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Chapter I. Sms-language: definition, history, frecuency of use, ClassificationСодержание книги
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INTRODUCTION Everything has its beauty but not everyone sees it Chinese philosopher Confucius The utterance by Confucius wasn’t a product of the mobile phone era, because perhaps it would have looked something more like this nowadays: evrtng hz itz bUtE bt not evry1 cz it. The work is devoted to searching for interlinks in the sphere of SMS-language and communication. It is no coincidence we have chosen this theme for our research as with the advent of mobile phones, and indeed the world-over, language has rapidly taken on a distinct new format – that of the abbreviated text. Just like the slang of internet chat rooms, SMS-language has evolved due to the need for speed in creating a succinct message of 160 characters or less. Each of us turns out to be a lucky owner of a widespread and necessary means of communication – a mobile phone. Young people even can’t imagine their life without it and never apart with their phones, even while taking a shower. However, most of us will probably admit to using SMS-language improperly or occasionally. Here is the subsequent question that emerges and it deals with the purposes of learning SMS-language. · For the first, it enables users to save time and money; · Secondly, it shortens your message and more ideas can be sent at a time; · And finally, it is just fun to correspond in such a way. The aim of our research is to analyze the structure of SMS-language in general and to find out if it corrupts everyday speech and writing. In our work, we are supposed to arouse the complicated problem of distinguishing between peculiarities of SMS-language in English and we’d like to define its key elements. The objective field of the research comprises the sphere of communication and linguistics. The object of the research defines the diversity of SMS-language while its subject is referred to the sphere of communication and the use of SMS-language in English. The theme is to analyze the varieties of SMS-language, to find out the frequency of their daily use in the language, to create the glossary regarding the research. Taking into consideration the materials of publications on the topic, the results of observation and life experience we have assumed that: 1. it’s natural to use SMS-substitutes of the identical semantic equivalents in SMS-messages and e-mail; 2. in case a person’s level of situational speech is advanced, the use of informal language is more frequent; 3. SMS-language corrupts everyday speech and writing. The aims of the research are: - to execute comparison betweendifferent groups of SMS-substitutes; - to find outthe frequency of their daily use in everyday speech; - to make a survey in order to learn whether the respondents understand the meaning of the SMS-substitutes completely, only in the context or use them in the wrong way; - to create the glossary regarding the research in English. Frequency of use. Parents are texting. So teens must communicate differently. Phone addiction prevents them from kicking the connection, so they change the text. “Cool” becomes “book” “awake” gets for “cycle”. Even “woohoo” has become “zohino”. It’s using the predictive feature on phones to keep the language they use their own. According to David Crystal, a language expert at Bangor University in Wales, the new language isn’t new. It’s absolutely normal for kids to experiment like this. “And it’s important to remind adults that they did exactly the same thing when they were kids, they just didn’t do it on mobile phones.” Some of the most popular textonyms show intriguing links between the originally intended word and the one the predictive text throws up – “eat” becomes “fat” and “kiss” becomes “poison”. In one American study, researchers found that less than 20% of messages used SMS language. Looking at his own texting history, the study's author, linguist David Crystal, noted just 10% of his messages used SMS language. There have been some reports in the media of children using SMS language for essays in school:
November 2006: The New Zealand Qualifications Authority discourages the use of text abbreviations after suggesting that they may be used in certain subjects provided they clearly show the required understanding.
Vocabulary Classification. To form SMS or e-mail characters people display their rich imagination and creativeness. The language comprises a great variety of transformed words, word-combinations and even sentences. Some of them may be used to define different meanings, for instance lol stands for both lots of love and laugh out loud, while others define one meaning in a different way,so ily, luv u, ilu, luv ya, 143 or i <3u stand for I love you. There are so many variations that can be used, that not to get stuck here there are a few tips to follow: · First of all, often vowels are left out in order to shorten words. Vowels can be removed so that the sequence of consonants remains and the word is still recognizable. For example, between becomes btwn, yearbook becomes yrbk. and Are you there becomes r u thr;
To classify the vocabulary, we can mention the following cases: Common acronyms
Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Our next step was to interview the teachers of English and students and estimate what SMS-characters enjoy the greatest popularity. The glossary we created comprises 424 abbreviation/ acronyms and 19 smiley and graphic text messages. It turned out that the teachers prefer acronyms to the others SMS-characters, then combined abbreviations follow, after that they named single letters or digits to replace the whole word, then a single letter or digit to replace a syllable and smiley or graphic text messages are at the end of the list. The students use smiley or graphic text messages most willingly, then acronyms and combined abbreviations go, the next place is taken by single letters or digits to replace the whole word and, finally, they pointed out that a single letter or digit to replace a syllable is not so popular as the others. (Diagrams 4A and 4B).
