Grammar: Subjunctive Mood I.

 

The first type of sentences is probable. The verb in the if - clause is in the present tense; the verb in the main clause is in the future simple. I doesn’t matter which comes first: If he runs he’ll get there in time.

This type of sentence implies that the action in the if -clause is quite probable.

Possible variations of the basic form.

• Variations of the main clause. Instead of if + present + may/might (possibility): If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted.
• If + present + may (permission) or can (permission or ability): If your documents are in order you may/can leave at once.
• If + present + must, should or any expressions of command, request or advice: If you want to lose weight you must/ should eat less bread.
• If + present + another present tense, if + two present tenses is used to express automatic or habitual results: If you heat ice turns to water
• If + present continuous, to indicate a present action or a future arrangement: If you are waiting for a bus (present action) you’d better join the queue.
• If + present perfect: If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.

Ex.5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. If I see him I (give) him a lift.2. The table will collapse if you (stand) on it.3. If he (eat) all that he will be ill.4. If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.5. The police (arrest) him if they catch him.6. Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.7. If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine.8. What will happen if my parachute (not open).9. If he (be) late we’ll go without him.10. Unless he (sell) more he won’t get much commission.11. If you (not believe) what I say, ask your mother.12. Should you require anything else please (ring) the bell for the attendant.

Ex.6. Translate into English.

1. Если мы не найдем такси, мы опоздаем на поезд.2. Если ты будешь слушать внимательно, ты все поймешь.3. Если я буду врачом, я буду лечить вас.4. Если вы мне поможете, я закончу работу к вечеру.5. Я пойду к ним в гости, если они меня пригласят.7. Ты узнаешь все новости, если прочитаешь вечернюю газету.8. Она придет раньше, если закончит свои дела.9. Если я поеду в город, я захвачу тебя с собой.10. Она будет учиться хорошо, если поступит в университет.

 

 

Unit 13

Theme:WHAT IF STANDARDS DID NOT EXIST

Grammar: Subjunctive mood II

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.

Students should be better at discussing human rights.

Students should know the rule of Infinitive Constructions and fulfill grammar exercises.

 

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during two lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Rocket engines engineering”.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Rocket engines engineering”.

Define the basic styles in rocket engineering and its role in our country. Discuss in groups “High energy automatic systems engineering”.

Grammar: Introduce and practice The Complex Subject. Revise the use of Continuous and Perfect Tenses.

WHAT IF STANDARDS DID NOT EXIST?

 

If there were no standards, we would soon notice. Standards make an enormous contribution to most aspects of our lives − although very often that contribution is invisible. It is when there is an absence of standards that their importance is brought home. For example, as purchasers or users of products, we soon notice when they turn out to be of poor quality, do not fit, are incompatible with equipment we already have, are unreliable or dangerous. When products meet our expectations, we tend to take this for granted. We are usually unaware of the role played by standards in raising levels of quality, safety, reliability, efficiency and interchangeability − as well as in providing such benefits at an economical cost.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer of standards. Although ISO's principal activity is the development of technical standards, ISO standards also have important economic and social repercussions. ISO standards make a positive difference, not just to engineers and manufacturers for whom they solve basic problems in production and distribution, but to society as a whole.

The International Standards which ISO develops are very useful. They are useful to industrial and business organizations of all types, to governments and other regulatory bodies, to trade officials, to conformity assessment professionals, to suppliers and customers of products and services in both public and private sectors, and, ultimately, to people in general in their roles as consumers and end users.

ISO standards contribute to making the development, manufacturing and supply of products and services more efficient, safer and cleaner. They make trade between countries easier and fairer. They provide governments with a technical base for health, safety and environmental legislation. They aid in transferring technology to developing countries. ISO standards also serve to safeguard consumers, and users in general, of products and services − as well as to make their lives simpler.

When things go well − for example, when systems, machinery and devices work well and safely − then often it is because they conform to standards. And the organization responsible for many thousands of the standards which benefit society worldwide is ISO.

Слова к тексту:

notice	замечать
enormous	огромный
contribution	вклад
invisible	невидимый
purchaser	поставщик
turn out	оказываться
fit	подходить
incompatible	несовместимый
unreliable	ненадежный
expectation	ожидание
take for granted	считать само собой разумеющимся
interchangeability	взаимозаменяемость
repercussion	влияние
body	орган (организация)
conformity	соответствие
assessment	оценка
supplier	поставщик
customer	потребитель
ultimately	в конечном счете
fair	справедливый
legislation	законодательство
safeguard	гарантия, гарантировать
benefit	польза, приносить пользу
bring home	убедить, заставить понять

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте ответ на вопрос, вынесенный в заголовок.

Упражнение 2. Определите значение следующих слов по их фонетическому и графическому сходству с русскими словами:

standard, aspect, product, role, economical, engineer, international, professional, base, technology, system.

 

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте предложения, выражающие одну и ту же мысль.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите первые предложения абзацев и назовите вопросы, которые будут рассматриваться в тексте.

Упражнение 5. Сократите текст за счет подробностей, которые могут быть опущены без ущерба для содержания.

Упражнение 6. Какие из данных предложений можно использовать в тексте?

a) Suppliers can base the development of their products and services on specifications that have wide acceptance in their sectors.

b) International standards can contribute to the quality of life in general.

c) Each participating member in ISO has one vote.

d) ISO standards are voluntary.

e) ISO standards are technical agreements which provide the framework for compatible technology worldwide.

 

 

Grammar: Subjunctive Mood II.

The verb in the if -clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main clause is in the conditional tense: If I had a map I would lend it to you.

Type 2 is used:

• When the supposition is contrary to known facts: If I lived near my office I’d be in time for work. (But I don’t live near my office).
• When we don’t expect the action in the if -clause to take place: If a burglar came into my room at night I’d scream. (But I don’t expect a burglar to come in).
• Might or could may be used instead of would: If you tried again you would succeed. (certain result). If you tried again you might succeed. (possible result). If I had a permit he could get a job. (ability or permission).