What is your future speciality?

Who helped you to choose your career?

Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?

What are your major subjects?

Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?

Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?

7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?

 

Вариант 2

(ECONOMICS/ MARKETING/ ACCOUNTANCY)

Задание 1. Прочтите текст и переведите письменно выделенный отрывок.

PROFESSION OF MANAGER

Few people better personify the French technocratic elite that has held France in a tight grip for many decades than Pierre Bilger. Bilger is the Chairman of Alstom, the giant power and railway equipment company formed out of the joint venture between Britain's General Electric Company (GEC) and France's Alcatel-Alsthom, which became a separately quoted company in 1998.

On graduating, Bilger, like many of his ENA colleagues, joined the Finance Ministry, rising quickly up its ranks. In 1982 he switched from government to industry, joining CGE, as Alcatel-Alsthom was then known, although since the company was at that time owned by the French state, the change was more apparent than real.

At Alcatel-Alsthom his big project was overseeing the formation in 1988 of the joint venture with GEC. As soon as the joint venture, GEC-Alsthom, was formed, Bilger was given the task of running it.

After a decade of working for one of the largest Anglo-French joint ventures, Bilger is well attuned to Anglo-Saxon attitudes. He speaks frequently of shareholders and of the need to keep costs down but he still remains very French. His explanations are fluent and polished and his arguments have none of the down-to-earth style you might expect from someone running a British engineering company.

Although Britain and France are neighbours, their business cultures could hardly be further apart. What, I ask, had he found most irritating about the English once he was put in charge of a company full of them? 'What I found most irritating about our British colleagues was their great reluctance to go through what we French would consider a rational process of making a decision,' he answered thoughtfully. 'They insist on going straight to the point, whereas we like to have a systematic agenda. But over time I came to appreciate that this had its virtues as well.'

Like most French establishment figures, Bilger is an ardent Europhile. The company, he believes, is itself an experiment in unity; soon after the British and French parts were put together, German and Spanish units were added. After a brief attempt at using multiple languages inside the company, Bilger soon decided

to impose English as the company language, partly because the English were reluctant to learn any other languages. 'We lost a few French managers because of that, but not many,' he says.

Alstom remains a technological leader and it is led by bright people. Bilger does not mention it, but in France the country's cleverest, best-qualified people can be found running manufacturing companies. In Britain that has not been true for almost a century.

Задание 2. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Karl Marx: It's Exploitation!

Karl Marx, a German economist and political scientist who lived from 1818 to 1883, looked at capitalism from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint. Where Adam Smith saw harmony and growth, Marx saw instability, struggle, and decline. Marx believed that once the capitalist (the guy with the money and the organizational skills to build a factory) has set up the means of production, all value is created by the labor involved in production. In Marx's view, presented in his 1867 tome Das Kapital (Capital), a capitalist's profits come from exploiting labor—that is, from underpaying workers for the value that they are actually creating. For this reason, Marx couldn't abide the notion of a profit-oriented organization.

This situation of management exploiting labor is the main reason of the class struggle. Marx saw the class struggle at the heart of capitalism, and he predicted that that struggle would ultimately destroy capitalism. To Marx, class struggle intensifies over time. Ultimately, in Marx's view, society moves to a two-class system of a few wealthy capitalists and a mass of underpaid, underprivileged workers.

Marx predicted the fall of capitalism and movement of society toward communism, in which “the people” (that is, the workers) own the means of production and thus have no need to exploit labor for profit. Clearly, Marx's thinking had a tremendous impact on many societies, particularly on the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in the twentieth century.

While Marx's theories have been discredited, they are fascinating and worth knowing. They also say something about weaknesses in capitalism.

1. Who is Karl Marx?

2. What was Marx’s view at capital and capitalists?

3. How did Marx consider class struggle?

4. What was Marx’s prediction about development of the society?

5. Why his theories are still studied by future economists?

 

Задание 3. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. When my grandfather was... young man, he studied... physics. 2. Do you speak... Spanish? 3. My uncle is... great specialist in... biology. 4.... Japanese is more difficult than... French. 5. We listened to... very interesting lecture on... English literature yesterday.

Задание 4. Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число.

1. This is my stocking. 2. He has a new suit. 3. This metal is very hard. 4. That ship is a Rus­sian one. 5. I heard her voice. 6. His dog does not like bread. 7. The plate was on the table.

Задание 5. Вставьте somebody, anybody, nobody или everybody.

1. Has... in this group got a dictionary? 2.... left a magazine in our classroom yesterday. 3. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 4. I am afraid I shan't be able to find... in the office now: it is too late. 5.... knows that water is necessary for life. 6. Is there... here who knows French?

Задание 6. Подберите к словам в левой колонке определения.

1. private a) money received regularly from wages

2. statistics b) a detailed examination of something

3. analysis c) the office or business of an agent

4. finance d) demand for things; trade

5. market e) belonging to a particular person or group

6. politician f) the use or management of money

7. influence g) a person who is qualified to give expert advice

8. income h) a person who is involved in politics

9. consultant i) the study of information based on the numbers of things

10. agency j) the power to produce an effect

Задание 7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные формы герундия.

1. Watching football matches may be exciting enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football. 2. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 3. Can you remember having seen the man before? 4. She was terrified of having to speak to anybody, and even more, of being spoken to. 5. He was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him.

Задание 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.

1. Being very ill, she could not go to school. 2. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the top of the hill. 3. The tree struck by lightning was all black and leafless. 4. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 5. The door bolted on the in side could not be opened. 6. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travellers soon lost their way.

 

Задание 9. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.

What is your future speciality?

Who helped you to choose your career?

Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?

What are your major subjects?

Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?

Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?

What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?

Вариант 3

(ECONOMICS/ MARKETING/ ACCOUNTANCY)

Задание 1. Прочтите текст и выполните письменный перевод выделенного отрывка.

Market Economies

The framework of a market or capitalist system contains six essential features: private property, freedom of choice and enterprise, self-interest, competition, the price system, the role for government.

Private property.

The institution of private property is a major feature of capitalism. It means that individuals have the right to own, control and dispose of land, buildings, machinery, and other natural and man-made resources.

Freedom of choice and enterprise.

Freedom of enterprise means that individuals are free to buy and hire economic resources, to organize these resources for production, and to sell their products in the markets of their own choice. Freedom of choice means that owners of land and capital may use these resources as they see fit. It also means that workers are free to enter (and leave) any occupations for which they are qualified. Finally it means that consumers are free to spend their incomes in any way they wish.

Self-interest.

Each unit in the economy attempts to do what is best for itself. Firms will act in ways which, they believe, will lead to maximum profits (or minimum losses). Owners of land and capital will employ these assets so as to obtain the highest possible rewards. Workers will tend to move to those occupations and locations which offer the highest wages. Consumers will spend their incomes on those things which yield the maximum satisfaction.

Competition.

In theory competition is the regulatory mechanism of capitalism. On the one hand, it protects the customers – they have the right of choice and they benefit from the fact that competition keeps prices close to costs; on the other hand, it makes producers and suppliers of scarce resources utilize them economically, using most sophisticated technologies.

Markets and Prices.

The price system is an elaborate system of communications in which innumerable free choices are aggregated and balanced against each other. The decisions of producers determine the supply of a commodity; the decisions of buyers determine the price. Changes in demand and supply cause changes in market prices and it is these movements in market prices, which bring about the changes in the ways in which society uses its economic resources.

The role for government.

Freedom of enterprise is not total in the market economy. Businesses are subject to laws and government regulations.

Economic environment is determined by the economic policies of the government, fiscal and monetary policies being the major functions.

Задание 2. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы.