Альтернативный вопрос. Alternative Question.

Альтернативный вопрос предлагает выбор из двух возможностей. Начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса:

Do you study English or French? – I study English.

Упражнение

1. Составьте альтернативные вопросы, используя образец:

Образец: He’s got a nice flat. (large/ small)

Is it large or small?

1. My friend’s name is John Fox. (a doctor/an economist) 2. He is away at present. (Africa/America) 3. I shall do this work. (today/tomorrow) 4. I lived in Great Britain last year. (London/Glasgow) 5. My father usually reads in the evening. (books/newspapers)

 

Разделительный вопрос. Tag-Question.

Вопрос, требующий подтверждения «не так ли?», «не правда ли?». Он может строится двумя способами:
А) первая часть – утвердительное предложение;
вторая часть – краткий общий отрицательный вопрос (+, –?).
Б) первая часть – отрицательное предложение;
вторая часть – краткий общий вопрос (–, +?).
Во второй части таких вопросов повторяется тот глагол, который входит в состав сказуемого первой части.
Ответы на такие вопросы нужно давать ожидаемые.
You study English, don’t you? – Yes, I do. – Да. / No, I don’t. – Нет.
You don’t study French, do you? – Yes, I do. – Изучаю. / No, I don’t. – Не изучаю.

 

Упражнение

1. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в разделительные вопросы:

1. Chicago is a large city. 2. It is warm today. 3. I am a pessimist. 4. Peter works at a plant. 5. She doesn’t go to the church. 6. They worked hard two days ago. 7. Your sister doesn’t like bananas. 8. Boris didn’t meet his friend at the station yesterday.

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PROGRESSIVE

Времена группы Progressive указывает на процесс совершения действия, происходящего в данный момент в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем, или на действие постоянного характера, происходящее непрерывно в течение какого-то периода времени.

 

to be + -ing (Participle I)

 

Present Progressive	Past Progressive	Future Progressive
I am working	I was working	I shall be working
he is working	he was working	he will be working
she is working	she was working	she will be working
it is working	it was working	it will be working
we are working	we were working	we shall be working
you are working	you were working	you will be working
they are working	they were working	they will be working

Вопросительная форма

Present Progressive	Past Progressive	Future Progressive
Am I working?	Was I working?	Shall I be working?
Is he working?	Was he working?	Will he be working?
Is she working?	Was she working?	Will she be working?
Is it working?	Was it working?,	Will it be working?
Are we working?	Were we working?	Shall we be working?
Are you working?	Were you working?	Will you be working?
Are they working?	Were they working?	Will they be working?

Отрицательная форма

Present Progressive	Past Progressive	Future Progressive
I am not working	I was not working	I shall not be working
he is not working	he was not working	he will not be working
she is not working	she was not working,	she will not be working
it is not working	it was not working	it will not be working
we are not working	we were not working	it shall not be working
you are not working	you were not working	you will not be working
they are not working	they were not working	they will not be working

 

 

Present Progressive употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: now – сейчас, at the present moment – в данный момент.

Past Progressive употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: at 7 o’clock – в 7 часов, then – тогда, from 9 till 10 – с 9 до 10, all day long – весь день, the whole month – целый месяц; в придаточных предложениях, начинающихся со слов when – когда, while – пока, в то время как.

Future Progressive употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: at 7 o’clock – в 7 часов; в придаточных предложениях, начинающихся со слов when – когда, while – пока, в то время как.

 

1. Я учу английский язык.	I am learning English.
2. Я учил английский язык вчера в 7 часов вечера.	I was learning English at seven o’clock yesterday evening.
3. Я буду учить английский язык завтра в 7 часов вечера.	I will be learning English at seven o’clock tomorrow evening.

 

Упражнения

1. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

A. 1. Helen is working hard these days. Right now she is not working. She is reading a newspaper. 2. John is a pianist. He is practicing for a concert these days. 3. Four people are in a restaurant. They are sitting at a table and having dinner. 4. How madly young people are driving these days! 5. John and Marry are playing chess at the moment.

B. 1. We were playing football when it started raining. 2. What were you doing when you saw an accident, madam? 3. When the teacher entered the classroom, we were writing our test papers. 4. You are late. What were you doing? I was translating a test. 5. What was he doing when I rang up an hour ago? He was looking through a newspaper.

