Глава VI. Биотехнология у рубежя

1.См. стр. 3.1.

2.Keller (2000).

3.Но (1998а), р. 19. См. также чрезвычайно удобочитаемое введение в генетику и генную инженерию в Holdrege (1996).

4.См. Сарга (1982), pp. 116 и далее.

5.См. Но (1998а), pp. 42 и далее.

6.См. Margulis and Sagan (1986), pp. 89-90.

7.Ho (1998a), pp. 146 и далее.

8.См. Science, 6 июня 1975 г., стр. 991 и далее.

9.Несмотря на то, что эти животные были созданы посредством генетических процедур, а не полового размножения, они не являются клонами в строгом смысле слова — см. стр. 213.

10.См. Altieri (2000b).

11.См. стр. 227.

12.Но (1998а), pp. 14 и далее.

13.См. New York Times, 13 февраля 2001 г.

14.См. там же.

15. Nature, 15 февраля 2001 г.; Science, 16 февраля 2001 г.

16.Keller (2000), р. 138.

17.Bailey, цитируется в Keller (2000), pp. 129-130.

18.Ген состоит из последовательности элементов, именуемых нуклеотидами, вдоль нити двойной спирали ДНК; см., например, Holdrege (1996), р. 74.

19.Kellner (2000), р. 14.

20.См. там же, стр. 26 и далее.

21.См. там же, стр. 32 и далее.

22.Там же, стр. 31.

23.См. там же, стр. 32 и далее.

24.Там же, стр. 34.

25.См. Сарга (1996), р. 224-225.

26.Shapiro (1999).

27.См. стр. 50.

28.См. стр. 56.

29.McClintock(1983).

30.См. Watson (1968).

31.Цитируется в Keller (2000), р. 54.

32.Но (1998а), р. 99.

33.Strohman(1997).

34.См. Keller (2000), pp. 59 и далее.

35.См. Baltimore (2001).

36.См. Keller (2000), р. 61.

37.Там же, стр. 63.

38.См. там же, стр. 64 и далее.

39.Там же, стр. 57.

40.См. там же, стр. 100.

41.См. там же, стр. 55 и далее.

42.См. там же, стр. 90 и далее.

43.См. Strohman(1997).

44.См., например, Kauffman (1995), Stewart (1998), Sole' and Goodwin (2000).

45.См. Capra(1996), p. 26.

46.Cm. Keller (2000), p. 112-113.

47.Там же, стр. 103 и далее.

48.См. там же, стр. 111 и далее.

49.Dawkins (1976).

50.Keller (2000), p. 115; критическое обсуждение метафоры «эгоистического гена» см. также в Goodwin (1994), pp. 29 и далее.

51.Я благодарен Брайану Гудвину за познавательные обсуждения этого вопроса.

52.Краткое введение в математический язык теории сложных систем см. в Сарга (1996), pp. 128 и далее.

53.Gelbart (1998).

54.Keller (2000), p. 9.

55.Holdrege (1996), pp. 116-117.

56.См. там же, стр. 109 и далее.

57.Ehrenfeld(1997).

58.Strohman(1997).

59.Weatherall(1998).

60.См. Lander and Schork (1994).

61. См. Но (1998а), р. 190.

62.Keller (2000), p. 68.

63.Strohman (1997).

64.Ho (1198a), p. 35.

65.В строгом смысле термин «клон» означает один или несколько организмов, произведенных от другого организма путем неполового размножения — как в чистой бактериальной культуре. Если не принимать во внимание различия, вызванные мутациями, все представители клона генетически иденичны родительскому организму.

66.Lewontin (1997).

67.Там же.

68.См. Но (1998а), pp. 174-175.

69.Например, клеточные структуры, называемые митохондриями («энергостанции клетки»), содержат собственный генетический материал и размножаются независимо от остальной клетки; см. Сарга (1996), р. 231. Их гены участвуют в синтезе ряда важнейших ферментов.

70.См. Lewontin (1997).

71.См. Но (1998а), р. 179.

72.См. там же, стр. 180-181.

73.См. Сарга (1982), pp. 253 и далее.

74.Ehrenfeld(1997).

75.См. Altieri and Rosset (1999).

76.См. Simms (1999).

77.См. Guardian Weekly, p. 13, июнь 1999 г.

78.См. там же.

79.Altieri and Rosset (1999).

80.Lappe', Collins, and Rosset (1998).

