Aspects of child development.

Child development is not a matter of a single topic, but progresses somewhat differently for different aspects of the individual. Here are descriptions of the development of a number of physical and mental characteristics.

Physical growth

Speed and pattern of development

Mechanisms of developmental change

Population differences

Individual differences

 

Variant 3

1. Fill in articles where necessary

…... best way to know and understand …... people of ….. other countries is to meet them in their own homes.

Which was …....most difficult exercise in …... test-paper?

Where are …... children?

Every day my husband goes to …… work, my son goes to …... school and I go to …... institute

Fill in prepositions

Peter is always …... time …... his lessons.

We often go …... the blackboard …... class. We write a lot …... sentences …... the blackboard.

"Where does he usually go.….. work?" "He usually goes …... home."

I like to speak English …... my sons.

Please tell her …... your friends.

Please translate this text ….... Russian ….. Eng­lish.

Replace the infinitives in brackets

1. My friend (to like) pies.

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2. He (to eat) pies every day.

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3. When I (to meet) him in the street yesterday, he (to eat) a pie.

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4. He (to tell) me that he (to buy) that pie at the corner of the street.

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5. Look at my friend now! He (to eat) a pie again.

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6. He (to eat) pies tomorrow day.

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7. My friends (to wait) for me there at 5 o’clock tomorrow.

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8. When the children (to have) dinner, they (to go) for a walk

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Change from direct into indirect speech.

1. Jane. said to us: "Please tell me all you know about it."

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2. The doctor said to Pete: "Don't go for a walk today."

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3. I said to him: "How long will it take you to get there?"

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4. I asked Tom:"Have you had breakfast?"

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5. Misha said: "I saw them at my parents' house last year."

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6. Mother said to me: "I feel bad today."

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7. "I am going to the theatre tonight," he said to me.

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5 Translate into English

1. Не треба підписувати контракт: ще не всі необхідні документи готові

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Секретар повинен бути на роботі вчасно

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3 Ми можемо дати вам знижку 10%

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6 Read and translate using dictionary:

What Is Child Psychology?

A Brief Overview of Child Psychology

Child psychology is one of the many branches of psychology and one of the most frequently studied specialty areas. This particular branch focuses on the mind and behavior of children from prenatal development through adolescence. Child psychology deals not only with how children grow physically, but with their mental, emotional and social development as well.

Historically, children were often viewed simply as smaller versions of adults. When Jean Piaget suggested that children actually think differently than adults, Albert Einstein proclaimed that the discovery was "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it."

Today, psychologists recognize that child psychology is unique and complex, but many differ in terms of the unique perspective they take when approaching development. Experts also differ in their responses to some of the bigger questions in child psychology, such as whether early experiences matter more than later ones or whether nature or nurture plays a greater role in certain aspects of development.

The Different Contexts of Child Psychology

When you think of development, what comes to mind? If you are like most people, you probably think about the internal factors that influence how a child grows, such as genetics and personal characteristics. However, development involves much more than the influences that arise from within an individual. Environmental factors such as social relationships and the culture in which we live also play an essential role.

Some of the major contexts that we need to consider in our analysis of child psychology include:

• The Social Context: Relationships with peers and adults have an effect on how children think, learn and develop. Families, schools and peer groups all make up an important part of the social context.
• The Cultural Context: The culture a child lives in contributes a set of values, customs, shared assumptions and ways of living that influence development throughout the lifespan. Culture may play a role in how children relate to their parents, the type of education they receive and the type of child care that is provided.
• The Socioeconomic Context: Social class can also play a major role in child development. Socioeconomic status (often abbreviated as SES), is based upon a number of different factors including how much education people have, how much money they earn, the job they hold and where they live. Children raised in households with a high socioeconomic status tend to have greater access to opportunity, while those from households with lower socioeconomic status may have less access to such things as health care, quality nutrition and education. Such factors can have a major impact on child psychology.

Remember, all three of these contexts are constantly interacting. While a child may have fewer opportunities due to a low socioeconomic status, enriching social relationships and strong cultural ties may help correct this imbalance.

