies

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту Т (True), а какие нет – F (False):

1. Market economy is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital.

2. Workers are paid wages by employees according to how skilled they are.

3. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.

4. In a market economy the government decides what is to be produced.

5. Many planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production.

6. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits.

7. Firms tend to be highly competitive in a market economy.

In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.

Thus, we can see that in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention.

Not surprisingly there are also problems. Some goods would be underpurchased if the government did not provide free or subsidized supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as defence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. Once defence or a police force is supplied to a country then everyone in this country benefits.

A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however have serious consequences. Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to the one where new technology is employed in the factory. The resulting unemployment could lead to many social as well as economic problems.

In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers

Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales. Besides wasting resources on advertising firms may also duplicate one another' s services.

Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goods and services. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to a recession. A recession means less spending, fewer jobs and a decline in the prosperity of the nation.

 

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. вмешиваться	а) to improve	b) to intervene
c) to impress	d) to enjoy
2. работодатель	a) employee	b) employment
c) employer	d) employ
3. убеждать	a) to persuade	b) to prove
c) to provide	d) to prefer
4. конкурентоспособный	a) competition	b) compete
c) competitor	d) competitive
5. последствие	a) consequent	b) consequently
c) consequence	d) consumption
6. безработица	a) employment	b) unemployment
c) enjoyment	d) employ
7. спад	a) reason	b) prediction
c) improvement	d) recession

 

 

III. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. surplus income	a) в ответ на
2. to increase sales and profits	b) принимать законы
3. to pursue one's own interests	с) дополнительный доход
4. to move the production possibility frontier outwards	d) делать общество более состоятельным
5. to make the society better – off	e) иметь уверенность
6. in response to	f) преследовать свой интерес
7. safety standards	g) продвинуть вперед предел производ- ственных возможностей
8. to pass laws	h) добиться достаточного объема
9. to gain sufficient sales	i) увеличить продажи и прибыль
10. to have confidence	j) нормы техники безопасности

 

 

IV. Перечислите достоинства рыночной экономики:

1. The market economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands.

2. Labour - intensive production and new technology may lead to unemployment.

3. In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards.

4. You make the society better - off by creating new jobs and opportunities.

5. Health and education, defence and a police force are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending.

6. There is a lot of competition in a market economy.

Text H

Mixed Economies

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту true (T), какие нет – false (F):

1. An intermediate system known as mixed economies has developed because command and market economies have significant drawbacks.

2. A mixed economy contains elements of either market or planned economies.

3. In mixed economies all resources are controlled by the state.

4. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed.

5. The task of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of command economies.

6. The mixed economy enjoys the benefits of both systems - market and command economies.

Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies.

A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers.

Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.

The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.

The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services

II. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. ограничение	а) restrict	b) restrictive
	c) restriction	d) retain
2. взаимодействовать	а) to interfere	b) to interact
c) to interrupt	d) to intervene
3. налогообложение	а) tax	b) taxi
c) taxation	d) tip
4. передавать	а) to transfer	b) to treat
c) to train	d) to touch
5. значительный	a) significance	b) signification
c) single	d) significant
6. недостаток	а) advantage	b) frame
c) fault	d) fair
7. преимущество	а) drawback	b) benefit
c) cause	d) disadvantage

 

III. Заполните пропуски используя следующие предлоги:

a) through b) to c) at d) by e) without;

1. … one extreme we have a command economy.

2. Some countries are nearer … command economies.

3. The government controls the share of the output … taxation.

4. Some services are provided … the state.

5. In a free market individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice … any government restrictions.

 

IV. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для следующих английских словосочетаний:

1. share of the output	а) пользоваться преимуществами
2. essential items	b) товары первой необходимости
3. to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice	c) доля в объеме производства
4. to solve economic problems	d) иметь значительную экономичес- кую свободу выбора
5. to enjoy the benefits	e) избегать недостатков
6. to avoid disadvantage	f) предлагать товары и услуги
7. to offer goods and services	g) решать экономические проблемы

 

V.Заполните пропуски подходящими словами или сочетаниями:

a) mixed economy b) intermediate c) significant faults d) interact e) to avoid

1. Command and market economic both have……

2. … contains element of both market and planet economies.

3. An …system has developed known as mixed economies.

4. The aim of mixed economies is…the disadvantages of both systems

5. In a mixed economy the government and the private sector…in solving economic problems.

TEXT I

MARKETING

I. Прочтите текст и укажите, на какие вопросы в тексте есть ответы yes (Y), а какие нет – no (N):

1. What is the task of the marketing staff?

2. What does marketing involve?

3. What do we need market research for?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of advertising?

5. How can products be distributed?

6. What does advertising involve?

What marketing involves

Marketing involves keeping producers aware of the needs of consumers and ensuring that their products are made available to consumers in the way and form they want.

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from producer to user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketin