Higher Education in Russian Federation

Text A

Higher Education in Russian Federation

 

After finishing secondary school and taking the Unified State Examination, students can enter higher education institutions (HEIs): universities, academies, and institutes. Admission for students is competitive and HEIs use the Unified State Examination results. Students can apply simultaneously to several institutions all over the country.

There are different forms of education: full­time, evening and correspondence. While the higher education in Russia is mostly free of charge, HEIs admit a significant number of tuition-paying students.

Attendance of classes in HEIs is mandatory. The academic year consists of two semesters. At the end of each semester students take exams. The course mark is determined by the final examination mark in that subject. Other courses may be evaluated as pass/fail. Budget students with high examination results receive scholarships.

The first- and second-year students get knowledge in fundamental sciences such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and the humanities, for example, foreign languages, history, philosophy and others. In senior years students receive specialized education. After four years of study students defend a Diploma project, pass the finals and get the Bachelor’s Degree.

The Bachelor's degree gives access to the Master's degree. It is a two-year course. Students must defend a thesis and pass the finals.

The traditional qualification of a Specialist diploma opens access to professional practice and is awarded after five-year studies.

The Candidate of Sciences is the first doctoral degree in the Russian educational system and is awarded in all disciplines. It is focused on research and university teaching. The Doctor of Sciences is the highest academic degree in the Russian Federation.

Notes:

Higher Education Institution (HEI) – Высшее Учебное Заведение (ВУЗ)

Unified State Examination (USE) – Единый Государственный экзамен (ЕГЭ)

Bachelor’s Degree – степень бакалавра

Master’s Degree – степень магистра

Candidate of Sciences – кандидат наук

Doctor of Sciences – доктор наук

 

Higher Education Structure in the Russian Federation

 

 

Vocabulary on the text

1. to admit [ əd ́ mıt] - допускать; принимать

∽ admission [əd ́mı∫(ə) n] – прием (в учебное заведение)

2. to apply [ə ́ plaı] – 1. подавать заявление

2. применять(ся), использовать

3. to enter an academy (a university, an institute) – поступать в академию

(университет, институт)

4. competitive [kəm ́ petıtıv ] – конкурентный; конкурсный

5. full-time (evening, correspondence) study – дневное (вечернее, заочное)

обучение

6. attendance [ə ́tendən(t)s] - посещаемость

7. scholarship [ ́ skolə∫ıp] - стипендия

8. academic year – учебный год

9. free of charge - бесплатно

10. tuition [t(j)u ́ ı∫(ə)n] – 1. обучение

2. плата за обучение

11. mandatory [ ́mændət(ə)rı] – обязательный, принудительный

12. mark (амер. grade) – балл, отметка; оценка (знаний)

13. to evaluate [ı ́væljueıt] – оценивать, давать оценку

14. pass / fail - зачет/ незачет

15. humanities [hju:́ mænətız] – гуманитарные науки

16. to take an examination (exam) – сдавать экзамен

∽ to pass an examination – сдать экзамен

∽ to hold (held) an examination – проводить экзамен

17. to defend a thesis [ ́Өi:sıs] – защищать диссертацию

18. access [ ́ ækses] - доступ

19. to award [ə ́ wɔ:d] - присуждать

20. research [rı ́ sə: ʧ] – (научное) исследование

21. the finals - выпускной экзамен (по окончании учебного курса на степень бакалавра

или магистра)

 

 

Text Work

Ex.1 Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pronounce them with the following tone.

/ әe /	/e /	/ ɪ /	/ ʌ /	/ ɔ /
academies practical exams Bachelor mathematics humanities practice access mandatory	secondary competitive academic semesters sessions end fundamental chemistry specialized professional defend several attendance	finishing institutes different physics history tuition admit admission significant discipline consists	subject other studies number results budget	correspondence knowledge foreign philosophy project doctoral
/ a: /	/ u: /	/ i: /	/ɔ: /	/ ә: /
classes pass example Master charge	Unified students institutions full	evening each degree senior receive complete thesis free	forms course awarded	determined research
/ aɪ /	/ eɪ /	/ aɪ /	/ɔu /	/ aɪə /
apply	State education examination training grade evaluated fail qualification simultaneously	final while type high	diploma programme focus	higher sciences

 

 

Ex.2. Give the English for:

прием; бесплатно; учащиеся на коммерческой основе; учебный семестр; получать знания; высшая академическая степень; первокурсники; иностранные языки; итоговая экзаменационная оценка; значительное количество; получать стипендию; разные формы обучения; оцениваться как зачет/незачет; поступать в несколько вузов одновременно; использовать результаты ЕГЭ; основные науки; на старших курсах; сдавать выпускные экзамены; защищать дипломный проект; двухлетний курс; система образования; получать специальное образование; дневное обучение.

 

Ex.3. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What are three major types of higher education institutions in the Russian Federation?