Topics Within Child Psychology

Child psychology encompasses a wide range of topics, from the genetic influences on behavior to the social pressures on development. The following are just some of the major subjects that are essential to the study of child psychology:

• Genetics
• Prenatal Development
• Social Growth
• Personality Development
• Language
• Gender Roles
• Cognitive Development
• Sexual Development

Variant 4

Fill in articles where necessary

Is …... Australia …... island or …....continent?

February is …... shortest month of the year.

There is …... big black piano in …..our living-room.

Do you like to play…...guitar?

…... teacher told us …… very interesting story at …... lesson.

Fill in prepositions

Do you often stay …... the office …... work …... your English lessons?

What do you usually speak...... class?

How often do you write …... your friends?

When do you usually get …... home?

How do you get …... your office?

He's going to write …... me …... a week.

Replace the infinitives in brackets

1. I (to ring) you up as soon as I (to come) home tomorrow.

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2. Yesterday Nick (to say) that he (to read) much during his summer vacation.

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3. I (to show) you my work if you (to like).

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4. What your brother (to do) now?

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5. When Nary (to come) home, her brother (to read) the book which she (to bring) him two days before.

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6. When Nary (to come) home tomorrow her brother (to read) the book

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7. I already (to go) to the library this week.

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Change from direct into indirect speech.

1. She said to Nick: "Please don't say anything about it to your sister."

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2. "Promise to come and see me," said Jane to Alice.

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3. I said to him: "How long are you going to stay there?"

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4.. I asked my sister: "Will Nick call for you on the way to school?"

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5. He said: "I haven't seen my cousin to­day."

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6. "I don't go to this shop very often," she said.

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7. Mike said: "I spoke to Mr. Brown this morning."

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5 Translate into English

1. Ви не повинні йти в кіно сьогодні увечері: у вас дуже багато завдань на завтра

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2. Він може топомогти тобі. –Не потрібно, я вже все зробив

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3 Я можу призначити зустріч на завтра

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6 Read and translate using dictionary:

Kid Fun: The ART of it All!

Say YES to Kid Creativity

What kid doesn't like to paint, draw, doodle, glue, mash, use glitter, and simply create a "one-of-a-kind masterpiece?" Creating kid art fosters creativity, originality, and can sometimes provide some amazing insight into a child's imagination and view of the world. But parents and other well-meaning adults sometimes stifle artistic expression by trying to apply too many rules and structure. This, in turn, can actually diminish a child's interest in art. Here are tips to bring out the artist in kids:

DO:

• ENCOURAGE self-expression and freedom to make choices. Provide your child with a few colors (whether it is paint, crayons, markers, etc.), and a blank canvas and see what wonders can be created.
• MAINTAIN an open mind about your child's creations. So what if you can't tell what it is. Ask yourself: Did my child have fun creating this? After all, that is what counts.
• ADD a fun mix of art objects that can make creations super fun. Depending in the youngsters age, bring on the glitter, sparkle pens, glue, feathers, rhinestones, buttons, pasta noodles, or other potential art objects.
• PROVIDE a space, environment and clothing that a child can get messy without fear of punishment. After all, the greatest masterpieces may not be created on simply an 8 1/2x11 sheet of copy paper. So what if their hands get washable paint on them? Kids clean up, after all.
• PRAISE your child for efforts. Display artwork proudly and encourage the child to describe the project in his terms.

DO NOT:

• ASK a child what heis creating or try to affix a label to artwork. If an adult says, "Awww. Are you drawing a picture of your cat?" and the reality is that he was drawing a robot, a kid may feel he's not a very good drawer.
• DIRECT color assignments or assist (kids call it interfering) in any way. The sky does not have to be blue, grass green, or clouds white. Let a youngster determine colors.
• SET EXPECTATIONS of what your child should produce. Does it really matter? Encourage them to do what they want. Parents can help prompt a reluctant child who says she doesn't know "what" to draw by suggesting some ideas, but after that, don't be pushy.
• PRESSURE a child to create art. Some well-meaning parents have created an "art time" for their youngsters with the belief that it will foster their love of art. For some kids, that could be the case. Others, however, will begin to view it as work or a chore. Know your child and his passion, and keep his interest and curiosity at an all-time.

 

 

Variant 5