CAI - автоматизированное обучение

Exercise 2. The following terms you should learn.

word size - размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова

stand-alone - автономный

input media - носитель для входных данных

to plug in- подключать; подсоединять

soft-copy output - вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output - вывод "твердой" печатной копии

CRT - электронно-лучевая трубка, ЭЛТ

LCD - жидкокристаллический дисплей

output media - носитель для выходных данных

grading - оценивание; классификация

online storage - неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ

offline storage - автономное хранение данных отдельно от компьютера

word processing - обработка текста

worksheet- электронная таблица

computer-assisted instructions - компьютерные команды

READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. One of the few companies to survive IBM's onslaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a decade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calculator and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost everyone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be characterized?

- First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

- Second, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen or liquid crystal display (LCD). Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

- A PC employs disks (or flash memory drives) as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output media.

- Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal computer is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

As it was mentioned above, PC has a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. PC enjoys great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. All hobbyists need not to be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure. The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include statistical analysis, graphics and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modeling program most widely used by professionals. It can be used for scheduling, planning, and the examination of "what if" situations.

Educational. PCs are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of student and teacher.

Two important types of uses for personal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing, and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a personal computer? 2. What are the four main characteristics of a PC? 3. What does the term "microprocessor-based" mean? 4. What are the typical word sizes of a PC? 5. How is input carried out in personal computers? 6. What principle storage devices do PC use? 7. What kind of a system is a PC? 8. What differs personal computers from large computer systems? 9. What are the main spheres of PC application? 10. What other home and hobby applications, except computer games, can you name? 11. What is "a word processing program"? 12. What changes in the typed text can you make using a display? 13. How can computers be used in education?

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents.

Конкурирующая операционная система; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микропроцессорный; компоненты меньшей мощности; вывести на экран; автономная система; интерактивный режим; область применения; обработка текстов; способности компьютера; прикладные программы; исправлять ошибки и стирать предложения; компьютерное моделирование; электронные таблицы.

Exercise 2. Find in the two given texts words:

A) synonyms

Verbs: to print; to produce; to convert; to keep; to found; to erase; to name; to change; to use; to start; to switch on; to supply; to give possibility; to involve.

Nouns: rate; use; plays; control; mode; producer; amateur; device; crystal; error; storage; primary (memory); monitor; characteristic; aim.

Adjectives: flexible; main; little; general.

B) antonyms

Verbs: to finish; to switch on; to take; to delete.

Nouns: online, input, work.

Adjectives: cheep, weak; common; general; large; soft; high; easy.

Exercise 3. Insert the necessary words.

1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive device for an individual ________.

2. One of the first and most popular PC was ___________ in 1977.

3. All PCs are based on ______________ technology, its CPU being called MPU.

4. Very soon a microcomputer was ___________ from a calculator into a PC for everyone.

5. Input in PC is usually performed by means of a ____________.

6. A personal computer uses _________ disks as input and output media.

7. Personal computers have a lot of ____________, scientific, engineering, educational being among them.

8. PCs have a great _________ upon pupils, educators, and many other people no matter what their occupation is.

9. A word processing program called application _____________ enables you to modify any document in a manner you wish.

10. Using a display you can ____________ mistakes, _________ words and replace sentences.

Exercise 4. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary.

IOP; I/O; PC; PU; CU; ALU; CPU; MPU; IBM; DOS; CRT; ROM; RAM; IC; SSI; MSI; LSI; MP; CD; CMI; CAI.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. In the given two texts try to find and translate the sentences with the constructions with infinitive.

Exercise 2. Translate these sentences, find Participle I and Participle II.

1. When keyed the data are held in a small memory called buffer. 2.These devices enable inputting numerical and text data. 3. These data appeared to have been investigated long ago. 4. Low-cost modulator-demodulator devices, called modems, allowing microcomputer systems to communicate over telephone lines have become increasingly popular. 5. The start-up process is called bootstrapping.

