Заполните пропуски предлогами with, by.

1. The hall was decorated … pink balloons.

2. The roof of the church will be repaired … local people.

3. This material has been already published … Cambridge University Press.

4. The house was built … money that he had borrowed from the bank.

5. When the the accident happened, the car was brought … police.

UNIT 13

MODAL VERBS

Упражнение 1. Вставьте модальные глаголы «can, may, must».

1. "... you help me with my English?" "Yes, I...." 2. We... all have a good rest. 3. "... I sit down?" "Yes, you...." 4. I... study English hard because I want to read technical literature. 5. You... speak English at the lesson. 6. "... she go home now?" "No, she... because she has much work to do."”

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, стараясь сформулировать перевод, так, чтобы смысл модальных глаголов был совершенно ясен:

You must open the gate. Our little friend may take these pencils. They can go by railway, but they must go by air. To come to our city may take them five hours. You can find the city on the map of the world. The ship can come into the mouth of the river. You can write these letters and you must write them well. You can see the docks from the top of the tower. Big Ben is a big clock, which strikes the hours, and we can see it from Westminster Bridge. We can translate this English text. When you look at the map of the world you can see many black lines: they are

railway lines. I must study this book. I want it for my special work. You may take my pen. Children, you must listen well.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в ниже приведенных предложениях одним из

модальных глаголов, требующихся по смыслу.

1. Tell your son that he … not drink cold water.

2. … you help me? — I am afraid not.

3. You … take this book, I don’t need it now.

4. I am free and I … read you aloud a little.

5. My sister … not translate this article. It is very difficult.

6. I … see her tonight.

7. My father … not finish his work today. He is tired.

8. She … be leaving now.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Вы не должны делать ошибок. 2. Я не могу прочесть этот текст, потому что я не знаю французского языка. 3. Вы можете посещать занятия в институте. 4. Могу я помочь вам по английскому языку? 5. Я должна сделать уроки вечером. 6. Можете ли вы принять участие в этом вечере (party)? 7. Эти книги мои. Вы можете взять их.

Упражнение 5. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы, используя образец.

Copy the letter now/to do it later.

—Must I copy the letter now?

—No, you needn’t. You can do it later.

1. translate the letters today/to do it next week.

2. send the cable right away/to do it in half an hour.

3. do on business this week/to do it in half an hour.

4. type the letter right away/the matter can wait.

5. telephone the chief right away/to do it later.

Упражнение 6. Выразите запрещение при помощи отрицательной

формы глагола “must” (mustn’t)

You mustn’t do it Вы не должны (вам нельзя) этого делать

to come late to your classes; to miss your English classes; to make noise

here; to talk at the lectures; to read in the darkness; to call him so late; to smoke

in the children’s room;

Упражнение 7. Преобразуйте следующие предложения, выразив возможность, вероятность, предположение при помощи глагола “may”. Переведите предложения.

It is possible that he will go there = He may go there.

1. It is possible that he will come tomorrow.

2. He’ll prolably give you a call tonight.

3. Perhaps she is ill.

4. It is possible that Peter is in Moscow now.

5. Perhaps Ann will go on an expedition.

Упражнение 8. Выразите предположение, граничащее с уверенностью при помощи глагола “must”.

Evidently (obviously) he is busy = He must be busy now.

1. Evidently he is away from Moscow.

2. It is very early. Evidently they are at home.

3. He is obviously in the library now.

4. The children obviously are asleep.

5. Evidently Ann is against taking such measures.

UNIT 14

ENVIRONMENT РROTECTION

The Vocabulary.

1. chemicals (n.) 2. rubbish(n.) 3. acid rain 4. solution (n.) 5. pollution (n.) 6. dirty air 7. recycle (v.) 8. litter bins 9. petrol (n.) 10. illnesses (n.) 11. pollute (v.) 12. filters (n.) 13. limit (v.) 14. oil (n.) 15. animals (n.) 16. soil (n.) 17. survive (v.) 18. control (v.) 19. aerosoles (n.)

химикаты мусор кислотный дождь решение загрязнение загрязненный воздух повторно использовать мусорные баки топливо болезни загрязнять фильтры ограничивать нефть животные почва выживать контролировать аэрозоли

Прочитайте текст и выполните тест после текста:

Environmental protection

The poisoning of the world’s land, air and water is one of the most important problems of our civilization. The seas are in danger. Many companies dump chemical and nuclear waste into water. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. Half of the lakes in the word are polluted. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.