2. How do students apply to HEIs?

3. What are the main forms of education?

4. Do Russian students pay for their education?

5. How many semesters is the academic year divided into?

6. How are courses evaluated?

7. What subjects do the first- and second-year students study?

8. When do students get the Bachelor’s Degree? the Master’s Degree?

9. When is a Specialist diploma awarded?

10. What doctoral degrees are there in the Russian educational system?

Ex.4. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Students can apply only to one higher education institutions.

2. The higher education in Russia is free of charge.

3. All the students receive scholarships.

4. All the courses are evaluated as pass/fail.

5. The first- and second-year students receive specialized education.

6. After four years of study students get the Bachelor’s Degree.

7. The Bachelor’s Degree is a two-year course.

8. Students get a Specialist diploma after 5 years of studies.

9. To get the Master’s degree students must defend a thesis.

10. The Candidate of Sciences is the highest academic degree in the Russian Federation.

 

Section: Word Study

Ex.1. Read and translate the following international words:

university, form, student, academic, semester, course, final, fundamental, mathematics, philosophy, physics, specialized, traditional, doctoral, exam, budget, class.

 

Ex.2. Find the pairs of synonyms. Translate them into Russian:

 

1. tuition a) grant

2. specialized b) various

3. mark c) a few

4. admission d) usual

5. mandatory e) fee

6. budget students f) grade

7. fundamental g) together

8. receive h) state-supported students

9. several i) dissertation

10. scholarship j) specific

11. thesis k) get

12. traditional l) significant

13. simultaneously m) entrance

14. different n) compulsory

 

Ex.2. Match the parts of the phrase. Translate the phrases into Russian:

 

1. to receive	a. a thesis
2. to admit	b. knowledge
3. to take	c. secondary school
4. to get	d. the Unified State Examination results
5. to defend	e. access
6. to give	f. students
7. to enter	g. to several institutions
8. to finish	h. a qualification
9. to award	i. an academy
10. to apply	j. exams
11. to use	k. a scholarship

 

Ex.3. Use the words/ phrases below to complete each of the following sentences:

 

diploma, mark, academic year, scholarships, senior, tuition, semester, thesis

 

1. You need at least one semester to write your ________.

2. ________ at the university is high so I will need my parents’ help.

3. I have to take four exams next ________.

4. Budget students with high examination results receive _______.

5. You will get an excellent _____ if you don’t miss lectures.

6. The ________ in different universities can range from 7 to 10 months.

7. After four years of studies students defend a ______ project.

8. ________ students receive specialized education.

 

Ex.4. Find a word to match these definitions:

 

tuition, to fail, degree, diploma, scholarship, academic year, mark, the finals

 

to receive an unacceptable grade; the last examination of an academic course; a standard number or letter indicating a student’s level of performance; an award of financial aid for a student to further his or her education; a certificate of completion for a degree; the period of formal instruction at a university; an academic title awarded to a student who has completed a course of study; the money charged by an institution for instruction and training.

 

Ex.5. Idioms:

 

1. to pull an all-nighter = to study all night

2. to hit the book = to study very hard

3. to cut class = to miss class

4. to check out books = to borrow books from the library

5. to ace (an exam, a test) = to get a very high score on a test

 

a) Translate the following sentences into Russian:

 

1. I have to do my best to ace the test; otherwise I won’t get an excellent mark.

2. I can’t believe you cut class on Thursday to sleep in, with all these absences that you have.

3. I had to pull an all-nighter to get ready for the final exam.

4. You need a library card to be able to check out books.

5. My friend has to hit the books tonight to get ready for his physics exam.

 

b) Discuss the following questions with your partner:

1. Who often misses classes in your group?

2. Did you pull an all-nighter before your exams?

3. How often do you check out books?

4. Was it difficult to ace a grammar test?

5. Do you always try to hit the book?

 

Word Building

 

Ex.1. Fill in the missing verbs or nouns:

 

Verb Noun

… defence

to educate …

… admission

to apply …

… evaluation

to enter …

… examination

to determine …

… attendance

to qualify …

… correspondence

 

Ex.2. Make adverbs from the following adjectives using the suffix –ly. Translate them into Russian:

 

simultaneous, competitive, professional, fundamental, different, significant, final, educational.

 

Ex. 3. Make adjectives from the following nouns using the suffix –al. Translate them into Russian:

tradition, form, profession, practice, education, institution, doctor, fundament.

 

Ex.4. Make nouns form the following verbs by means of conversion and translate them:

 

to award, to access, to pass, to course, to result, to form, to charge, to mark, to fail, to focus, to research, to practice, to finish, to grade.

 

Ex.5. Complete the table:

Subject	Person	Adjective
technology	technologist	technological
…	…	mathematical
physics	…	…
…	…	philosophic(al)
science	…	…
…	economist	…
history	…	…
…	…	chemical

 

Text B

Discuss the following question with your group:

What was your first week at the Academy like?

