Rewrite these sentences, starting with a gerund. You may need to change

some words:

e.g.: A good way of keeping fit is to swim every day.

Swimming every day is a good way of keeping fit.

1. It takes a long time to learn a foreign language.

……………………………………………………………

2. Clean the machine more often- that will solve your problem.

…………………………………………………………………

3. Grow your own food. It’s less expensive.

…………………………………………...................................

4. Give up smoking: it will make you feel better.

…………………………………………………………………

5. It is cheaper to go by rail than by air.

……………………………………………………………………..

6. You are not allowed to smoke here.

……………………………………………………………………..

7. It’s not very pleasant to be in hospital.

……………………………………………………………………..

8. It’s very difficult to windsurf properly.

……………………………………………………………………..

9. It’s more difficult to speak a foreign language than to read it.

……………………………………………………………………..

10. It is forbidden to walk on the grass.

……………………………………………………………………..

 

9. Write the verbs in the box in the correct form in these sentences. Use each verb once only:

have, move, watch, learn, study, get up, help, look after, smoke, say, eat, become, work, go, write, live, make, see, go out.

e.g.: Smoking i s unhealthy, but a lot of people find it difficult to stop.

1. I’m fed up with … in the city – it’s too dirty. 2. I enjoy… in the garden at weekend. 3. I have decide to stop …in the evenings so that I can save some money for my holidays.4. He’s an artistic person – very good at … poetry. 5. They don’t like … and go everywhere by car. 6. I’m not really interested in … to university. 7. She’s going to continue … for another two years. 8. They’re thinking of … house. 9. That machine? Oh, it’s used for … toasted sandwiches. 10. They’ve given up… meat.

10. Complete the sentences using the Gerund:

1. My brother is fond of classic music, he enjoys…. 2. When the weather is fine, I like …. 3. We shall have our vacation in July, everybody looks forward to …. 4. My son’s friends are leaving for the Alps. I don’t object to …. 5. Though the scientist was tired, he went on …. 6. my sister doesn’t like skating, she prefers …. 7. The article is very long, it seems, she will never finish…. 8. You will enjoy this opera, it’s worth …. 9. The model is quite new, I wonder when they started... 10. The contract seems profitable, our company is interested in ….

Read the text.

The £ 349 housewife

How her weekly pay slip would add up…
	£ hr	£ week
Nanny	17.9 hrs	£ 5.50	£ 105.95
Cook	12.2 hrs	£ 5.35	£ 65.27
Cleaner	12.2 hrs	£ 5.35	£ 65.27
Laundress	9.3 hrs	£ 3.80	£ 35.34
Shopper	6.4 hrs	£ 3.80	£ 24.32
Dishwasher	5.7 hrs	£ 3.80	£ 21.66
Driver	2.6 hrs	£ 4.50	£ 11.70
Gardener	1.4 hrs	£ 5.90	£ 8.26
Seamstress	1.7 hrs	£ 3.60	£ 6.12
Other tasks	1.3 hrs	£ 4.00	£ 5.20
Total 70.7 hrs £ 349.09

 

As nanny, cook, cleaner, laundress, shopper, dishwasher, driver, gardener, and seamstress, she has one of the most demanding jobs in Britain today. And paying someone else to do the chores which take the average housewife 71 hours a week would cost £ 349, it was revealed yesterday.

At over £18,000 a year that’s more than the earnings of 70 per sent of the population, including train drivers, firemen, prison offices, and social workers.

Looking after a youngster less than a year old takes a housewife into an even higher pay league. According to a survey, she deserves £457 a week-at nearly £ 24,000 a year, the same as teachers, engineers, and chemists.

Researchers put a price on each chore, and then calculated how long the average person takes doing them. They found housewives spend an average 70.7 hours a week on domestic duties- with looking after the children (17.9 hours) and cooking and cleaning (12.3 hours each0 the most time-consuming.

A wife with a part-time job still works an average of 59 hours a week at home. Those in full-time employment put in longer hours at home than in the workplace.