Air pollution is also a very serious problem. Because many factories release sulfates into the air. When the sulfates mix with the clouds, acid rains fall and harm all living creatures. In Cairo just to breathe the air is like smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. Mexico City and 600 cities of Russia have dirty air. This causes different diseases. Because of different kinds of pollution every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever.

People begin to realize that environmental problems are our problem. These are lot of international green organizations that take care of the environment and “Green Peace” is one of the most active. Many governments are waking up and making strict laws against pollution. Scientists are trying to make factories and plants cleaner. In many countries there are big plans to clean up the water. And every person must do his best to help our planet survive.

1. Environmental protection is an ________ problem:

a. easy;

b. important;

c. pleasant.

2. Factories pour a lot of ________ into air and water:

a. a storage;

b. waste;

c. pollution.

3. What caused the ________ of wildlife:

a. destruction;

b. poison;

c. population.

4. Many rivers and lakes are _______:

a. poisoned;

b. filled;

c. used.

5. Many scientists try _________ ecology problems:

a. to solve;

b. to know;

c. to protect.

UNIT 15

• How many nature reserves are there in the Belgorod region?
• What are some of these parks?
• What plants and animals can we enjoy there?

VORSKLA FOREST.

The Vorskla River is pure, crystal and transparent nj its golden bed. Like knights in shining armour, mighty oaks stand guard along it. Peter the Great banned lumbering in this luxuriant wood. When the Decree on the protection of Parks and Gardens was passed in the early 1920s, the spot received the status of nature preserve, and the name of Vorskla Forest.

Some of its oaks are three hundred years old. They are interspersed with limes, elms, maples, ashes, birches and wild apple and pear trees – up to 500 varieties of trees, bushes and herbs. Wildlife is amazingly rich in this cherished forest – elk, roe deer, boars, raccoons, foxes, badgers, martens, ferrets, hares, lizards, marsh turtles, snakes – and lots of birds.

 

The region has several other nature preserves, for instance, Yamskaya Steppe near Alexandrovka village, 500 hectares of virgin steppeland known as a natural biological museum.

The Bekaryukovsry forest near Belgorod is another unique spot, with its relic pinewood growing in naked chalk, usually as forbidding to greenery as hard rock.

Here, towering trees of a variety which has survived since the Tertiary period shine velvety- green against the dazzling white of the chalk slope. Voronezh University experts keep these exceptionally hardy trees under close observation.

Relic chalk pines are to be seen in several spots in the vicinity – near the villages Arkhangelskoye, Koshlakovo, Logovoye and Churaevo, the Stenki-Izgorye valley close t Novy Oskol, and in the neighbouring Voronezh Region – they are nowhere to be found in the whole wide world.

Majestic as heavenly music is the rustle of these cherished pine and oak woods. We are grateful for their beauty, so let us preserve them for the generations to follow us.

Учащиеся заполняют пропуски в статье о заповедниках в Белгородской области.

There are two main - parks in the Belgorod region. The first nature reserve was founded in our region in -. It received the name of -. This nature reserve protects 500 kinds of -, - and -, and allows people to - Steppe. The oaks which are 300 years old. - is/are protected in the Yamskaya - forest near Belgorod is famous for its relic chalk pines.

UNIT 16

GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is sometimes referred to as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth's surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing the atmosphere to become warmer.

Each time we burn gasoline, oil, coal, or even natural gas, more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is what is causing the temperature on the Earth to rise, and creating many problems that will begin to take place in the coming decades.

Today, however, major changes are taking place. People are conducting an unplanned global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer, which allows life to exist on the Earth's surface.

All of these activities are unfavourably changing the composition of the biosphere and the Earth's heat balance. If we do not slow down our use of fossil fuels and stop destroying the forests, the world could become hotter than it has been in the past million years.

Average global temperatures have risen 1 degree over the last century. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and a greater occurrence of forest fires will take place.

At the present rate of destruction, most of the rain forests will be gone by the middle of the century. This will allow man-made deserts to invade on once lush areas. Evaporation rates will also increase and water circulation patterns will change.

Decreased rainfall in some areas will result in increased rainfall in others. In some regions, river flow will be reduced or stopped all together completely. Other areas will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods.