Choose the answer and give your own comments:

a) It was good to feel independent and free.

b) Getting acquainted with new people was great.

c) For some students it was a bit scary!

The Kovrov State Technological Academy

The Kovrov Technological Institute was founded in 1967 to meet the town’s needs in quality technical education. In 1996 the institute was reorganized into the Kovrov State Technological Academy.

The head of the Academy is the Rector. At present the Academy comprises four faculties: the Mechanical-Technological Faculty, the Physical-Technological Faculty, the Faculty of Automation and Electronics and the Faculty of Economics and Management. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by the Dean.

The teaching staff includes 152 lecturers, 23 of them are Doctors of Sciences, 89 - Candidates of Sciences.

Currently the KSTA educates more than 20000 students, among them more than ___ international students.

The Academy has all modern facilities to assist students in their studies and research. The classes and research work are conducted in three buildings. Students have at their disposal several libraries, research laboratories, computer classrooms. The Academy has a hostel for 320 residents.

Post-graduate training is also provided at the Academy. __ full-time and ___ part-time post-graduate students study and do research at the post-graduate courses at the Academy.

There is a military department at the Academy where young men have an opportunity to receive the rank of reserve officers.

The Academy trains future engineers, economists, managers. The graduates are working at various plants, design offices and research institutes.

Text Work

Conference - конференция

Rector – ректор

President - президент

Pro-rector – проректор

Faculty dean – декан факультета

Word Study

Ex.1. Read and translate the following derivatives:

1. conduct-conduction-conductive-conductivity-conductor;

2. organize-organization-organizer;

3. quality-qualify-qualification;

4. assist-assistance-assistant;

5. work-workable-workability-worker;

6. include-inclusion-inclusive.

 

Ex.2. Fill in the blanks with the following words:

trains specialized educates facilities teaching staff post-graduate training receive

 

1. The Academy has all modern _____.

2. Each faculty has a number of _____ departments.

3. _______ is also provided at the Academy.

4. Currently the Academy ____ more than 20000 students.

5. Our students have an opportunity to ______ the rank of reserve officers.

6. The Academy _____ future engineers, economists, managers.

7. The _______ includes 152 lecturers.

 

Additional reading

My University Life

 

I enjoy my university life. The three reasons are friends, classes and facility.

First, I made many friends since I entered university. I have many friends of same department as me. I can talk everything to the friends. Thanks to them, I enjoy attending classes. If I have in a trouble about class, they help me anytime. So, I help them when they have in a trouble. I play with them in private time. I have some classes that I am not interested in. Even such a class, I can enjoy with them.

Second, there are many specialty classes that I have never study in university. For example, I learned about outline of British literature, Christian outline and so on. Through these classes, I can touch the field that I had never known then. It is very fun. Also, I am being able to study English deeply. As I like English before, it is glad for me to be able to study English deeply. I am looking forward to it when I think that I will be able to study many things that I don't know yet.

Third, facilities of this university are very beautiful and clean. I am glad to study in beautiful university. There are some my favourite facilities. My best favourite facility is library. The library is very comfortable. When I want to study by alone, I always go to library. I sometimes watch movie there. So the library is one of reason that my university life can be enjoyable. My second favorite facility is student hall. When I go there, there are my friends. The student hall has convenience store, barber and so on. I thought it is very convenient place. These stores make me enjoyable.

I like my university life now because I can enjoy it. I have some things I want to do in my university life. For example, I want to get some qualifications. I have to do my best for my two years to go so that I won't regret later.

 

 

