Nevertheless, the laser no doubt has innumerable other applications which we are still to discover.

Let us begin with optical methods of data processing. Technological progress calls for (требовать) ever more efficient electronic computers. Multipurpose computers capable of performing more than ten million operations per second have already been designed and built. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements capable of doing up to a thousand million operations a second.

Today the enterprises are producing a number of machine tools and automatic devices intended for production lines. The machine tools for working jewel bearings for the watch industry and diamond files for wire drawing are now used on a wide scale. These machine tools bring a substantial economic effect. Machine tools employing carbon dioxide lasers for cutting quartz and glass pipes and for crystal and glass engraving are being introduced into industry. Lasers have found an application in the printing industry.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

The application of plastics enables the railway to receive light and strong cars

With good resistance to mechanical damage.

We heard the operation experts demand the reduction of the overall weight of

Vehicles (транспортные средства).

This type of engine is said to have some advantages.

Plastics used in transport are supposed to have no special reinforcement.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

Zinc being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we

Commonly use it for the production of electric current.

Electrical machines perform a giant’s share of the work done today, this share

Steadily increasing.

Having obtained new devices the researchers could make complex

Experiments.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

If somebody wants to design a car of the advanced type, he must take into

Account the properties of some of the new materials.

Had there been better conditions, the construction of the new car body would

Have been finished much earlier.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE CAR OF THE FUTURE

It is safe to predict that in the near future most cars will use the internal combustion engine and burn petrol. At the present rate of production oil supplies will run out in about fifty years, and we will have to look for other sources of energy. That is one of the most important aspects of the problem, another being the damage that exhaust fumes do to the environment and health of the people, especially in the towns.

What kind of vehicle will eventually take over? (приходить на смену) At present there is a lot of talk about electric cars, for they have the advantage of giving off no exhaust fumes. The electric car has a long history. The first cars were built at the end of the last century but they could not compete against the internal combustion engine.

They have several disadvantages. First, we have no really suitable batteries – they tend to be too heavy, take a long time to charge, have too small capacity and a relatively short life.

So scientists and engineers are looking for better storage batteries and cells, and ways of using energy more economically and recharging batteries during deceleration.

Today thermal power-stations burning coal and oil, the resources of which are not inexhaustible, give a considerable proportion of the total electric power output. Water power is also limited, and at present the output of atomic power-stations is still insignificant, and one cannot tell yet if they and future thermonuclear power-stations will ever meet the world needs of motor transport. Therefore, car manufacturers are looking for other energy and fuel sources.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

Automation is known to have speed up both the development of rocket

Production and that of nuclear energy.

The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.

We know the existence of life on Earth to depend upon the continuous receipt

Of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.

In recent years we have seen vast new progress take place in space research.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships

Employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

Having made a great many observations during their flights, cosmonauts

Successfully fulfilled their programme.

Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being

Widely used in space research.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

A great number of stones lying on the Moon’s surface proved that the lunar

Ground was firm enough and would not sink, if it were stepped on, walked

Across or put heavy weight upon.

It would have been impossible to launch space rockets, if we had not had the

Necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE ORBITAL STATIONS OF THE FUTURE

Long-term orbital research stations are very useful to scientists today for weather forecasting, agriculture, geology, sea and air transport and for protecting the environment.

A modern long-term orbital station is a research laboratory in space, where the researches can be done that are quite unconceivable on Earth.

Take physics. Because there is no atmosphere in space, physicists can study cosmic rays, carry out experiments that may help discover new nuclear reactions and elementary particles.

Then, too, in weightlessness we could get purer materials. When molten metal cools off on the Earth, the density will always be slightly uneven because the surrounding temperature is uneven while gravity upsets the structural balance by distorting the crystallization leaving us with an imperfect end product. In space these problems are avoided, there is no gravity and no atmosphere, so the quality of crystals is sharply improved.

The crystals grown in weightlessness are extra pure substances which can be used for semiconductors, lasers, computer engineering and in medicine. There will be space observatories too – the research is already under way. From orbit one can watch the development of cyclones and typhoons, predict when they will strike and give an advance warning.

 

Приложение 1

Таблица неправильных глаголов

№	I ^st form	II ^nd form	III ^d form	Lexical
Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Meaning
	TO AWAKE	AWOKE	AWOKE	БУДИТЬ
AWAKED	AWAKED
	TO BE	WAS, WERE	BEEN	БЫТЬ, НАХОДИТЬСЯ
	TO BECOME	BECAME	BECOME	СТАНОВИТЬСЯ
	TO BEGIN	BEGAN	BEGUN	НАЧИНАТЬСЯ
	TO BLOW	BLEW	BLOWN	ДУТЬ
	TO BREAK	BROKE	BROKEN	БИТЬ, РАЗБИВАТЬ
	TO BRING	BROUGHT	BROUGHT	ПРИНОСИТЬ
	TO BUILD	BUILT	BUILT	СТРОИТЬ
	TO BURN	BURNT	BURNT	ГОРЕТЬ
	TO BURST	BURST	BURST	РАЗРЫВАТЬ(СЯ)
	TO BUY	BOUGHT	BOUGHT	ПОКУПАТЬ
	TO CATCH	CAUGHT	CAUGHT	ПОЙМАТЬ, ЛОВИТЬ
	TO CHOOSE	CHOSE	CHOSEN	ВЫБИРАТЬ
	TO COME	CAME	COME	ПРИХОДИТЬ
	TO COST	COST	COST	СТОИТЬ
	TO CUT	CUT	CUT	РЕЗАТЬ, СТРИЧЬ
	TO DO	DID	DONE	ДЕЛАТЬ
	TO DRAW	DREW	DRAWN	РИСОВАТЬ, ТАЩИТЬ
	TO DREAM	DREAMT	DREAMT	ВИДЕТЬ СНЫ, МЕЧТАТЬ
DREAMED	DREAMED
	TO DRINK	DRANK	DRUNK	ПИТЬ
	TO DRIVE	DROVE	DRIVEN	ЕХАТЬ, ВЕЗТИ, ГНАТЬ
	TO EAT	ATE	EATEN	ЕСТЬ, КУШАТЬ
	TO FALL	FELL	FALLEN	ПАДАТЬ
	TO FEEL	FELT	FELT	ЧУВСТВОВАТЬ
	TO FIND	FOUND	FOUND	НАХОДИТЬ, ОБНАРУЖИВАТЬ
	TO FLY	FLEW	FLOWN	ЛЕТАТЬ
	TO FORGET	FORGOT	FORGOTTEN	ЗАБЫВАТЬ
	TO FREEZE	FROZE	FROZEN	ЗАМЕРЗАТЬ
	TO GET	GOT	GOT	ДОСТАВАТЬ, ПОЛУЧАТЬ
	TO GIVE	GAVE	GIVEN	ДАВАТЬ
	TO GO	WENT	GONE	ХОДИТЬ, ИДТИ
	TO GROW	GREW	GROWN	РАСТИ
	TO HANG	HUNG	HUNG	ВЕШАТЬ, ВИСЕТЬ
	TO HAVE	HAD	HAD	ИМЕТЬ
	TO HEAR	HEARD	HEARD	СЛЫШАТЬ
	TO HOLD	HELD	HELD	ДЕРЖАТЬ
	TO HURT	HURT	HURT	ПОВРЕДИТЬ
	TO KEEP	KEPT	KEPT	ДЕРЖАТЬ, ХРАНИТЬ
	TO KNIT	KNIT	KNIT	ВЯЗАТЬ
KNITTED	KNITTED
	TO KNOW	KNEW	KNOWN	ЗНАТЬ
	TO LAY	LAID	LAID	КЛАСТЬ, ПОЛОЖИТЬ
	TO LEAD	LED	LED	ВЕСТИ, РУКОВОДИТЬ
	TO LEAN	LEANT	LEANT	НАКЛОНЯТЬ(СЯ)
LEANED	LEANED
	TO LEARN	LEARNT	LEARNT	УЧИТЬ, ИЗУЧАТЬ
LEARNED	LEARNED
	TO LEAVE	LEFT	LEFT	ПОКИДАТЬ, УЕЗЖАТЬ, УХОДИТЬ
	TO LET	LET	LET	ПОЗВОЛИТЬ, РАЗРЕШИТЬ
	TO LIE	LAY	LAIN	ЛЕЖАТЬ
	TO LOSE	LOST	LOST	ТЕРЯТЬ
	TO MAKE	MADE	MADE	ДЕЛАТЬ, ЗАСТАВЛЯТЬ
	TO MEAN	MEANT	MEANT	ИМЕТЬ В ВИДУ, ЗНАЧИТЬ
	TO MEET	MET	MET	ВСТРЕЧАТЬ(СЯ)
	TO PUT	PUT	PUT	ПОЛОЖИТЬ, КЛАСТЬ
	TO READ	READ	READ	ЧИТАТЬ
	TO RIDE	RODE	RIDDEN	ЕХАТЬ ВЕРХОМ, ЕХАТЬ В…
	TO RING	RANG	RUNG	ЗВОНИТЬ, ЗВЕНЕТЬ
	TO RISE	ROSE	RISEN	ПОДНИМАТЬСЯ
	TO RUN	RAN	RUN	БЕГАТЬ
	TO SAY	SAID	SAID	СКАЗАТЬ, ГОВОРИТЬ
	TO SEE	SAW	SEEN	ВИДЕТЬ, СМОТРЕТЬ
	TO SELL	SOLD	SOLD	ПРОДАВАТЬ
	TO SEND	SENT	SENT	ПОСЫЛАТЬ
	TO SET	SET	SET	СТАВИТЬ, САДИТЬСЯ, ЗАХОДИТЬ
	TO SEW	SEWED	SEWED	ШИТЬ
SEWN
	TO SHAKE	SHOOK	SHAKEN	ТРЯСТИ (СЬ)
	TO SHAVE	SHAVED	SHAVED	БРИТЬ (СЯ).
SHAVEN
	TO SHINE	SHONE	SHONE	СВЕТИТЬ (СЯ)
	TO SHOOT	SHOT	SHOT	СТРЕЛЯТЬ
	TO SHOW	SHOWED	SHOWED	ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ
SHOWN
	TO SHUT	SHUT	SHUT	ЗАКРЫВАТЬ
	TO SING	SANG	SUNG	ПЕТЬ
	TO SIT	SAT	SAT	СИДЕТЬ
	TO SLEEP	SLEPT	SLEPT	СПАТЬ
	TO SPEAK	SPOKE	SPOKEN	ГОВОРИТЬ, ВЫСТУПАТЬ
	TO SPELL	SPELT	SPELT	ГОВОРИТЬ БУКВАМ
SPELLED	SPELLED
	TO SPEND	SPENT	SPENT	ТРАТИТЬ, ПРОВОДИТЬ
	TO SPREAD	SPREAD	SPREAD	ПРОСТИРАТЬСЯ, РАСКИНУТЬ (СЯ)
	TO STAND	STOOD	STOOD	СТОЯТЬ
	TO STEAL	STOLE	STOLEN	КРАСТЬ
	TO STRIKE	STRUCK	STRUCK	БИТЬ, УДАРЯТЬ
	TO SWEEP	SWEPT	SWEPT	ПОДМЕТАТЬ
	TO SWIM	SWAM	SWUM	ПЛАВАТЬ
	TO TAKE	TOOK	TAKEN	БРАТЬ, ВЗЯТЬ
	TO TEACH	TAUGHT	TAUGHT	УЧИТЬ, ОБУЧАТЬ
	TO TEAR	TORE	TORN	РВАТЬ
	TO TELL	TOLD	TOLD	ГОВОРИТЬ, РАССКАЗЫВАТЬ
	TO THINK	THOUGHT.	THOUGHT	ДУМАТЬ, ПОЛАГАТЬ
	TO THROW	THREW	THROWN	БРОСАТЬ
	TO UNDERSTAND	UNDERSTOOD	UNDERSTOOD	ПОНИМАТЬ
	TO WAKE	WOKE	WOKEN	БУДИТЬ ПРОСЫПАТЬСЯ
WAKED	WAKED
	TO WEAR	WORE	WORN	НОСИТЬ
	TO WIN	WON	WON	ПОБЕЖДАТЬ, ВЫИГРЫВАТЬ
	TO WIND	WOUND	WOUND	ЗАВОДИТЬ (ЧАСЫ)
	TO WRITE	WROTE	WRITTEN	ПИСАТЬ