The good news is that these hours decline sharply as children get older. While the average mother with a child under one puts in 90 hours weekly, the figure drops to 80 hours from one to four and to 66 hours from five to ten.

Mother-of-four Karen Tudor-Williams, from Reading, said last night: “Wages aren’t practical, but the government should recognize the value of housework, perhaps through the tax system. Running a house takes a lot of time and most husbands don’t appreciate this. They say they do the DIY jobs, but my husband only puts a shelf up now and again. He never cleans the toilet- that’s the real test.”

Single parent Anne Neale from North-west London said: “The Government should pay for women wages. It’s the husband’s employer who benefits from the work that women do at home.”

Mark these sentences true(+), false(-) or don’t know (?):

1. The average housewife works nearly 71 hours a week. ____ 2. Seventy per cent of the working population earn £18,000 a year. ____ 3. Train drivers earn the same as prison offices.____ 4. Teachers earn about £ 24,000 a year. ____ 5. Looking after children takes up most time._____ 6. Wives with jobs spend more time on housework than on their work.____ 7. The average mother with a child under one works 95 hours a week.____ 8. Karen Tudor-Williams thinks that the government should pay women wages._____ 9. Her husband helps with a lot of the housework._____ 10. Anne Neale thinks that husbands’ employers should pay housewives.

Answer these questions:

1. How do you feel about the situation in the text? 2. Do you think the situation is similar in your country? 3. Do you agree with Karen and Anne? What, if anything, should be done about the situation?

Sequence of Tenses

1. Translate into your native language, pay attention to tenses:

1. I knew that you were ill. 2. I knew that you had been ill. 3. We found that she left home at eight o’clock every morning. 4. We found that she had left home at eight o’clock that morning. 5. When he learnt that his son always received excellent marks in all the subjects at university, he was very pleased. 6. When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at university, he was very pleased. 7. We did not know where our friends went every evening. 8. We did not know where our friends had gone. 9. She said that her best friend was a doctor. 10. She said that her best friend had been a doctor.

2. Rewrite the following sentences in the Past tense:

1. My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus. 2. He says he has spent a fortnight in the Caucasus. 3. He says it did him a lot of good he spent most of the time on the beach. 4. He says his wife and he spent most of the time on the beach. 5. He says he feels better now. 6. He says they did a lot of sightseeing. 7. He says he has a good camera. 8. He says he took many photographs while traveling in the Caucasus. 9. He says he will come to see us next Sunday. 10. He says he will bring and show us photographs he took during his stay in the Caucasus.

 

3. Open the brackets and chose necessary tense:

1. He said he (is staying, was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied). 4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 5. He says he (works, worked) at school t years ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 7. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room. 8. He said (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 9. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 10. I think the weather (will not change, would not change) for the worse.

 

4. Open the brackets and chose necessary tense:

1. He said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. He stopped and listened: the clock (to strike) five. 4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 5. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 6. The policeman asked George where he (to run) so early. 7. The delegates were that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 9. I didn’t know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her.

 

 

Reported speech

 

Direct speech	Reported speech
today yesterday tomorrow …ago this … these…. Here last year last month last … next now	that day the day before the next day … before that … those … there the year before the month before the … before the following … then
Reported commands
Keep quiet! Don’t make noise!
He told me He asked me	to keep quiet and not to make noise

 

1. Rewrite the following imperative sentences into reported speech:

1. “Go home,” said the teacher to us. 2. “Buy some meat in the shop,” said my mother to me. 3. “Sit down at the table and do your homework,” said my mother to me. 4.”Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said granny to Helen. 5. “Don’t sit up late,” said the doctor to Mary. 6. The doctor said to Pete: “Don’t go for a walk today.” 7. “Don’t eat too much ice-cream,” said Nick’s mother to him. 8. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” said my friend to me. 9. The doctor said to Nick: “Open your mouth and show me your tongue.” 10. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy.