The Open University (1) A university that calls itself The Open University suggests that all other universities are closed. And this is true, because they are closed to everyone who does not have the time, the opportunity or the qualifications to study there. For these people, who missed the chance of going to a conventional university, The Open University was set up in 1969. Most of its students work at home or in full-time jobs, and can study only in their free time. They need to study about ten hours a week. As the university is truly “open”, there are no formal entry requirements (none of the usual “A” Level examinations are asked for), and students are accepted on a “first come, first served” basis. This is one of the more revolutionary aspects of the university. Its students are therefore of all ages and come from different backgrounds. Some, such as teachers, want to improve their qualifications. Others, like retired people or mothers whose families have grown up, are at The O.U. because they have the time to do something they have always wanted to do. Returning to “school” is difficult for most students, for they have forgotten – or never knew – how to study, to write essays, and to prepare for exams. In addition to all the reading and writing assignments, students have got a lot of watching and listening to do, for there are weekly O.U. lectures broadcast on BBC television and radio. To keep people from just giving up or collapsing under all this work, each student gets the help and support of his own tutor who he or she meets regularly and can telephone in any crisis or difficulty. At the meetings students get to know other students on the course and join with them into “self-help” groups. These groups meet in each other’s homes to discuss the texts and assignments; here too they find support and stimulation. By the time the exams come in October, they feel much more optimistic and confident about their return to student life. Their final mark is based on the exam and the written assignments done during the year. 1 Найдите русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний A. opportunity, conventional, to call, to suggest, to set up, requirement, to miss the chance, to improve, entry, to prepare for exams, to give up, to support, confident, assignment, in addition to, to accept. B. Требование, подготовиться к экзаменам, назваться, возможность, говорить о (наводить на мысль), поддержать, уверенный, улучшать (совершенствоваться), обычный (традиционный), задание, отказаться, поступление (в институт), упустить возможность, организовать, принимать (допускать), кроме того. 2. Закончите предложения выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания. 1. Most of O.U. students work in full-time 1. the help and support of his own tutor who he jobs and meets regularly. 2. The Open University was set up 2. of all ages and come from different 3. Each student of The Open University backgrounds. gets 3. watch and listen to O.U. lectures broadcast 4. Students have to on BBC television and radio. 5. People entering The Open University 4. can study only in their free time. are 5. for those people who missed the chance of. going to a conventional university. 3.Ответьте на вопросы. 1. When was The Open University set up? 2. Who is it meant for? 3. Are people accepted in the same way as to a conventional university? 4. Why do people come to The Open University? 5. Why is it difficult for most of them to return to “school”? 6. What is done to help them in their studies? 7. What is the final mark based on? 8. How does the author of the text prove that this university is “truly” open? The Open University (2) The Open University or O.U. is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom and funded in part by the United Kingdom Government. It has an open entry policy, that is students’ previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most courses. The O.U. was established in 1969 and the first 25,000 students were enrolled in 1971. The University administration is based in Buckinghamshire, but has regional centres in each of its 13 regions around the United Kingdom. It also has offices and regional examination centres in most other European countries. The Open University is also one of only two United Kingdom higher education institutions to gain accreditation in the United States of America. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as non-degree qualifications such as diplomas and certificates. With more than 180,000nstudents enrolled, including more than 25,000 students studying overseas, it is the largest academic institution in the United Kingdom and Europe by students number, and qualifies as one of the world’s largest universities. Since it was founded more than 3 million students have studied its courses. The O.U. has faculties of Arts; Education and Language Studies; Health and Social Care; Law; Mathematics, Computing and Technology; Science; Social Science; and a Business School. The new faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology was formed on 1 October 2007. The O.U. Business School produces more graduates than all the rest of the business schools in the UK, many of the courses are also available throughout most of the world. Students study via distance learning for a Certificate or Diploma in Management. The first students were enrolled in 1989 and the School almost immediately became the largest business school in Europe. A diverse age range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the O.U; for most modules there are no entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level, though most postgraduate modules require evidence of previous study or equivalent life experience. Approximately 70% of students are in full-time employment often working towards a first (or additional) degree or qualification to progress or change their career. The University is also popular with those who cannot physically attend a traditional university study course because they have health limitations, are working or resident overseas, in prison, serving in the armed forces or are otherwise unable to attend or commit to traditional full-time university study. Unlike other universities where students register for a programme, O.U. students separately for individual modules. These modules may then be linked into degree programmes. The majority of students choose to undertake social studies and biological and physical sciences as well as historical and philosophical studies; the least popular academic fields in the Open University are mass communications and documentation and creative arts and design. 1 Найдите эквиваленты для следующих слов и словосочетаний A. Research, in part, previous, be enrolled, degree, postgraduate, include, majority, available, immediately, appropriate, level, evidence, approximately, unlike, choose, attend, study course, full-time study, resident, employment, experience. B. Степень, учеба на дневном отделении, включать в, посещать, предыдущий, соответствующий уровень, большинство, исследовательская работа, выбирать, учебный курс, опыт (стаж), доступный (имеющийся в распоряжении), быть зачисленным, частично, аспирант, в отличие от, проживающий (постоянно живущий), немедленно, подтверждение (доказательство), приблизительно, работа (занятость). 2. Укажите, какие из утверждений являются неверными. Дайте правильную информацию. 1. The O.U. has offices and examination centres in many European countries. 2. The University awards only non-degree qualifications. 3. Since The O.U. was founded more than three million students have studied its courses. 4. The students’ previous academic achievements are taken into account for entry to most courses of The Open University. 5. Most postgraduate modules require evidence of previous study. 6. People who serve in the armed forces can study at the Open University. 7. The students of The O.U. register for a programme. 8. The first students to the Business School were enrolled in 2007. 9. Biological and physical sciences as well as historical and philosophical studies are chosen by the majority of students. 3.Заполните пропуски пользуясь словами, данными ниже. 1. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate... 2. The first students... in 1971. 3. The O.U. has open... policy. 4. About 70% of students are in... employment. 5. The O.U. Business School produces more... than all the rest of the business schools in the UK. 6.Many of the O.U. study courses are... throughout most of the world. 7. The Open University is a distance learning and... university. 8. The... of students choose to undertake social studies, biological and physical sciences. 9. People who cannot... a traditional university course enter The O.U............................................................................................................................................................ available, were enrolled, degrees, attend, full-time, entry, graduates, research, majority. 4. Расположите предложения в нужном порядке, чтобы получить краткий пересказ текста. 1.The Open University has regional centers around the United Kingdom and it also has offices and examination centers in most other European countries. 2. The O.U. has different faculties; its Business School is the largest business school in Europe. 3. The University is popular with the people who cannot physically attend a traditional university study course. 4. The Open University has an open entry policy that is students’ previous achievements are not taken into account for entry to most courses. 5. O.U. students register separately for individual modules which may be linked into degree programs. 6. About 70% of students are in full-time employment often working towards a degree or qualification to progress or change their career. 7. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees as well as diplomas and certificates. 8. The O.U. is the largest academic institution in the United Kingdom and Europe by student number. 5. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы. 1. When were the first students enrolled to the Open University? 2. Who is the O.U. popular with? 3. What are the least popular academic fields in the Open University? 4. The University administration is based in London, isn’t it? 5.Why is the University ranked as one of the world’s largest universities? 6. What new faculty was formed in October 2007? 7. What do most postgraduate require students to have? 8. Do the O.U. students register for a programme like the students of other universities? Distance Education Over The World. Distance education over the world has a history of more than 100 years. But it gained popularity only aftern1970s. Many countries like China, England, Japan, Russia, Spain and the USA use this method, especially in higher education. For example, The Open University in England has more than 180,000 students who take about 140 courses per year. This University has 260 local teaching and 13 regional information centres. Such factors as age, place, daily activity do not serve as limiting factors in distance education. Distance education has two main advantages over traditional classroom education. The first advantage is a solution to the problem of teaching staff shortage and the second one is the low cost of education which gives many people an opportunity to receive higher education. It is a system of education for different people at any age. This education allows each student to have an individual scheme of study. 1. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний. 1. advantage a) возможность

