Исправления контрольной работы на основе рецензии

Проверенная преподавателем контрольная работа возвращается студенту с рецензией и оценкой «зачтено» или «не зачтено». Студент должен ознакомиться с рецензией, с исправлениями, замечаниями, указаниями на полях работы, проанализировать их.

Если работа зачтена, но в ней допущен ряд ошибок, то их надо исправить. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, повторите соответствующий грамматический материал, проверьте значения неверно переведенных слов по словарю и т.д. Обязательно уясните сущность каждой допущенной ошибки. Все предложения, в которых были ошибки, перепишите в конце контрольной работы в исправленном виде. Контрольная работа с исправлением ошибок предъявляется преподавателю на зачетно-экзаменационной сессии.

Если работа не зачтена, ее следует переделать целиком или частично, в зависимости от указаний преподавателя, и вновь выслать на проверку вместе с незачтенной работой.

Контрольные работы являются учебными документами, которые необходимо сохранять и предъявлять на зачетах и экзаменах. При сдаче зачета или экзамена преподаватель может провести опрос и по контрольной работе.

 

Письменные консультации

Сообщайте своему рецензенту обо всех возникающих у вас в процессе изучения английского языка затруднениях и обращайтесь к нему за консультацией по вопросам, которые вы не можете решить самостоятельно.

 

Занятия по английскому языку во время сессии

На занятиях по английскому языку студент должен иметь:

- англо-русский словарь;

- русско-английский словарь;

- прорецензированные контрольные работы;

- переведенные учебные тексты, тексты по дополнительному чтению и тетрадь-словарь с выписанными и переведенными словами к ним;

- тетради с дополнительными упражнениями по грамматике;

- используемые учебники и пособия;

- данные методические указания.

 

График представления контрольных работ

Контрольные работы № 1 и 3 (для студентов I и II курсов, соответственно) высылаются на адрес университета или сдаются на кафедру иностранных языков до 1 октября.

Контрольная работа № 2 сдается до 1 марта; к онтрольная работа № 4 - до конца февраля.

Выбор варианта контрольной работы приводится на с. 8

 

 

Первый год обучения

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 1

 

WHAT IS LAW?

 

Для правильного выполнения Задания №1 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по любым учебникам:

1. Артикли. Множественное число и притяжательный падеж имен существительных. Предлоги как показатели падежных отношений. Порядок слов в английском предложении. Использование существительных в функции определения.

2. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных и наречия. Сравнительные конструкции.

3. Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и другие.

4. Формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени

действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past, Future Indefinite.

6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов в

утвердительной и отрицательной форме; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот "there + be".

6. Словообразование - основные суффиксы и префиксы.

Словосложение. Использование слов, одинаковых по форме, представляющих собой различные части речи.

После изучения всего указанного выше материала можно приступить к выполнению задания.

READING MATERIAL

Text I (A) Law

The English word 'law' refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natu­ral phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent laws of economics. Other laws are prescriptive — they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs — that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social insti­tutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

Customs need not to be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our expe­riences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules with­out suffering any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called cus­toms.

 

Text 1 (В) Order

Order is rich with meaning. Let's start with "law and order". Maintain­ing order in this sense means establishing the rule of law to preserve life and to protect property. To the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588—1679), preserving life was the most important function of law. He described life without law as life in a 'state of nature'. Without rules, people would live like predators, stealing and killing for personal benefit.

Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-pro­tection. If it were not for the law, you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are far more good people in the world than bad, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone. Even if we were all as good as we ought to be, laws would still be necessary. How is one good man in a mo­torcar to pass another good man also in a motorcar coming in an opposite direction, unless there is some rule of the road?

Suppose you went to a greengrocery — and bought some potatoes and found on your return home that they were mouldy or even that some of them were stones, what could you do if there were no laws on the subject? In the absence of law you could only rely upon the law of the jungle.

Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws, which will help its peo­ple to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all an easy thing to do. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfac­tory. But the imperfect laws are better than none.