 

Reported statements
I am an engineer. I work at a plant. In the evening I study English.
He said   He told me	that	he was an engineer and worked at a plant. He added that he studied English in the evening.
I saw my friend yesterday.
He said   He told me	that	he had seen his friend the day before
We lived in Rome two years ago. My father worked there
He said   He told me	that	they had lived in Rome two years before
I shall tell you about it tomorrow.
He said   He told me	that	he would tell me about it the next day.

2. Rewrite the following narrative sentences into reported speech:

1. “My friend lives in Moscow,” said Alec. 2. “You have not done your homework well,” said the teacher to me. 3. The poor man said to the rich man: “My horse is wild. It can kill your horse.” 4. The rich man said to the judge: “This man’s horse has killed my horse.” 5. “This man spoke to me on the road,” said the woman. 6. “I can’t explain this rule to you,” said my classmate to me. 7. The teacher said to the class: “We shall discuss the subject tomorrow.” 8. The woman said to her son: “I am glad I am here.” 9. Mike said: “We have bought these books today.” 10. She said to me: “Now I can read your translation.”

 

3. Rewrite the following reported speech into direct speech:

1. He said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on deck all the time. 2. The woman said she had felt sick while crossing the Channel. 3. She said she was feeling bad that day. 4. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 5. He told me he was ill. 6. He told me he had fallen ill. 7. They told me that Tom had not come to school the day before. 8. I told my sister that she might catch cold. 9. She told me she had caught cold. 10. The old man told me the doctor that he had just been examined by a good doctor.

 

Indirect questions
Special questions	He asked (me) He wanted to know He wondered
“What are you doing?” “Where do you live?” “Where does he work?” “What is Nick doing? “What have you prepared for today?” “When did you come home yesterday?” “ When will your mother come home?”	what I was doing. where I lived. where he worked. what Nick was doing. what I had prepared for that day. When I had come home the day before. When my mother would come home.
General questions	He asked (me) He wanted to know He wondered
“Are you watching TV?” “Do you play chess?” “Does she go to school?” “Are you listening to me?” “Have you done your homework?” “Did you skate last winter?” “Will you see your friend tomorrow?”	if whether	I was watching TV. I played chess. she went to school. I was listening to him. I had done my homework.   I had skated the winter before. I should see my friend the next day.

 

4. Write the following special questions into reported speech:

1. I said to Nick: “Where are you going?” 2. I said to him: “How long are you going to stay there?” 3. I said to him: “How long will it take you to get there?” 4. Pete said to his friends: “When are you leaving St.Peterburg?”5. He said to them: “Who will you see before you leave here?” 6. They said to him: “What time does the train start?” 7. Ann said to Mike: “When did you leave London?” 8. She said to Boris: “When will you be backing home?” 9. Boris said to them: “When will you be backing home?” 10. Mary asked Tom: “What time will you come tomorrow?”

 

5. Rewrite the following special questions into reported speech; begin them with the words in brackets:

1. Where is he going? (He didn’t tell anybody…) 2. Where has he gone? (Did you know …) 3. Where is he? (Did you know…) 4. When is he leaving school? (I wanted to know…) 5. When is he leaving school? (I wanted to know …) 6. When will he come back? (She asked them …) 7. How much did she pay for it? (I had no idea …) 8. Where did I put the book? (I forgot…) 9. Who has given you this nice kitten? (She wanted to know …) 10. Where can I buy an English-Russian dictionary? (He asked me …) 11. How long will it take your brother to get to Madrid? (He wondered …)

 

6. Right the following questions into reported speech.

1. I said to Boris: “Does your friend live in London?” 2. I said to the man: “Are you living in a hotel?” 3. Nick said to his friend: “Will you stay at the ‘Hilton’?” 4. He said to me: “Do you often go to see your friends?” 5. He said to me: “Will you see your friends before you leave St.Petersburg?” 6. Mike said to Jane: “Will you come to the railway station to see me off?” 7. She said to me: “Have you sent them a telegram yesterday?” 8. I said to Mike: “Have you packed your suitcase?” 9. I said to Kate: “Did anybody meet you at the station?” 10. I said to her: “Can you give me their address?”

 

7. Write the following general questions into reported speech, beginning with the words in brackets:

1. Have you found the book? (She asked me…) 2. Are there any more books here? (The man asked …) 3. Did she go shopping yesterday (I wanted to know …) 4. Has she bought the dictionary? (He did not ask her …) 5. Does she know the name of the man? (I doubted …) 6. Did Boris see the man this morning? (I asked …) 7. Have they sold the picture? (I did not know …) 8. Do they know anything about it? (I wondered …) 9. Has Jack given you his telephone number? (She asked me …) 10. Is he coming back today? (I was not sure …)

 

8. Restore the following sentences in reported speech into direct speech:

1. I asked if they had taken the sick man to hospital. 2. I asked my friend if he had a headache. 3. I wanted to know when he had fallen ill. 4. I wondered if he had taken his temperature. 5. I asked him if the doctor had given him some medicine. I asked him if he was feeling better now. 6. I asked the man how long he had been in London. 7. I asked him if he was going to a health-resort. 8. We asked him if her father was still in Moscow. 9. I asked the girl what sort of work her father did. 10. John asked Mary if she was afraid of thunderstorm.

 

9. Answer the following questions, using reported speech:

e.g.: “I like novels written by Dickens,” said Nina to her friend Vera. “I have read

many of them”

What did Nina say to Vera?

Nina told Vera that she liked novels written by Dickens and that she had

read many of them.

1. “My favourite books are ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’,” answered Vera. “And now I am reading a novel by Walter Scott.”

What did Vera answer Nina?

2. “Last year we learnt some poems by Byron and Shelly, they are so beautiful,”

What did Nina say?

3. “I know many poems by these great poets. I have read some books about

Byron and Shelly, too,” said Vera.

What did Vera tell Nina?

4. “This year we shall read a play by Shakespeare in English,” said Nina.

What did Nina say?

 

10. Write the direct speech into reported speech:

1. “I’ve bought tickets for a Saturday performance,” I said. 2. “We had a good walk in the country yesterday,” my sister said to me. 3. “Mr. White is going to fly abroad next week,” they said. 4. “Every passenger goes through the Customs when he comes from abroad,” said the Customs official. 5. “At what time will the plane land?” asked the passenger. 6. “Shall we take a taxi to get home?” my friend asked me. 7. “At what institute did your sister study?” my friend asked me. 8. “Who gave you instructions to get the materials ready?” asked the director. 9. “I must go through the mail now,” I said. 10. “I’m glad to do business with your firm,” Mr. Smith said to us.

Read the text

 

Carmen Day – romantic novelist

In an interview Carmen said she had written another romantic novel because she found romantic fiction easy to write, but that her next novel would be something different, possibly a detective story.

Carmen said that the character of Bradley was based on her first husband, Clive Maingay, the actor, who had made her very unhappy. But she added that she was now married to Tony Marsh, the politician. She said that they had been married for nearly ten years and that they were very happy together.

She told me that she had now written five novels, and also that she had written three stories for children. She said she would never stop writing, not even when she was an old lady.

 

Answer these questions:

1. Why has she written another romantic story? 2. Who is the character of Bradley based on? 3. How many times has been married? 4. How many novels has she written so far? When does she think, she’ll stop writing?

 

Retell the text

 

Pay your attention to transmission the following constructions into direct speech

“Let’s play chess,” said Nick – Nick suggested playing chess. “All right,” said Pete. – Pete agreed. “Oh no,” said Mike. – Mike refused.