2. higher education b) получать

3. solution c) в любом возрасте

4. gain d) преимущество

5. opportunity e) позволить

6. receive f) штат преподавателей

7. allow g) курс

8. at any age h) добиться (приобретать)

9. scheme of study i) высшее образование

10. teaching staff j) учебный план (учебная программа)

11. course k) решение 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на данные вопросы. 1. When did distance education gain popularity? 2. How many regional information centers has the Open University? 3. What does distance education allow each student? 4. Are there any limiting factors in distance education? 5. What opportunity does distance education give to many people at any age? 6. What countries use distance education? 7. What are the advantages of distance education? 3.Укажите, какие из приведенных утверждений являются верными, неверными, или несодержат информацию из текста. 1. The Open University has 260 local information centers. 2. Traditional classroom education has advantages over distance education. 3. The Open University is one of only two United Kingdom higher education institutions to gain accreditation in the United States. 4. One of the advantages of distance education is that it gives people at any age an opportunity to receive higher education. 5. Distance education gained popularity after 1950s. 6. The students of the Open University take more than 100 study courses per year. 7. Students’ previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most courses. 4.Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания. 1. Distance education is... a) conventional classroom education. b) a system of education for people at any age. c) the main system of higher education. 2. In distance education age, place, daily activity... a) serve as limiting factors. b) play an important role. c) do not serve as limiting factors. 3. Different people at any age can... a) take courses. b) have an individual scheme of study. c) have many opportunities.

 

Oxford and Cambridge.

The story of Cambridge University began in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge from Oxford. These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at that city’s well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was constant trouble between the townsfolk and students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students, who were innocent, and by the order of King John (who was quarrelling with the Church) they were put to death by hanging. In protest all the students moved elsewhere, some coming to Cambridge and so the new university began. As was the custom then, they had joined themselves into a “Universitas” or Society; the word ‘University”, like the word “College” meant originally a society of people with a common employment; it was only later that it came to be associated with scholarship. Life in Cambridge and Oxford was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except church music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language. The students study Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric. These two universities are well known not only because they are the oldest universities in the United Kingdom, but because the standard of teaching there is very high. Oxford and Cambridge are most highly thought of. But the cost of education at these universities is rather high. If young people cannot enter these universities, they try London and after it the newer universities.

