Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в них модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. A traditional economy may have elements of capitalism or socialism.

2. According to communist theory people contribute what they are able to the economy, but receive what they need. 3. People could decide how the fruits of their labour and capitalwould be shared. 4. Nearly half of the working people of the plant will probably have to find new jobs. 5. If a person works harder, he must get a higher salary.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов it, that, since, one, for, as.

1. I consider it important to do this work today. 2. It is at the club that I usually meet him. 3. One must read very much. 4.1 haven't got such a textbook, I must buy one. 5.1 have lived in that street for ten years. 6. As the child was too young to travel by herself, they arranged for her to travel in the care of a friend of the family.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Our task is to study well. 2.He wasn't at the last meeting. 3. He was sent to Moscow. 4. The train is to arrive at 5. 5. He has finished his work. 6.1 have to do it. 7. 1 want to have a smoke. 8.1 had my shoes repaired. 9. Don't come at 9 tomorrow. 10. Does he do his work well?

 

Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. To develop high standards of products is to stay competitive. 2. The problem was impossible to solve. 3. We agreed to be helped. 4. I need time to consider your proposal. 5. He will enter the University to study Economics.

Перепишите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение. Переведите предложения на русский язык. При переводе обратите внимание на тот факт, что в русском языке правила согласования времен отсутствуют.

1. She asked if he'd like to go to the concert and I said that I was sure he

would. 2. He asked what the weather had been like during my holiday and I said it had been awful. 3.1 asked her if she'd like to borrow the book but she thanked me and said she had already read it and hadn't liked it very much. 4. He said it made no difference.

 

8. Переведите текст "The Traditional Есоnоmу" письменно, используя словарь.

The Traditional Economy

In many developing countries long-established custom provides answers to the "what", "how" and "for whom" questions. In these economies ways of doing things are passed down from generation to generation. If your father was a carpenter, you are likely to be a carpenter. If your parents were poor, you are likely to be poor. Economic and other decisions may be made by a group of elders, who follow the beliefs and practices of previous generations. Such economies are called traditional ones.

Developing nations such as Ethiopia, the Sudan and Bolivia exhibit elements of traditional economies in their tendency to make economic decisions accordingly to how things have been done in the past. The answers to the "what", "how" and "for whom" questions in these countries are: produce what they have always produced; produce the way they have always produced; and distribute income and wealth as they have been distributed in the past.

A traditional economy may have elements of capitalism or socialism, but it is predominantly traditional in the way economic decisions are made. Traditional economies exist because people lack the opportunities to learn new ways - they simply learn how to do the job their parents do. People living on subsistence incomes take a great risk if they try a new technology or change production strategies. Farmers whose families’ lives depend directly on the success of their crops take a great risk if they decide to use untried "new" techniques in their farming. In addition new technologies often involve capital expenditures well beyond the cash available to farmers in the less developed countries.

ВАРИАНТ II

 

Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них

глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Например: has been found – Present Perfect Passive. В разделе (B) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

А) 1. It has been found necessary in many countries to control or regulate national economic conditions. 2. India makes clear distinction between the public and private sectors. 3. Economics is constantly developing. 4. The State provides all the services, which the citizens require. 5. In 1962 an official planning body was set up by the government to guide national economic policies.

B) 1. Such systems are sometimes called "mixed economies". 2. The word "capital" is often used to describe financial backing. 3. People who provide labour services are paid wages and salaries. 4. Economics is referred to as the science studying such everyday problems as inflation, unemployment, and international trade. 5. The science of economics is based upon the facts of our everyday lives. 6. The serfs working time was divided into necessary and surplus time. 7. The plan hasn't been at all well thought out by the leader. 8. Many of these products will be exported to the Pacific countries, especially Japan and the West of the US. 9. This notice must be altered. 10. Heavy industry is being reorganized.

2. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого. Предложения переведите.

1. India has had a number of plans guided by the government. 2. If

declared bankrupt, a person may not obtain any credit. 3. Britain is producing a lot of goods to the national market. 4. The under-developed countries of the world are inevitably interested in control and long term plans guided by the government. 5. It is not possible to plan ahead with any certainty even in a rigidly controlled economy, because natural disasters, political changes and other factors can affect the general plan in unexpected ways.

 

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент.

1. Any government must set up an official planning body to guide

national economic policies. 2. Many countries, even such strongholds of free enterprise as the USA, had to control or regulate national economic conditions. 3. Natural disasters, political changes and other factors can affect the general plan in unexpected ways. 4. There are different problems that economics has to solve. 5. The national economy must be planned ahead over years.

 

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая различные значения слов it, that, since, one, for, as.

1. He made it clear that the question should not be discussed now. 2. It was on Saturday that he rang me up. 3. One mustn't read in bed. 4. This notebook is too thin, I need a thicker one. 5. He was in prison for 2 years. Since that time he became interested in pigeons. 6. It is a long time since I had a good meal.

 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The students will have to stay after classes. 2. Molly had a child in her arms. 3. I have never been to Paris. 4. You'd better have your car painted. 5. I am to make a report at our next meeting. 6. John was reading when we came. 7. They will be sent on business trip soon. 8. I wasn't at the lecture last Monday. 9. Don't allow the children to play in the street. 10. Did you buy flowers?

Перепишите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We were too tired to continue our way. 2. It is difficult to translate such texts. 3. His wish was to be given this work. 4. Nick was the last to come to the finish. 5. Is to climb a high mountain an easy or a difficult task?

Перепишите следующие предложения, принимая во внимание правила согласования времен и бессоюзное подчинение. Переведите предложения на русский язык. При переводе обратите внимание на тот факт, что в русском языке правила согласования времен отсутствуют.

1. They said that while they were bathing they saw someone examining their cloths. 2. He said he thought my electric iron was unsafe and advised me to have it seen to. 3.1 told her to stop making a fuss about nothing and said she was lucky to have got a seat at all. 4. He said I mustn't mind if the first one wasn't very good.

8. Переведите следующий текст письменно, используя словарь.

It has been found necessary in many countries, even such dedicated strongholds of free enterprise as the USA, to control or regulate national economic conditions. The under-developed countries of the world are inevitably interested in control and long term plans guided by the government. India has had a number of such plans. India makes clear distinction between the public and private sectors. Systems of this type are sometimes called "mixed economies".

Britain nowadays has a mixed economy. In the public sector of Britain economic life are the nationalized industries like coal and steel, British Rail and BOAC*. In the private sector are the majority of the nation's industries, both large and small, from giants like ICI** and BP*** to small family businesses.

In 1962 the government set up an official planning body to guide national economic policies. This body is known as the National Economic Development Council (NEDC). The members of the NEDC are representatives of the employers' federations, and the Trades Union Congress, together with members of the government, eminent industrialists and leading economists.

The main function of the NEDC is planning national production and setting up production targets. It is however a very difficult matter to plan ahead in a mixed economy. It is not possible to plan ahead with any certainty even in a rigidly controlled economy, because natural disasters, political changes and other factors can affect the general plan in unexpected ways.

NOTES: ^* BOAC - British Overseas Airways Corporation - Британская корпорация зарубежных авиалиния

** ICI - Imperial Chemical Industries - "Империал кемикал индастриз" - Имперский химический трест (крупнейший в Великобритании и Западной Европе химический концерн)

*** BP - British Petroleum - "Бритиш петролеум" - Британская нефтяная компания

ВАРИАНТ III