 

11. Write the following sentences into reported speech:

1. “Let’s play badminton,” said Nina. “All right,” said Mike. “I like to play badminton very much.” 2. “Let’ run a race,” said Bill. “No,” said Jack. “I hurt my foot three days ago and now I cannot run.” 3. “Will you show me your new flat?” said Tom. “Of course,” said Becky. “Come to our place tomorrow.” 4. “I shall go to see my friend tomorrow,” said Kate. “Will you come with me?” “Yes, I shall,” said Pete. “I want to see your friend tomorrow.” 5. “Does your friend always come to school so early?” said Victor. “No,” said Mary. “She came so early this morning because she is on duty today.” 6. “There is a new film on at our cinema,” said Mike. “I shall be busy.” 7. “What shall we do with Nick?” said Ann. “He has got a bad mark again.” “Let’s help him with his Russian,” said Pete. “I am sure we can do it.” 8. “Let’s go to the Opera House. There is a good opera there tonight, ” said Walter, “Oh, very good,” said Robert. “I haven’t been to the Opera House for a long time.”

 

 

Conditional sentences

 

Remember three types of conditional sentences.

I. If the weather is fine, we shall play outside If you ring me up, I shall tell you something.

II. If the weather were fine, we should play outside. If you rang me up, I should tell you something.

III. If the weather had been fine, we have played outside. If you had rung me up, I should have told you something.

 

1. Open the brackets, write each sentence three times, forming conditional sentences I,II,III types:

 

e.g.: If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.

If you are free, I shall come to see you.

If you were free, I should come to see you.

If you had been free, I should have come to see you.

 

1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone.2. If I (to lived) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 4. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 5. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 6. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university. 7. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 8. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party. 9. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry). 10. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) at the examination.

 

2. Rewrite each following sentences twice, forming sentences II and III types:

1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves. 3. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 4. What shall we do if they are late? 5. Will you be very angry if we don’t come? 6. Will he be very displeased if I don’t ring him up? 7. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 8. If he doesn’t come in time, shall we have to wait for him?

 

3. Open the brackets, using verbs in necessary forms:

1 I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur-coat. 2. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 3. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 4. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 5. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 6. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 7. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 8. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have0 so many admirers. 9. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 10. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student.

 

4. Form the conditional sentences:

1. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you were in trouble. If… 2. You felt the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If …. 3. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If … 4. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If… 5. Why didn’t you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If … 6. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If … 7. The travelers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If … 8. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If … 9. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very god for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If … 10. He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not acquainted with him. If ….

 

5. Make and read all possible conditional sentences I type:

 

If I

live in the south come home late live in the country go to the wood receive his letter fall ill find the book loose my money see my friend

I shall

bathe every day. go to bed at once. often go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. be very glad. go to the doctor. be very happy. be very sorry. ask his advice.

 

6. Make and read all possible conditional sentences type II:

 

I wish I were If I were

in the south at home in the country in the wood at the camp a scientist. a computer. a poet. a writer. a spaceman. a sailor.

I should

bathe every day. go to bed. go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. have a very good time. invent a time machine. write beautiful music. write beautiful poetry. write interesting novels. fly to other planets. sail to Africa.

 

7. Open the brackets, using appropriate form of conditional mood after “ I wish”:

1. I wish I (to know) Spanish. 2. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night. 3. I wish you (to read) more in future. 4. I wish I never (to suggest) this idea. 5. I wish I (to be) at yesterday’s party: it must have been very merry. 6. I wish we (to meet) again next summer. 7. Don’t you wish you (to see) that performance before? 8. They wished they (not to see) this horrible scene again. 9. The unfortunate pupil wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter. 10. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.

8. Change conditional sentences of type I into sentences of type II:

1. If you take this medicine it will do you good. 2. If she takes bus 27 she will get there in a quarter of an hour. 3. If you get to know them well you will grow fond of them. 4. If he goes out without his coat on he will catch a cold. 5. If you get down the business at once you will finish the job stay in the country for a week.

9. Answer these questions:

1. Where would you go if you took a holiday in winter? 2. What theatre would you go to if you were free tonight? 3. What would you start sight-seeing with if you found yourself in London now? 4. Would you go to see the performance a second time if you liked the production? 5. How would you spend the week-end if the weather were nasty? 6. What other language would you start learning if you had time?

Read the text

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