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences. Remember the following conjunctions and connective words that joint the subordinate clause to the principal clause:

that; so that; if, whether; which; when; while; since; till; until; whatever; whenever; in order to; regardless of

1. It is well known in computer science that the words "computer" and "processor" are used interchangeably. 2. The operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic and logic operation can be performed. 3. It is difficult to establish whether this problem can be solved at all. 4. Programs and data on which the control unit and the arithmetic-logical unit operate must be in internal memory in order to be processed. 5. The CU has a register that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed. 6. Regardless of the nature of the I/O devices, I/O interfaces are required to convert the input data to the internal codes used by the computer and to convert internal codes to a format which usable by the output devices. 7. The purpose of registers in the ALU is to hold the numbers and the results of the calculation until they can be transferred to the memory. 8. Since the computer deals with pulses, the input device is a way of converting numbers written on paper into pulses and sending them to the storage. 9. The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user system and are based on microprocessors. 10. However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them together to form a network. 11. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences without any conjunction or connective words.

1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we'll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of IС development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of integration and to improve reliability. 7. Where are the computer games I gave you yesterday? - The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known. 9. Save any files you have opened on a disk. 10. The time it takes to download the file depends on the file’s size. 11. The screen contains the item you need to start working: a Start button. 12. Any desktop settings the user enters will be stored under that person’s name. 13. The dialog box this icon calls up contains several settings for optimizing your computer. 14. Capacity refers to the amount of information the disk can hold. 15. One of the first things most people do with a modem is to connect to one of the big online services. 16. All the computer needs is a Java-enabled Web browser to interpret the programming code. 17. Windows has significantly improved the way programs run. 18. Be careful about giving out online anything someone could use to track you down or use your account. 19. Exercise V. Translate the sentences into English.

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences.

1. Компьютер, который мы продаем, произведен в Корее.

2. Персональный компьютер есть почти в каждом доме, поэтому большинство студентов знают основы работы с компьютером.

3. Купленный компьютер подходит и для работы, и для развлечения.

4. Применение компьютера определяется его характеристиками.

5. Какие носители информации ты знаешь?

6. Подсоедините принтер к компьютеру и проведите инсталляцию.

7. При редактировании текста вы можете заменять буквы, слова или предложения, менять местами абзацы, добавлять специальные символы или вставлять рисунки и изображения.

8. На любом компьютере, который продается в этом магазине, установлена операционная система.

9. Обрабатываемые данные будут сохранены на двух дисках.

10.Он знает, что у персональных компьютеров могут быть два дисплея: ЭЛТ монитор и жидкокристаллический дисплей.

Exercise 8. Make up your own dialogues.

1. Your younger sister or brother asks you to tell about PC.

2. Your friend tries to prepare for his/her exam, he/she asks you for help. Try to discuss with him/her everything about PC, especially its application.

Exercise 9. Be ready to speak about PC, its influence and applications (10 - 15 sentences)

 

 

LESSON X

Exercise 1. Read the words and word combination.

guard - защищать; заканчивать

burden - издержки; затраты

consume- потреблять; расходовать

emphasize- выделять; подчеркивать

Exercise 2. The following terms you should know.

equation - уравнение

list of instructions - перечень команд

appropriate sequence - необходимая (требуемая) последовательность

pictorial representation - наглядное представление

program logic - логическая последовательность выполнения программы

flowchart- блок-схема; составлять блок-схему

template- шаблон; маска; образец; эталон

predefined symbols - заранее заданные символы

pseudocode- псевдокод; псевдопрограмма

specifics- специальные черты; характерные особенности

programming rules - правила программирования

top-down approach - принцип нисходящей разработки

looping logic - логическая схема выполнения (операций) в цикле

READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that if any problem is expressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is - coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the CPU. If the instructions of the program were incomplete and in the inappropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers would result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. If the pseudocode technique hadn't been developed it would have been taken much more time to fine adjustment of any new program. Pseudocode also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure. Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is programming? 2. What is the essence of programming? 3. What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer? 4. What is a program? 5. What are instructions? 6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic? 7. What is a flowchart? 8. What is a template and what is it used for? 9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"? 10. What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents in the text.

Совокупность закодированных команд; суть компьютерного программирования; кодирование посредством алгоритма; уравнения; обработать особым образом; перечень команд; необходимая последовательность; защищать от ошибок; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; шаблон; псевдопрограмма; расходовать меньше времени; необходимая последовательность операций.

Exercise 2. Match the following words with their explanation: