Today’s uses of man-made fibres

Synthetic fibres are fibers more numerous and diverse, than any found in nature, and they are being created in the industry's laboratories. Nylon variants, polyester, and olefin are used to produce carpets that easily can be rinsed clean — even 24 hours after they've been stained. Stretchable spandex and machine-washable, silk-like polyesters occupy solid places in the U.S. apparel market. The finest microfibers are remaking the world of fashion. For industrial uses, manufactured fibers replace traditional materials in applications from super-absorbent materials, to artificial organs, to construction materials for moon-based space stations. Engineered non-woven products of manufactured fibers are found in applications from surgical gowns and apparel interfacing to roofing materials and floppy disk envelopes and liners. Fabrics being non-woven, stiff as paper or as soft and comfortable as limp cloth, are made without knitting or weaving. At the moment, a little more than half the fiber used across the globe is manufactured fiber. In the highly developed U.S. economy, it's about two-thirds. Most experts agree that, as world economies and populations continue to expand, all the future growth in fiber consumption will be manufactured fiber.

The organic geotextile (biotextile) has become one of the major types of modern textile products that can provide at the most the environmental compatibility of technological areas where it is applied. Biodegradable properties of geotextile provide rapid restoration of damaged soil and vegetation layer. It is used to protect the soil surface from erosion and erosive destruction of slopes near roads and railways; for decreasing deformation of the roadway; shore strengthening; sprigging of sidehills, terrace slopes and others.

 

UNIT 3

THE NOTION OF STANDARDS

I. Language

Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.

Standard	Стандарт
Requirement	Вимога
Breed standard	Стандарт породи, потомства
Animal husbandry (fancy)	Тваринництво (виведені людиною)
Uniform technical criteria	Уніфікований (загальний), постійний технічний критерій
Publicly	Публічно, відкрито
Entity	Об’єкт, організація
Standard operating procedure	Спосіб експлуатації (управління) стандартів
Unilaterally	Однобічно
To circulate	Розповсюджуватись
Copyright	Авторське право
Standard of care	Міра дбайливості, піклування
Calibration	Маркування, класифікування
Market dominance	Домінуюче положення на ринку
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)	Оперативний технічний підрозділ Internet
Prudence	Обачливість, застереження
Duty of care	Обов'язок зберігати обережність
Quasi-legal status	Напівлегальний статус
International Organization for Standardization (International standard organization)	Міжнародна організація зі стандартів
Draft standard	Проект стандарту
Stakeholders	Зацікавлена сторона
Screw threads	Гвинтова нарізь
Relevant	Значний, визначений
Consensus	Одностайність, згода
To take into account	Брати до уваги
Win-win situation	Взаємовигідна ситуація

Exercise 2. Solve the anagrams:

And drats

Tera llyla inu

Pyrit ghoc

Tio libranca

Exercise 3. Make up the possible word-combinations and translate them into your native language.

Duty, criteria, uniform, of, standard, quasi-legal, care, breed, technical, status.

Exercise 4. Translate the following word-combinations into English:

Технічний стандарт, загальносвітовий вжиток, загальний технічний критерій, організація підтримки стандартів, загально (публічно) доступний, процес встановлення стандартів, домінуюче положення на ринку, напівлегальний статус, Міжнародна організація зі стандартів.

II. Reading and comprehension

Exercise 5. Read and translate the following text:

Standards

Standard is any norm, convention or requirement. Depending on the sphere of their application, there exist many different types of standards in modern world. They are as follows:

1) Breed standard (also called bench standard) is found in animal fancy and animal husbandry;

2) Technical standard is an established norm or requirement about technical systems. It is usually a formal document establishing uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. Technical standard is connected with

- International standards, which are suitable for worldwide use;

- Open standard, that is publicly available;

- Standards organization, an entity primarily concerned with maintaining standards;

- Standardization, the process of establishing technical standards;

- Standard operating procedure, a step-by-step instruction to achieve a desired result.

A technical standard may be developed privately or unilaterally, for example by a corporation, regulatory body, military, etc. Standards can also be developed by groups such as trade unions and trade associations. Technical standards may exist as:

- Public documents on the internet, public library, etc. (Some technical standards may be found at a major central library or at the library of a good technical university);

- Published documents available for purchase;

- Private documents owned by an organization or corporation, used and circulated as the owner determines necessary or useful;

- Documents publicly available under intellectual property (copyright, etc.);

- Closed or controlled documents that contain trade secrets or classified information.

3) Standard (in metrology) is an object that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measure used for calibration of measuring devices;

4) De facto standard means product or system with market dominance;

5) Internet standard, a specification ratified as an open standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force;

6) Learning standards, standards applied to education content;

7) Standard of care, the degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care;

8) Gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold;

9) Standard language means a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status, etc.

So the term “standard”, in general, is any rule, norm or a body of rules or principles established as valid and fundamental in any field of human activity.

 

III. Grammar