1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний за исключением; группа людей с общими занятиями; стоимость обучения; могли позволить себе; только позднее оно (это название) стало ассоциироваться; вначале обозначало; студентам запрещали; по приказу; процесс обучения; уровень образования; поступить в университет; постоянные стычки между студентами и горожанами. 2. Выберите ответ на следующий вопрос. Why are Oxford and Cambridge are highly thought of? 1. These universities were organized a very long time ago. 2. The cost of education there is very high. 3. The standard of teaching at these universities was and is very high. 4. Life in Cambridge and Oxford was strict 3. Укажите неправильное утверждение. 1. At these universities students studied Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric. 2. All the lessons were in the Latin language. 3. Though these universities are very old they are unpopular in Great Britain. 4. Выберите соответствующее окончание для данного предложения. Students moved from Oxford... 1.... because the cost of living was very high there. 2.... because the Mayor arrested three students. 3.... because this is one of the oldest universities of Great Britain. 4.... because the word “University” meant originally a society of people with a common employment. 5.Выберите правильную форму глагола. In 1209 several hundred students and scholars... at the little town of Cambridge from Oxford. 1. arrive; 2. had arrived; 3. has arrived; 4. arrived. 6. Расположите предложения в порядке изложения информации в тексте. 1. They formed a new university. 2. At that time some students who had had trouble with Oxford townsfolk came there. 3. Life in Oxford and Cambridge was strict. 4. The story of Cambridge University began in 1209. 5. Oxford and Cambridge are most highly thought of. 6. Books were scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language.

Higher Education in Great Britain. For seven hundred years Oxford and Cambridge universities dominated the British education. Scotland had four universities, all founded before 1600. Wales only acquired a university in the 20^th century; it consisted of four university colleges located in different cities. The first English university after Oxford and Cambridge (sometimes referred to as Oxbridge) was Durham in the North of England, founded in 1832. The University of London was founded a few years later in 1836. During the 19^th century institutions of higher education were founded in most of the biggest industrial cities, like Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield (sometimes called the Redbrick universities). At first they did not have full university status but were known as university colleges; since 1945, however, all have become independent universities, and in recent years a number of other universities have been founded. In the middle 60s there was a further new development. Some of the local technical colleges maintained by local authorities had gained special prestige. By 1967 ten of these had been given charters as universities. Many of them are in the biggest cities where were already established universities. British universities are roughly divided into three main groups: the old universities; the redbrick universities, which include all the provincial universities of the period 1850-1930, as well as London University; the new universities, founded after the Second World War. In the group of old universities Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest ones. These two universities differ greatly from all the others in general organization, methods of instructions, syllabuses, traditions, history, etc. They are based on colleges. In Oxbridge, part of the teaching is by means of lectures and any student may attend any university lecture. At the beginning of each term (there are three terms in the Oxbridge academic year) a list is published showing all the lectures being given during the term within each faculty, and every student can choose which lectures he will attend, though his own college tutor will advise him which lectures seem likely to be more useful. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory, and no records of attendance are kept. Apart from lectures, teaching is by means of the “tutorial system”, which is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each teacher or Fellow in a college is tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates who are studying it. Each student goes to his tutor’s room once every week to read out an essay he has written, and for an hour he and the tutor discuss the essay. A student does not necessarily go only to his tutor but he may be assigned to another tutor in his own college or in another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the special interest of his own tutor. The course of study at a university lasts three or four years. In general Bachelor’s degree, the first academic degree, is given to the students who pass their examinations at the end of the course: Bachelor of Arts, for history, philosophy, language and literature, etc., Bachelor of Science or Commerce or Music. Bachelor’s degrees are at two levels, Honours and Pass. Honours degrees are first, second or third class, and usually only about 5 per cent of the students are placed in the first class. All British universities are private, that is not state-controlled institutions. Each has its own governing council, including some local businessmen and politicians as well as a few academics. Students have to pay for their education, university hostel, examinations, books, laboratories, the use of libraries, etc. Besides universities there are polytechnics, numerous colleges for more specialized needs, such as teacher training, agriculture, economy, art and design, and law; a few hundred technical colleges providing part-time and full-time education. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer the first and higher degrees. The polytechnics and some colleges provide sandwich courses..It is such a type of education where there are alternate periods of full-time employment and full-time education. Sandwich courses were introduced after the war and they are very popular in Great Britain now.

Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы

1. What universities were the first English universities?

2. When did Wales acquire a university?

3. When was the University of London founded?

4. Where were institutions of higher learning founded during the 19^th century?

5. What institutions had become universities by 1967? Where are they located?

6. What are British universities made up of?

7. How can British universities be divided?

8. What are the main differences between the old and other universities?

9. How is tuition organized in Oxbridge?

10. What degree does a university graduate generally receive?

11. How long does the course of study at a university last?

12. What is the financial status of British universities and colleges?

Найдите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний Посредством (при помощи); методы обучения; присуждать степень бакалавра; высшее учебное заведение; включать провинциальные университеты; в начале каждого семестра; посещение лекций; отличаются от других; система обучения под руководством преподавателя (тьютора); выбрать какие лекции посетить; помимо лекций; частное учебное заведение; устав.

Выберите ответ на следующий вопрос What are sandwich courses like?