81.См. Simms (1999).

82.Altieri (2000a).

83.Cm. Altieri and Rosset (1999).

84.Simms (1999).

85.Cm. Jackson (1985), Altieri (1995); см. также Mollison (191).

86.См. Сарга (1996), pp. 298 и далее.

87.См. Hawken, Lovins, and Lovins (1999), p. 205.

88.Cm. Norberg-Hodge, Merrifield, and Gorelick (2000).

89.Cm. Halweil (2000).

90.См. Altieri and Uphoff (1999); см. также Pretty and Hine (2000).

91.Цитируется в Altieri and Uphoff (1999).

92.Там же.

93.Altieri (2000a).

94.Cm. Altieri (2000b).

95.См. стр. 188-189.

96.Bardocz (2001).

97.Meadows (1999).

98.Cm. Altieri (2000b)

99.Cm. Shiva (2000).

 

100.См. Shiva (2001).

101.Cm. Steinbrecher(1998).

102.Cm. Altieri (2000b).

103.Loseyetal. (1999).

104.Cm. Altieri (2000b).

105.См. Но (1998b), Altieri (2000b).

106.Stanley et al. (1999).

107.Ehrenfeld (1997).

108.Cm. Altieri and Rosset (1999).

109.Shiva (2000).

110.См. там же.

111.См. стр. 218.

112.См. Моопеу(1988).

113.См. Но (1998а), p. 26.

114.См. Shiva (1997).

115.Shiva (2000).

116.См. стр. 262.

117.См. Но (1998а), pp. 246 и далее; Simms (1999).

118.См. стр. 269.

119.Benyus (1997).

120.Strohman (1997).

121.См. стр. 207.

Глава VII. КАРТИНА МЕНЯЕТСЯ

1.СМ. Brown etal. (2001).

2.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), p. 3..

3.Цитируется в Brown et al. (2001), p. 10; см. также McKibben (2001).

4.См. там же, стр. xvii-xviii, а также стр. 10 и далее.

5.См. New York Times, 19 августа 2000 г.

6.См. Brown et al. (2001), p. 10.

7.См. Сарга (1982), p. 277.

8.См. Brown etal. (2001), p. xviiinp. 10-11.

9.См. там же, стр. 123 и далее.

10.См. там же, стр. 137.

11.Janet Abramovitz в кн. Brown et al. (2001), pp. 123-124.

12.См. Brown et al. (2001), pp. 4-5.

13.См. стр. 184.

14.См. стр. 163.

15.См. Castells (2000a).

16.См. Barker and Mander (1999), Wallach and Sforza (2001).

17.См. стр. 173.

18.См. Henderson (1999), p. 35 и далее.

19.См. Guardian Weekly, 1-7 февраля 2001 г.

20.См. стр. 158.

21.См. Сарга and Steindl-Rast (1991), pp. 16-17.

22.О Союзе международных ассоциаций см. www.uia.org; см. также Union of International Associations (2000/2001).

23.См., например, Barker and Mander (1999).

24.См. Hawken (2000).

25.Hawken (2000).

26.Цитируется там же.

27.См. Khor(1999/2000).

28.См. www.tradewatch.org об организации World Trade Watch.

29. Guardian Weekly, 8-14 февраля 2001 г.

30.См. стр. 176.

31.Castells (1997), pp. 354 и далее.

32.См. стр. 160.

33.Warkentin and Mingst (2000).

34.Цитируется в Warkentin and Mingst (2000).

35.Интересно отметить, что такая новая форма политического обсуждения была предложена германскими «зелеными» в начале 80-х, когда они впервые пришли к власти. См. Capra and Spretnak (1984), p. xiv.

36.См. стр. 184.

37.Warkentin and Mingst (2000).

38.Castells (1998), pp. 352-353.

39.Debi Barker, МФГ, частная беседа, октябрь 2001 г.

40.См. стр. 131 и 178.

41.Robbins(2001), р. 380.

42.См., например, «The Monsanto Files» — специальный выпуск журнала The Ecologist, сентябрь-октябрь 1998 г.

43.Robbins (2001), pp. 372 и далее; см. также Tokar (2001).

44.См. Robbins (2001), р. 374.

45. Wall Street Journal, 1 января 2000 г.

46.Brown (1981).

47.World Commission on Environment and Development (1987).

48.См. стр. 248.

49.См. Orr (1992); Capra (1996), pp. 297 и далее; Callenbach (1998).