If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear.

Plants and other wildlife habitats might not have enough time to adjust to the rapidly changing climate. The warming will rearrange entire biological communities and cause many species to become died out.

The greenhouse effect and global warming both correspond with each other. The green house effect is recalled as incoming solar radiation that passes through the Earth's atmosphere but prevents much of the outgoing infrared radiation from escaping into outer space. It causes the overheat of the air and as a result, we have the global warming effect. As you see, greenhouse effect and global warming correspond with each other, because without one, the other doesn't exist.

Questions:

1. What is global warming?

2. What is greenhouse effect?

3. What activities are unfavorable and change the composition of the biosphere and the Earth's heat balance?

4. What can prevent the developing of greenhouse effect?

5. Why are water circulation patterns changing?

6. What might cause disappearing of large areas of coastal land?

7. Does the warming affect biological communities?

8. Is there a correspondence between greenhouse effect and global warming?

Vocabulary:

global warming — глобальное потепление

to refer — иметь отношение, относиться; касаться

greenhouse effect — парниковый эффект

absorption — поглощение, абсорбция

surface — поверхность

carbon dioxide — углекислота, углекислый газ

to burn (past burnt, p.p. burnt) — сжигать

gasoline — бензин

oil — нефть

coal — уголь

ozone layer — озоновый слой

to slow down — замедлить

fossil fuel — ископаемое топливо

average — нормальный, обыкновенный, обычный, средний

to spill into — проливать(ся), разливать(ся)

the Northern Hemisphere — Северное полушарие

destruction — разрушение, уничтожение

evaporation rate — скорость/уровень испарения

to increase — возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти

water circulation pattern — сложившийся круговорот воды в природе

rainfall — количество дождей, дождевые осадки

river flow — уровень воды в реках

downpour — ливень

massive flood — крупное наводнение

to melt — таять

coastal land — прибрежные земли

to adjust — приспосабливаться, привыкать

entire — весь, целый

biological communities — биологические сообщества

to die out — вымереть, исчезнуть

outer space — внешний/открый космос

overheat — перегрев

to correspond — согласовывать, соотноситься

UNIT 17

CANADA

Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area. Canada is situated in North America.

Most experts believe that the first people who lived on this land came from Asia about 15,000 years ago. They came over a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America. Their descendants are known today as Indians. The ancestors of the Eskimos came to Alaska after them probably about 5,000 years ago.

In 1497 John Cabot found rich fishing grounds off Canada's south-east coast. He was an Italian navigator in the service of England. His discovery led to the European exploration of Canada. France set up a colony in eastern Canada in the early 1600's. Great Britain gained control of the country in 1763, and thousands of British emigrants came to Canada. In 1867, the French and English-speaking Canadians created a united colony called the Dominion of Canada. Canada gained its independence from Britain in 1931. According to the Constitution Act of 1982 the British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, was recognized as the Queen of Canada.

The population of Canada is about 28 million. About 80% of the population live within 320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.

Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. There are two official languages in Canada. They are English and French. About 57 per cent of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32 per cent have some French ancestry. Most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec. They have kept the language and customs of their ancestors. Many of them believe that their province should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution. About 2 per cent of the country's population are American Indians and Eskimos.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Toronto and Montreal are the largest cities of the country. Today Canada is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. It is a major producer of electric power. It is also a leading producer of wheat, oat and barley. Canada ranks among the world's top manufacturing countries.

 

Answer the questions.

1. What country has a greater land area than Canada?

2. Where is Canada situated?

3. Where did the first people come from? How did they come? What people are their descendants?

4. What people came to Alaska about 5,000 years ago?

5. Whose discovery led to the European exploration of Canada? When was it? What was this man?

6. When and where did France set up a colony?

7. When did the British emigrants come to Canada?

8. When did the French and English-speaking Canadians create a united colony? What did they call this colony?

9. When did Canada gain its independence from Britain?

10. When was Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom recognized as the Queen of Canada?

11. What is the population of Canada?

12. Why is a large part of Canada uninhabited or thinly populated?

13. How many provinces and territories are there in Canada?

14. How many official languages are there in Canada? What are they?

15. How many French Canadians live in the country? What province do the most of them live in?

16. What is the capital of Canada?

17. What largest cities in Canada do you know?

18. Canada is a leading producer in the world, isn't it? What does the country produce?