1. The structure of higher education in Great Britain is very complex.

2. There are several types of institutions – universities, polytechnics, colleges for specialized needs.

3. It is such a type of education where there are alternate periods of full-time employment and full-time education.

Sandwich courses were introduced after the World War II and they are very popular in Great Britain now. Дополните предложения, используя варианты данные во второй части упражнения. A 1. Oxford and Cambridge are...2. During the 19^th century institutions of higher education... 3. Ten of the local technical colleges... 4. British universities...5. Oxford and Cambridge... 6. In Oxbridge any student... 7. A student’s tutor...8. At the beginning of each term... 9. The Bachelor’s degree... 10. All British universities... 11. The Politechnics... 12. “Tutorial system”. B. 1....may be divided into three main groups. 2....were founded in most of the biggest industrial centers...3....is a college teacher planning the student’s work and supervising the student’s study. 4.... sometimes referred to as Oxbridge. 5....is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. 6....is given to the students who pass their examinations at the end of the course. 7.... offer the first and higher degrees. 8....had been given charters as universities by 1967. 9....may attend any university lecture. 10....a list is published showing all the lectures being given during the term within each faculty. 11....have their own governing councils including some local businessmen, politicians as well as a few academics. 12.... differ greatly from all the others in general organization, traditions, methods of instruction, etc.

University of Cambridge.

1. The University of Cambridge is a public research university in Cambridge, England. It is the second oldest university in both England and the English – speaking world, and the seventh-oldest globally. The University grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed in 1209, early records suggest, by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. The two “ancient universities” have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other. Academically Cambridge ranks as one of the top universities in the world. Graduates of the University have won a total of 61 Nobel Prizes and academic staff of the University – 52 Nobel Prizes, second most of any academic institution (after Columbia University).

2. Cambridge is a collegiate university, meaning that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its own property and income. Colleges are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi for teaching. The colleges are in charge of student accommodation and finding most extracurricular activities. Together with the central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor, they make up the entire University. All students are attached to a college. Colleges importance lies in the housing, welfare, social functions, and undergraduate teaching, they provide. All faculties, departments, research centers and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and awards degrees. Each college appoints its own teaching staff. Cambridge has 31 colleges of which three admit women only. The other colleges are mixed.In addition to the 31 colleges the University is made up of 150 departments, faculties, schools and other institutions. Members of these are usually also members of one or more of the colleges and responsibility for running the entire academic programme of the university is divided among them.

3. Cambridge has a lot of research departments. During the 1990s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist-research laboratories on several University sites in and around the city. The University is a member of the Russel Group, a network of research-led British universities; the League of European Research Universities; it is also considered part of the “Golden Triangle”, a geographical concentration of UK university research. The University is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster in and around Cambridge, which form the area known as “ Silicon Fen” or sometimes the “Cambridge Phenomenon.”

4. The principal method of teaching at Cambridge colleges is the supervision. These are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students – usually between one and three - meet with a member of the university’s teaching staff or a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an essay or assignment in advance of the supervision, which they discuss with the supervisor during the session, along with any difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week’s lectures. Typically, students receive between one and four supervisions per week. However the number of supervisions varies according to subject and college, it can often be the case that a student may receive more supervisions in one college than a student reading the same subject in another college. This teaching system is often cited as being unique to Cambridge and Oxford (where “supervisions” are known as “tutorials”).

5. The application system to Cambridge and Oxford involves additional requirements, with candidates typically called to face-to-face interviews. How applicants perform in the interview process is an important factor in determining which students are accepted. At least three A-level qualifications are required. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the most able candidates. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний Имеют много общего; под руководством; соперничают друг с другом с давних времен; самоуправляющиеся и имеющие самостоятельный доход колледжи; отвечают за выполнение исследований; определяют учебные программы и расписание; присуждают степени; еженедельные практические занятия с преподавателем (тьютором); требуется выполнить задание заранее перед практическим занятием; также тесно связан с; дополнительные требования; собеседование имеет решающее значение; абитуриент; учебное заведение; обучение под руководством преподавателя (тьютора). Дайте ответы на. вопросы, используя информацию из текста

1. What is the Cambridge University made up of?

2. What are colleges the University is made up of responsible for?

3. How many colleges has the University?

4. Are all colleges mixed?

5. Who is the central administration of the University headed by?

6. What is the principal method of teaching in the Cambridge University?

7. What are students usually required to complete in advance of the supervision?

8. What do the students discuss during weekly sessions with their supervisors?

9. What is every college in charge of?

10. Is the number of supervisions the same in every college?

11. What does the application system to Cambridge involve?

12. Why is the face-to-face interview crucial?

13. What area is known as “Cambridge Phenomenon”? Укажите, какие из данных утверждений неверны. Дайте правильную информацию.