 

Text 1 (C) Legal systems

In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system, it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values. When there is political and social upheaval, one of the main con­cerns of a new government is to revise the legal system. Britain has had an unusual degree of political continuity. Despite civil wars in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries and enormous social changes associated with industrialization, England and Wales have retained many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago. On the other hand, most of the law of Japan, which experienced the rapid upheaval of the Meiji Res­toration and foreign occupation after the Second World War, was developed within the last century.

Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. However it is generally true to say that there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan and several socialist countries.

 

 

Text 1 (D) Parliament of Great Britain

Officially the head of the state is the monarch. The power of the monarch is not absolute but constitutional. Parliament restricts it (the power of the monarch).

Parliament in Britain exists since 1265. It is the oldest Parliament in the world.

The functions of Parliament are: making laws; providing money for the government through taxation; examining government policy, administration and spending; debating political questions.

Every year Parliament passes about a hundred laws directly, by making Acts of Parliament. Because this can be a long process, Parliament sometimes passes a very general law and leaves a minister to fill in the details. In this way, it indirectly passes about 2,000 additional rules and regulations.

No new law can be passed unless it has completed a number of stages in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The monarch also has to give a Bill the Royal Assent, which is now just a formality. Since 1707 no sovereign has refused a Bill. Whilst a law is still going through Parliament it is called a Bill. There are two main types of Bills - Public Bills which deal with matters of public importance and Private Bills which deal with local matters and individuals.

Public and Private Bills are passed through Parliament in much the same way. When a Bill is introduced in the House of Commons, it receives a formal first reading. It is then printed and read a second time, when it is debated but not amended. After the second reading the Bill is referred to a committee, either a special committee made up of certain members of the House, or to the House itself as a committee. Here it is discussed in detail and amended, if necessary. The Bill is then presented for a third reading and is debated. If the Bill is passed by the Commons it goes to the Lords, and provided it is not rejected by them, it goes through the same procedure as in the Commons. After receiving the Royal Assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament. In order to be enforced, it must be published in Statute form, becoming a part of Statute Law. The power of the Lords to reject a Bill has been severely curtailed. A money Bill must be passed by the Lords without amendment within a month of being presented in the House. The Act of 1949 provides that any Public Bill passed by the Commons in two successive parliamentary sessions and rejected both times by the Lords, may be presented for the Royal Assent, even though it has not been passed by the Lords. The Lords, therefore, can only delay the passage of a Public Bill, they cannot reject it.

Text 1 (E) The US Congress

The US Congress; the lawmaking arm of the federal government consists of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any congressman in either house, or the president, may initiate new legislation.

The proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, then referred to one of the standing committees, which organizes hearings on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. If the committee passes the bill, it is considered by the House of Representatives as a whole. If passed there, it goes to the Senate for a similar sequence of committee hearings and general debate.

In cases of disagreement, the House of Representatives and the Senate confer together. Once passed by the Senate as a whole, the bill has to be examined by two more standing committees - the Committee on House Administration and the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration - and is then signed by the speaker of the House and by the president of the Senate.

Finally, it must be signed by the president, who has the right to veto it. If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become a law - but only if it is passed by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.

 

Text 1 (F) Sources of Law in the USA

The unique characteristic of American law is that a very substantial part of it is not to be found in statutes enacted by legislatures but rather in cases decided by the courts.

In the USA statutes must be in keeping with the constitutions — federal an state — and the courts can overrule a statute that is found to violate constitution provisions. Statutes and constitutions are classified as "written law". Also include under this heading are treaties that by the federal constitution are also a part of the law of the land. Case law, as opposed to written law, is not set forth formally but is derived from an analysis of each case that uncovers what legal propositions the case stands for. It is nor proper to call this "unwritten" law because it is in fact in writing. However, it must be distinguished from statutory law in that it is not the product the legislature but is rather the product of the courts. When a court decides a case particularly upon an appeal from a lower-court decision, the court writes an opinion setting forth among other things the reasons for its decision. From these written opinions rules of law can be deduced, and these make up the body of what is called case law or common law. The basic characteristic of the common law is that a case once decided establishes a precedent that will be followed by the courts when similar controversies are later presented.

A third source of law is administrative law. Federal, state, and local administrative agencies make law by promulgating rules and regulations as well as by making decisions concerning matters under their jurisdiction.

 

ВАРИАНТ I