Diagram 4A
Diagram 4B The next part of our research was aimed at discovering if the use of SMS-language depends on a person’s level of situational speech. First of all, we asked the students and teachers to make notes of 50 e-mail messages paying attention to the frequency of abbreviations and acronyms and found out that, on the average, the adult whose English can be characterized as being of advanced level uses SMS-characters in his or her e-mail messages twice as much as the students (22, 8 to 11, 3). (See Diagram 5). Frequency of Use
Then we offered different lexical exercises and tests to the teachers of English and the questioned students and the results are as following: 11 teachers (91.7 %) made no mistakes defining the meaning of the abbreviation or the acronym and 1 teacher (8.3%) used the SMS-character in an inappropriate way. At the same time 47 students (94 %) were wrong to apply this or that e-mail character while 3 of them (6 %) whose level of situational speech is high had no problem using abbreviations or acronyms as the key-elements of e-mail messages. (See Diagrams 6, 7).
Diagram 6 Diagram 7
Finally, we offered a questionnaire to define the attitude of the teachers and students to SMS-substitutes in e-mail messages. 10 teachers (83.3%) responded that since we are not native speakers of English and use SMS-language only corresponding with net-friends, it doesn’t corrupt everyday speech or writing at all. The same opinion was supported by all 50 students. 2 teachers (16,6%) have a different approach and say they hate different smiley or graphic text messages they get in SMS- or e-mail messages and they are sure of the negative impact of different substitutes on literary language. (See Diagrams 8, 9).
Diagram 8 Diagram 9 The results of both our theoretical research and our survey are summarized in the final part of the work, which also contains the glossary of SMS-substitutes.
CONCLUSION Due to this research we managed to find out that speech consciousness of current tendencies is an inseparable element of learning a foreign language. E-mail and SMS-corresponding has rapidly taken on a distinct new format – that of the abbreviated text, especially in the conversations spoken by equals. It proved that communicating may help to set not only social links, but to enrich one’s situational speech in general and vocabulary as a comprehensive system in particular. In our work we executed comparison between different groups of SMS-substitutes in English. We also estimatedthe frequency of their daily use in the languages; made a survey in order to learn whether the students and teachers of English understand the meaning of SMS- abbreviations and acronyms completely, only in the context or use them in the wrong way; discovered what SMS-substitutes have gained the biggest popularity and created the glossary regarding the research in English. The results of the research prove that: · On the one hand, SMS-substitutes can easily be overused and misused; they are inappropriate for formal speeches, business letters, and can also cause a loss of accuracy in communication. · On the other hand, the reasonable use of SMS-language promotes lively speaking and writing, helps keep a language fresh and alive; it enables users to save time and money as it shortens a message. · Since we are not native speakers of English and use SMS-language mostly in e-mail, it doesn’t corrupt everyday speech or writing. · In case a person’s level of situational speech is advanced, the use of SMS-substitutes is more frequent and correct. We can’t prove, of course, that it is a general tendency as the number of the respondents doesn’t allow making any scientific conclusion, but the received result may be regarded as a starting point to carry out a serious survey in the sphere of linguistics and, especially, Social English. GLOSSARY
INTRODUCTION Everything has its beauty but not everyone sees it Chinese philosopher Confucius The utterance by Confucius wasn’t a product of the mobile phone era, because perhaps it would have looked something more like this nowadays: evrtng hz itz bUtE bt not evry1 cz it. The work is devoted to searching for interlinks in the sphere of SMS-language and communication. It is no coincidence we have chosen this theme for our research as with the advent of mobile phones, and indeed the world-over, language has rapidly taken on a distinct new format – that of the abbreviated text. Just like the slang of internet chat rooms, SMS-language has evolved due to the need for speed in creating a succinct message of 160 characters or less. Each of us turns out to be a lucky owner of a widespread and necessary means of communication – a mobile phone. Young people even can’t imagine their life without it and never apart with their phones, even while taking a shower. However, most of us will probably admit to using SMS-language improperly or occasionally. Here is the subsequent question that emerges and it deals with the purposes of learning SMS-language. · For the first, it enables users to save time and money; · Secondly, it shortens your message and more ideas can be sent at a time; · And finally, it is just fun to correspond in such a way. The aim of our research is to analyze the structure of SMS-language in general and to find out if it corrupts everyday speech and writing. In our work, we are supposed to arouse the complicated problem of distinguishing between peculiarities of SMS-language in English and we’d like to define its key elements. The objective field of the research comprises the sphere of communication and linguistics. The object of the research defines the diversity of SMS-language while its subject is referred to the sphere of communication and the use of SMS-language in English. The theme is to analyze the varieties of SMS-language, to find out the frequency of their daily use in the language, to create the glossary regarding the research. Taking into consideration the materials of publications on the topic, the results of observation and life experience we have assumed that: 1. it’s natural to use SMS-substitutes of the identical semantic equivalents in SMS-messages and e-mail; 2. in case a person’s level of situational speech is advanced, the use of informal language is more frequent; 3. SMS-language corrupts everyday speech and writing. The aims of the research are: - to execute comparison betweendifferent groups of SMS-substitutes; - to find outthe frequency of their daily use in everyday speech; - to make a survey in order to learn whether the respondents understand the meaning of the SMS-substitutes completely, only in the context or use them in the wrong way; - to create the glossary regarding the research in English. CHAPTER I. SMS-LANGUAGE: DEFINITION, HISTORY, FRECUENCY OF USE, CLASSIFICATION