50.См. Barlow and Crabtree (2000).

51.Benyus(1997), p. 2.

52.См. стр. 145.

53.См. Hawken (1993), McDonough and Braungart (1998).

54.См. Pauli(1996).

55.Cm. Pauli (2000); см. также веб-сайт ZERI, www.zeri.org.

56.См. стр. 169.

57.См. веб-сайт организации, www.zeri.org.

58.McDonough and Braungart (1998).

59.Там же.

60.См. Brown (1999).

61.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 185-186.

62.Hawken (1993), p. 68.

63.Cm. McDonough and Braungart (1998); см. также Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 16 и далее.

64.См. Anderson (1998); см. также Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 139-141.

65.См. сайт фирмы «Кэнон», www.canon.com.

66.См. сайт Группы «Фиат», www.fiatgroup.com.

67.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 11-12.

68.См. Gardner and Sampat (1998).

69.Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 10-12.

70.См. там же, стр. 94 и далее.

71.McDonough and Braungart (1998).

72.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 94, 102-103; см. также Orr (2001).

73.См. стр. 174.

74.См. Register and Peeks (1997), Register (2001).

75.Newman and Kenwothy (1998); см. также Jeff Kenworthy, «City Building and Transportation Around the World» в кн. «Register and Peeks» (1997).

76.См. стр. 290.

77.Dunn (2001).

78.Cm. Capra (1982), pp. 242 и далее.

79.Цитируется там же, стр. 400.

80.Цитируется в Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), p. 249.

81.См. Dunn (2001).

82.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), pp. 247-248.

83.Cm. Capra (1982), pp. 403 и далее.

84.См. специальный доклад «The Future of Fuel Cells», Scientific American, июль 1999 г.

85.См. Lamb (1999), Dunn (2001).

86.См. Dunn (2001).

87.См. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), p. 24.

88.См. там же, стр. 22 и далее.

89.Там же, стр. 35-37. Независимость от ОПЕК позволила бы Соединенным Штатам радикально изменить свою внешнюю политику на Ближнем Востоке, движимую в настоящее время ощутимой потребностью в нефти как «стратегическом ресурсе». Отказ от такой ресурсо-ориентированной политики существенно изменил бы обстоятельства, обусловившие недавнюю волну международного терроризма. Таким образом, энергетическая политика, основанная на возобновляемых источниках энергии и рациональном ресурсопользовании, —
это не только необходимое условие перехода к экологической устойчивости, но и важнейшая составляющая национальной безопасности Америки; см. Capra (2001).

90.Lovins etal. (1996).

91.См. Lovins and Lovins (2001).

92.См. www.hypercar.com.

93. The Wall Street Journal, 9 января 2001 r.

94.Cm. Denner and Evans (2001).

95.Cm. Hawken, Lovins and Lovins (1999), p. 34.

96.Там же, стр. 36-37.

97.Lovins and Lovins (2001).

98.Dunn (2001).

99.Myers (1998).

100. Cm. Hawken (1993), pp. 169 и далее; Daly (1995).

ЭПИЛОГ: ПОИСК СМЫСЛА

1.Vandana Shiva, цитируется на стр. 175.

2.Suzuki (2001).

3.См. Dominguez and Robin (1999).

4.См. Ramonet (2000).

5.Gilmore(1990).

6.Что удивительно, Гилмор нигде не упоминает широко обсуждаемого в феминистской литературе факта, что женщине не нужно доказывать своей женственности в силу ее способности давать рождение. В допатриархальных культурах эта способность воспринималась как внушающая трепет преобразующая сила — см., например, Rich (1977).

7.Gilmore (1990), p. 229. Вместе с тем психолог Вера ван Аакен отмечает, что в патриархальных культурах определение мужественности в смысле воинской доблести перевешивает ее определение в терминах благородного материального производства и что Гилмор склонен преуменьшать ущерб, нанесенный обществу «воинским» идеалом; см. van Aaken (2000), p. 149.

8.Gilmore (1990), p. 110.

9.См. Сарга (1982), pp. 36 и далее.

10.См. Сарга (1996), pp. 3 и далее.

11.См. Spretnak(1981).

12.Suzuki and Dressel (1999), pp. 263— 264.

13.Brown (1999); Lovins, частная беседа, май 2001 г.; Shiva, частная беседа, февраль 2001 г.

14.Havel (1990), р. 181.

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