C. 1. I shall be waiting for you at the bus stop at 9 o'clock tomorrow. 2. Tomorrow we shall be preparing for a test for the whole evening. 3. In July they will be taking their exams for the whole month. 4. What will you be doing tonight at 10 o'clock? Will you be working? No, I shall be reading a book at this hour. 5. The policeman will be examining the scene of the crime at 3.

 

2. Заполните пропуски глаголами в соответствующей форме:

1. We (translate) a technical text now. 2. We usually (not/translate) stories. 3. She (not/look) through all the newspapers every evening. 4. He (look) through the newspaper when the phone rang. 5. I had a hard night, I (work) until midnight. 6. Yesterday he (work) a lot. 7. Tomorrow when he comes they (take) a test. 8. They (take) a test next week. 9. Where is Ann? She is in the coffee shop. She (have) a cup of coffee. She always (have) a cup of coffee in the evening.

3. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Что вы переводите? – Я перевожу статью. 2. Могу ли я видеть Николая? – Нет, он обедает. 3. Что вы делали вчера в 7 часов вечера? – Я читал книгу. 4. Он писал письмо, когда я вошел в комнату. 5. Я буду смотреть телевизор, в то время как он будет просматривать газеты.

 

Текст №1

You see Nick’s family in their sitting-room. They are having an evening at home. Nick is very tired after a long day in his office. He is sitting in a comfortable armchair and reading a newspaper. Nick’s wife, Helen, is watching TV. Oleg, their son, is sitting at the table and doing his homework. But he is not working well. The television is interesting and he is watching it too. And where is their daughter Kate? She isn’t in the sitting-room. Kate has got some new compact disks. She is listening to them in the children’s room.

 

Текст №2

Stepanov is the director of the firm. The company is very large. They sell different goods to many companies. Stepanov’s firm does business with French and British companies. The engineers of the company discuss prices, terms of payment, shipment and delivery. Now you see Stepanov in his office. He is sitting at the table and speaking on the phone. The company manager of Bell & Co is phoning him. They are making an appointment for Friday. Bell & Co are interested in the new model of planes.

 

Текст №3

It was a busy day for Kostya Pavlov. In the morning he went to the airport to meet his uncle who was coming from abroad, and then spent part of the day with him, and in the evening he went to the railway station to see off his friend Sasha, who was leaving Moscow for a small town in the North to see his old parents.

It was still early morning but the airport was full of life. Big buses were bringing passengers from the town. Porters were taking luggage to a plane which was ready to take off. In the restaurant upstairs Kostya found many people who were having breakfast before getting on board the plane. As soon as the radio announced that a passenger plane was about to land Kostya and a few more people went out to meet the plane. After making a circle over the airport the pilot landed his machine and taxied it up to a stop. A group of passengers, with Kostya’s uncle among them, got out of the plane and walked over to the custom-house.

The clock on the tower above the entrance to the airport was striking eight as Kostya and his uncle left the airport.

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT

Времена группы Perfect указывают на законченность действия к определенному моменту времени в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Все времена группы Perfect обычно переводятся на русский язык совершенным видом.

to have + -ed (III форма глагола/Participle II)

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I have written	I had written	I shall have written
he has written	he had written	he will have written
she has written	she had written	she will have written
it has written	it had written	it will have written
we have written	we had written	we shall have written
you have written	you had written	you will have written
they have written	they had written	they will have written

Вопросительная форма

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
Have I written?	Had I written?	Shall I have written?
Has he written?	Had he written?	Will he have written?
Has she written?	Had she written?	Will she have written?
Has it written?	Had it written?	Will it have written?
Have we written?	Had we written?	Shall we have written?
Have you written?	Had you written?	Will you have written?
Have they written?	Had they written?	Will they have written?

Отрицательная форма

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I have not written	I had not written	I shall not have written
he has not written	he had not written	he will not have written
she has not written	she had not written	she will not have written
it has not written	it had not written	it will not have written
we have not written	we had not written	we shall not have written
you have not written	you had not written	you will not have written
they have not written	they had not written	they will not have written

Present Perfect употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: ever – когда-либо, never – никогда, just – только что, already – уже, (not) yet – еще нет, today – сегодня, this week – на этой неделе, all this time – все это время, since – с, for – в течение.