SMS language or Textese (also known as txtese, chatspeak, txt, txtspk, txtk, txto, texting language, or txt talk) is a term for the abbreviations and slang most commonly used due to the necessary brevity of mobile phone text messaging, in particular the widespread SMS (short message standard) communication protocol. SMS language is also common on the Internet, including in e-mail and instant messaging. It can be likened to a rebus, which uses pictures and single letters or numbers to represent whole words (e.g. "i <3 u" which uses the pictogram of a heart for love, and the letter u replaces you). For words which have no common abbreviation, users most commonly remove the vowels from a word, and the reader is required to interpret a string of consonants by re-adding the vowels (e.g. dictionary becomes dctnry and keyboard becomes kybrd). The reader must interpret the abbreviated words depending on the context in which it is used, as there are many examples of words or phrases which use the same abbreviations (e.g., lol could mean laugh out loud or lots of love, and cryn could mean crayon or cryin(g)). So if someone says ttyl, lol they probably mean talk to you later, lots of love not talk to you later, laugh out loud, and if someone says omg, lol they probably mean oh my god, laugh out loud not oh my god, lots of love. Context is key when interpreting textese, and it is precisely this shortfall which critics cite as a reason not to use it (although the English language in general, like most other languages, has many words that have different meanings in different contexts). SMS language does not always obey or follow standard grammar, and additionally the words used are not usually found in standard dictionaries or recognized by language academies. The advent of predictive text input and smartphones featuring full QWERTY keyboards may contribute to a reduction in the use of SMS language, although this has not yet been noted. The objective of SMS language is to use the least number of characters needed to convey a comprehensible message, also as many telecommunication companies have an SMS character limit, another benefit of SMS language is to reduce the character count of a message, hence, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization are largely ignored. The dialect has a few hieroglyphs (codes comprehensible to initiates) and a range of face symbols. According to a study, though it is faster to write it takes more time to read than normal English. According to research done by Dr. Nanagh Kemp of University of Tasmania, the evolution of ‘textese’ is inherently coupled to a strong grasp of grammar and phonetics. History. SMS language is similar to that used by those sending telegraphs that charged by the word. People wanting to save money began shortening their messages to pay a smaller amount. This technique is unlikely to have been carried over into the later technology like papers and cellular phones due to the timeframe between the end of common use of telegraph systems and the introduction of mobile phone and internet chat technology. SMS language is a nascent dialect of English that subverts letters and numbers to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments. The invention of mobile phone messages may be considered as its source, although elliptical styles of writing date back to at least the days of telegraphese. There are no standard rules for writing SMS languages, and a lot of words can also be shortened, such as "text" being shortened into "txt". Words can also be combined with numbers to make them shorter, such as "later", which changes into "l8r", using the numeral "8" for its phonetic pronunciation. Textese seeks to use the fewest number of letters, and helps in dealing with space constraints of text messaging, although the advent of texting clearly came from a desire to type less, and to communicate more quickly, than one can manage without such shortcuts. It is similar to Internet slang and Telex speak, and has evolved from the shorthand use in Internet chat rooms to accommodate the small number of characters allowed (early SMS permitted only 160 characters and some carriers charge messages by the number of characters sent), and as a convenient language for the small keyboards on mobile phones. Frequency of use. Parents are texting. So teens must communicate differently. Phone addiction prevents them from kicking the connection, so they change the text. “Cool” becomes “book” “awake” gets for “cycle”. Even “woohoo” has become “zohino”. It’s using the predictive feature on phones to keep the language they use their own. According to David Crystal, a language expert at Bangor University in Wales, the new language isn’t new. It’s absolutely normal for kids to experiment like this. “And it’s important to remind adults that they did exactly the same thing when they were kids, they just didn’t do it on mobile phones.” Some of the most popular textonyms show intriguing links between the originally intended word and the one the predictive text throws up – “eat” becomes “fat” and “kiss” becomes “poison”. In one American study, researchers found that less than 20% of messages used SMS language. Looking at his own texting history, the study's author, linguist David Crystal, noted just 10% of his messages used SMS language. There have been some reports in the media of children using SMS language for essays in school:
November 2006: The New Zealand Qualifications Authority discourages the use of text abbreviations after suggesting that they may be used in certain subjects provided they clearly show the required understanding.
Vocabulary Classification. To form SMS or e-mail characters people display their rich imagination and creativeness. The language comprises a great variety of transformed words, word-combinations and even sentences. Some of them may be used to define different meanings, for instance lol stands for both lots of love and laugh out loud, while others define one meaning in a different way,so ily, luv u, ilu, luv ya, 143 or i <3u stand for I love you. There are so many variations that can be used, that not to get stuck here there are a few tips to follow: · First of all, often vowels are left out in order to shorten words. Vowels can be removed so that the sequence of consonants remains and the word is still recognizable. For example, between becomes btwn, yearbook becomes yrbk. and Are you there becomes r u thr;
To classify the vocabulary, we can mention the following cases:
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Diagram 5