1. Cambridge was formed by scholars leaving Oxford because the life there was very strict.

2. Oxford and Cambridge have many common features.

3. Each college in Cambridge has its own property and income.

4. The central administration of the University appoints the teaching staff of the colleges.

5. A supervisor is usually a member of the university’s teaching staff.

6. Typically, students receive only one supervision per week.

7. The Colleges are in charge of finding most extracurricular activities.

8. Cambridge is the only university in England that has supervision as the principal method of teaching.

9. A crucial factor in determining which students are accepted is the highest school grades.

Выберите ответ на следующий вопрос. What does “supervision” imply?

1. providing weekly hour-long sessions the number of which varies according to subject and college.

2. discussing with the supervisor any difficulties the students have with the material presented in the week’s lectures.

3. organizing and controlling the student’s work, reporting to the administration on the success of the student, giving marks to students.

4. performing research, ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars. Дополните предложения.

1. The Cambridge University is the second...

2. The Cambridge University ranks as...

3. The University is made up of...

4. Colleges provide...

5. Every week the students meet with...

6. During the weekly sessions students...

7. In Oxford the teaching system is...

8. Applicants to the Cambridge University must...

9. The University is a member of...

10. The “Silicon Fen” is...

.

Text Higher Education in Great Britain: Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы

13. What universities were the first English universities?

14. When did Wales acquire a university?

15. When was the University of London founded?

16. Where were institutions of higher learning founded during the 19^th century?

17. What institutions had become universities by 1967? Where are they located?

18. What are British universities made up of?

19. How can British universities be divided?

20. What are the main differences between the old and other universities?

21. How is tuition organized in Oxbridge?

22. What degree does a university graduate generally receive?

23. How long does the course of study at a university last?

24. What is the financial status of British universities and colleges?

Найдите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний Посредством (при помощи); методы обучения; присуждать степень бакалавра; высшее учебное заведение; включать провинциальные университеты; в начале каждого семестра; посещение лекций; отличаются от других; система обучения под руководством преподавателя (тьютора); выбрать какие лекции посетить; помимо лекций; частное учебное заведение; устав.

Выберите ответ на следующий вопрос What are sandwich courses like?

1.The structure of higher education in Great Britain is very complex.

2.There are several types of institutions – universities, polytechnics, colleges for specialized needs.

3.It is such a type of education where there are alternate periods of full-time employment and full-time education.

4.Sandwich courses were introduced after the World War II and they are very popular in Great Britain now. Дополните предложения, используя варианты данные во второй части упражнения. A 1. Oxford and Cambridge are...2. During the 19^th century institutions of higher education... 3. Ten of the local technical colleges... 4. British universities...5. Oxford and Cambridge... 6. In Oxbridge any student... 7. A student’s tutor...8. At the beginning of each term... 9. The Bachelor’s degree... 10. All British universities... 11. The Polytechnics... 12. “Tutorial system”... B. 1....may be divided into three main groups. 2....were founded in most of the biggest industrial centers...3....is a college teacher planning the student’s work and supervising the student’s study. 4.... sometimes referred to as Oxbridge. 5....is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. 6....is given to the students who pass their examinations at the end of the course. 7.... offer the first and higher degrees. 8....had been given charters as universities by 1967. 9....may attend any university lecture. 10....a list is published showing all the lectures being given during the term within each faculty. 11....have their own governing councils including some local businessmen, politicians as well as a few academics. 12.... differ greatly from all the others in general organization, traditions, methods of instruction, etc.

Higher Education in Canada.

Canadian universities have a long record of providing an accessible university education to students from across Canada and around the world. Reflecting the rich history, many cultures and traditions, Canadian universities offer a mix of opportunities in a variety of educational settings. The 89 universities that are members of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada are located across the country, with institutions in every Canadian province. Taken together, they offer a wide range of courses.

In addition to universities, Canada’s postsecondary system includes 175 community colleges, which respond to the training needs of business, industry and the public service, as well as the educational needs of vocationally oriented secondary school graduates. These colleges, also known as institutes of technology, university colleges historically offered diplomas and certificates rather than degrees. Today, some offer degrees themselves, and a number offer university transfer programs or provide programs jointly with neighboring universities.

Universities in Canada range from large urban, multi-campus and research-intensive universities, offering a wide range of undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, to small liberal arts colleges with a focus on undergraduate education. Others provide specialized professional programs in fields such as business, engineering, art and design or agriculture.

Three universities are devoted entirely to distance education – a field in which Canada, a country of vast spaces and outstanding achievements in telecommunications, is a world leader. In fact, most universities of Canada offer a wide selection of courses through distance education, with formats ranging from traditional print or audiotape correspondence courses, to teleconference or computer conferences. Support systems for students who study at a distance are common, including study skills seminars, tutorial assistance by phone, fax or computer, and direct online links to campus libraries.

In addition to their teaching universities play a vital role in their local communities, offering concerts and plays, day care centers, sports and fitness facilities, lectures, museums, on-campus radio stations and art galleries open to all.