Past Perfect, Future Perfect употребляются с обстоятельствами времени: by 7 o’clock – к 7 часам, before – до того как, прежде чем.

 

Упражнения

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

A. 1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. I haven't seen you for a long time. Where have you been? 3. We haven't heard about you since 1989. 4. I haven't seen you for ages. 5. We haven't been to Moscow since last year. 6. Have you ever been to London? 7. Don't forget to post a letter! –I have already posted it. 8. He told me his name but I've forgotten it.

B. 1. We were not hungry. We had just had lunch. 2. The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks. 3. Karen didn't want to come to the cinema because she had already seen the film. 4. I didn't know who she was. I'd never seen her before. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Last month Lavrov had to go on business to London. Before he went there he had discussed some business matters with his managing director and got the necessary instructions from him.

C. 1. The film will have finished by 3p.m. 2. Sally won't be at home at 9. She will have gone to work. 3. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. 4. Phone me after 8 o'clock. We'll have finished dinner by then. 5. Will you be free at 11.30? - Yes, the meeting will have finished by that time.

 

2. Поставьте глаголы в соответствующем времени:

1. I never (was/have been) to London. 2. I (have played/played) tennis yesterday afternoon. 3. John works in a bookstore. He (has worked/worked) there for three years. 4. I still don't know what to do. I (didn't decide/haven't decided) yet. 5. When I was a child I (haven't liked/didn't like) sports. 6. How well do you know Bill? - Very well. We (knew/have known) each other since we were children. 7. We were all surprised when they got married last year. They (knew/had known) each other only for a few weeks. 8. They (will pass/will have passed) their exams by the time you return.

 

3. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Он написал письмо до того, как пришел. 2. Он написал письмо вчера. 3. Он уже написал письмо. 4. Он писал письмо, когда я пришел. 5. К семи часам я закончу эту работу. 6. Она сделает упражнение через несколько минут.

 

4. Заполните пропуски глаголами в соответствующей форме. Переведите предложения:

1. A. Hello, Peter. I haven’t seen you for ages. Where you (to be) all this time?

B. I just (to come back) from Odessa. I (to be) there on business.

A. Nick (to be) there now. You (to see) him during your trip?

B. I did. As a matter of fact I (to meet) him in the airport when I (to leave) the city. He (to send) his best regards to you.

A. Thank you.

 

2. A. I understand, Mr Ali, you (to be) in Moscow for a week already.

B. Let me see. Yes, we (to be) here since Monday. We (to have) talks all this time.

A. You (to see) any places of interest yet?

B. Yes, some. Your friends (to take) us to the Pushkin Art Museum yesterday and we (to go) to the Bolshoy tonight.

A. You (to be) to the exhibition in Sokolniki park?

B. No, not yet. But we (to visit) your plant the day before.

 

Текст №1

Now we have come to Gorky Street. It is a beautiful street with all kinds of office-buildings, hotels, theatres, cinemas, shops, restaurants and cafes. That large building over there is a hotel. In front of the hotel we can see several buses and cars. A big bus has just brought a number of people from the airport and among them we can see a friend of mine, Tom. It is the first time he has come to Moscow.

Tom has been in Moscow for a few days, but he has already seen a lot of things. He has visited some of the best museums and theatres. He has seen a ballet at the theatre. I have taken him for a walk in the Kremlin and also to some of the new parts of the capital. My brother has shown him some of the underground stations and today they both have been to an international football match at the Luzhniki sports grounds.

All has made a great impression on Tom.

 

ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Времена группы Perfect Progressive указывают на то, что действие продолжалось в течение некоторого периода времени до определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем и может продолжаться в данный момент.

Present Perfect Progressive

единственное число	множественное число
I have been writing	we have been writing
he has been writing	you have been writing
she has been writing	they have been writing
it has been writing

Вопросительная форма

единственное число	множественное число
Have I been writing?	Have we been writing?
Has he been writing?	Have you been writing?
Has she been writing?	Have they been writing?
Has it been writing?