 

Приложение 2

Таблица времен английского глагола.

Active Passive

(действительный) (страдательный)

Образование	Пример	Перевод	Время	Образование	Пример	Перевод
I. I n d e f i n i t e
V(s)	He writes	Он пишет	1. Present	To be +V(ed) (PII)	He is written	Ему пишут (в настоящем)
V(ed)	He wrote	Он писал	2. Past	To be +V(ed) (PII)	He was written	Ему написали (в прошлом)
Shall/will V	He will write	Он будет писать	3. Future	Shall/will + be +V(ed) (PII)	He will be written	Ему напишут
II. C O N T I N U O U S
To be +V(ing) P.I.	He is writing	Он пишет (сейчас)	1. Present	To be + being +V (ed) (P.II.)	He is being written	Ему пишут (сейчас, в данный момент)
To be + V(ing) P.I.	He was writing	Он писал (в определеный момент в прошлом)	2. Past	To be + being + V(ed) (P.II.)	He was being written	Ему писали (в определенный момент в прошлом)
Shall/will be + V(ing) P.I.	He will be writing	Он будет писать (в определенный момент в будущем)	3. Future	Не употребляется
III. P E R F EC T
Have (has)+ V(ed) (P.II.)	He has written	Он написал (к настоящему времени)	1. Present	Have (has) +been + V(ed) (P.II.)	He has been written.	Ему написали (к настоящему моменту)
Had + V(ed) (P.II.)	He had written	Он написал (к моменту в прошлом)	2. Past	Had + been + V (ed) (P.II.)	He had been written.	Ему написали (к моменту в прошлом)
Shall/will + have + V(ed) (P.II.)	He will have written	Он напишет (к моменту в будущем)	3. Future	Shall/will + have + been + V(ed) (P.II.)	He will have been written.	Ему напишут (к моменту в будущем)

 

Список литературы.

1. Апресян Ю.Д. Новый большой англо-русский словарь. М. Русский язык, 1999.

2. Баринов С.М., Борковский А.Б. Большой англо-русский политехнический словарь. М. Руссо, 2001.

3. Бурлак А.И. Учебник английского языка для студентов архитектурных и инженерно-строительных специальностей вузов. М. Высшая школа, 1982.

4. Синявская Е.В. Пособие по английскому языку для II курса инженерно-строительных и автодорожных вузов. М. Высшая школа, 1981.

5. Синявская Е.В. Английский язык для инженеров. М. Высшая школа, 1998.

ARROYD T.N.W. Concrete. Properties and Manufacture. Oxford. Pergamon Press, 1962