Отрицательная форма

единственное число	множественное число
I have not been writing	we have not been writing
he has not been writing	you have not been writing
she has not been writing	they have not been writing
it has not been writing

Past Perfect Progressive

единственное число	множественное число
I had been writing	we had been writing
he had been writing	you had been writing
she had been writing	they had been writing
it had been writing

Вопросительная форма

единственное число	множественное число
Had I been writing?	Had we been writing?
Had he been writing?	Had you been writing?
Had she been writing?	Had they been writing?
Had it been writing?

Отрицательная форма

единственное число	множественное число
I had not been writing	we had not been writing
he had not been writing	you had not been writing
she had not been writing	they had not been writing
it had not been writing

 

Future Perfect Progressive

единственное число	множественное число
I shall have been writing	we shall have been writing
he will have been writing	you will have been writing
she will have been writing	they will have been writing
it will have been writing

Вопросительная форма

единственное число	множественное число
Shall I have been writing?	Shall we have been writing?
Will he have been writing?	Will you have been writing?
Will she have been writing?	Will they have been writing?
Will it have been writing?

Отрицательная форма

единственное число	множественное число
I shall not have been writing	we shall not have been writing
he will not have been writing	you will not have been writing
she will not have been writing	they will not have been writing
it will not have been writing

 

Perfect Progressive употребляется с обстоятельствами времени: for 2 hours – вот уже 2 часа, for the last two days (years, weeks) – в течение 2 последних дней (лет, недель), since 5 o’clock – с 5 часов, since yesterday – со вчерашнего дня.

 

The plant produces cars	Завод производит автомобили (вообще)
is producing	производит (сейчас)
has produced	произвел (только что, на сегодняшний день)
has been producing	производит (с какого-то времени)
produced	произвел, производил (в прошлом)
was producing	производил (в определенный момент в прошлом)
had produced	произвел (уже до определенного момента в прошлом)
had been producing	производил (уже сколько-то времени)
will produce	будет производить (в будущем)
will be producing	будет производить (в определенный момент в будущем)
will have produced	произведет (к определенному моменту в будущем)
will have been producing	будет производить (уже сколько-то времени к определенному моменту в будущем)

 

Упражнения

1.Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1. I had been writing this exercise for an hour when you came to my place. 2. I’ll take a test in this subject. 3. Tomorrow at ten o’clock in the morning we’ll be taking a test in this subject. 4. Tomorrow by two o’clock in the afternoon we’ll have taken a test in this subject. 5. I had already written a letter to my sister when you came to my place yesterday. 6. How long will you have been writing the test before you give it to the teacher? 7. Yesterday I came home, wrote a letter to my parents, looked through the newspapers and went to bed. 8. I’ll send you a letter as soon as I write it.

 

2. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Каждый год в конце семестра студенты пишут контрольную работу по английскому я зыку. 2. Я сейчас делаю упражнение. 3. Я пишу это упражнение уже 20 минут. 4. Я написала упражнение. Проверьте его, пожалуйста. 5. Что вы делали вчера в это время? – Я писала письмо своей сестре. 6. На этой неделе я написала несколько писем своим друзьям.

 

Текст №1

I study at the university. I have been studying here since September. I have been learning English since the fifth form. I speak English fairly well and know German a little. I like to read English and German books and try to do translation into Russian. Now we are revising the English tenses. We have been revising them for two weeks.

 

Текст №2

My name is Kate. I am nineteen. In August I entered the institute. Now I am a first-year student. I have been studying at the Institute for some months. I have come to Moscow from the town of Vladimir. Two years ago I left a secondary school. I had worked before I entered the Institute. There are fifteen students in our group. We live at the Institute hostel (three to a room). Most of us receive grants.

 

Текст №3

I have been studying at Moscow University in the historical faculty for a year. The students of our faculty often go on excurtions to ancient Russian towns. Recently we went to Pskov. Our guide was S.V. He graduated from our faculty a year ago. Now he is taking a post-graduate course. In a bus one of the students of our group asked me: “Have you been to Pskov before?” – “No, I haven’t. But not long ago I went to Kolomenskoe with our group. Have you been there?” – No, I haven’t. I have never been there but I hope to go there as soon as I pass my credit tests.” – Now we are preparing for exams. Our group will go to Yevpatoria, as soon as we pass our exams. I have read a lot about the excavations in Yevpatoriya for many years.