who I marry and it doesn't matterwho you marry. A.Whom, notwho.

§ 5. Reflexive pronouns.

1. Reflexive pronouns have the categories ofperson, number, and gender in the third person singular.

 

1st person

2nd person

3rd person

SINGULAR

myself

yourself¹

himself, herself, itself

PLURAL

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

¹ The archaic pronoun of the second person singular is thyself.

2. Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are used, indicating that the action performed by the doer passes back to him or is associated with him.

In the sentence they are usually used as direct objects.

In that moment of emotion he betrayed the Forsyte in him — for­gothimself, his interests, his property — was capable of almost anything... (Galsworthy) (OBJECT)

Reflexive pronouns may be used as predicatives.

When she came back she was herself again. (Hardy) (PREDI­CATIVE)

Reflexive pronouns preceded by a preposition may be used as indi­rect prepositional objects, as attributes and as adverbial modifiers.

He could not see that it would be better to make her feel that she was competingwith herself... (Dreiser) (PREPOSITIONAL INDIRECT OBJECT)

"I fancied you looked a little downcast when you came in," she ventured to observe, anxious to keep away from the subjectof herself. (Hardy) (ATTRIBUTE)

If June did not like this, she could have an allowance and liveby herself. (Galsworthy) (ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF MANNER)

Reflexive pronouns may be used to form the reflexive voice (in this case reflexive pronouns are structural words):

Undressing again, she washedherself intensively... (Galswor­thy)

And then I dressedmyself and came away to find you. (Hardy)

In Modern English, however, reflexive pronouns are not normally used after the verbs wash, dress, shave:

I got up, shaved, washed and dressed.

Note that they are not used after the verbs feel, relax, concentrate, meet.

I feel great after having completed this work.

 What time shall we meet?

Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used emphatically:

Moreover, Soameshimself disliked the thought of that. (Galswor­thy)

She was never idle, it seemed to him, and he envied her now that hehimself was idle nearly all his time. (Galsworthy) I'm not going to do it for you. You can do ityourself.

§ 6. Reciprocal pronouns.

1. Reciprocal pronouns are the group-pronouns each other and one another. They express mutual action or relation. The subject to which they refer must always be in the plural.

"I didn't really know him," he thought, "and he didn't know me;

but we lovedeach other." (Galsworthy)

We haven't set eyes onone another for years. (Priestley)

Each other generally implies only two, one another two or more than two people:

He had never heard his father or his mother speak in an angry voice, either toeach other, himself, or anybody else. (Galsworthy) Seated in a row close toone another were three ladies — Aunts Ann, Hester (the two Forsyte maids), and Julie (short for Julia)... (Galsworthy)

It must be mentioned that this distinction is not always strictly observed:

I should have been surprised if those two could have thought very highly ofone another. (Dickens)

2. Reciprocal pronouns have two case forms.

Girls banged intoeach other and stamped oneach other'sfeet. (Mansfield)

The common case of reciprocal pronouns is used as an objcct.

The men were not grave and dignified. They lost their tempers easily and calledone another names... (London) Elizabeth and George talked and foundeach other delightful. (Aldington)

Thegenitive case of reciprocal pronouns may be used as an at­tribute.

At first it struck me that I might live by selling my works to the ten per cent who were like myself; but a moment's reflection showed me that these must all be as penniless as I, and that we could not live by, so to speak, taking inone another's washing. (Shaw)

Not until moon and stars faded away and streaks of daylight be­gan to appear, did Meitje Brinker and Hans look hopelessly into each other's face. (Dodge)

Reciprocal pronouns preceded by a preposition are used as a prepositional indirect object:

They lookat one another for a moment. (Dickens)

... in silence they staredat each other. (Saxton)

§ 7. Demonstrative pronouns.

1. The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, such, (the) same. The demonstrative pronouns this and that have two numbers:

this — these; that — those.

This is used to point at what is nearer in time or space; that points at what is farther away in time or space.

He looked him over critically. "Yes,this boy might do," he thought. (Dreiser)

"I likethat fellow," Henry Waterman confided to his brother the moment Frank had gone with instructions to report the following morning. (Dreiser)

This and that may be applied both to persons and things.

Andthis girl was French, not likely to lose her head, or accept any unlegalized position. (Galsworthy)

Other people were anxious to getthis soap atthis price. (Dreiser)

What do you think ofthat Belgian fellow, Profond? (Galsworthy)

 To Forsyte imaginationthat house was now a sort of Chinese pill-box... (Galsworthy)

The pronoun such.

She wore a red ribbon in her hair, and was the only one of the white company who could boast ofsuch a pronounced adorn­ment. (Hardy)

The pronoun same is always used with the definite article.

The driver was a young man... wearing a dandy cap, drab jacket, breeches of thesame hue. (Hardy)

2. The demonstrative pronouns this and that are used as subjects, predicatives, objects, and attributes.

It's all right, but I'd rather try my hand at brokerage, I thinkthatappeals to me. (Dreiser) (SUBJECT)

The only honest people — if they existed — werethose who said:

"This is foul brutality..." (Aldington) (PREDICATIVE)

Tell me just how you didthis. (Dreiser) (OBJECT)

"Ifthat young fellow wanted a place, I'd give it to him," he thought. (Dreiser) (ATTRIBUTE)

The demonstrative pronoun that (those) may be used as a word- substitute:

But in thinking of his remaining guest, an expression likethat of a cat who is just going to purr stole over his (Swithin's) old face. (Galsworthy)

The features (of young Jolyon) were certainlythose of a Forsyte, but the expression was more the introspective look of a student or philosopher. (Galsworthy)

The pronoun such is used as subject, predicative, object, and at­tribute:

If any living man can manage this horse I can — I won't say any living man can do it — but ifsuch has the power, I am here. (Hardy) (SUBJECT)

Her idolatry of this man wassuch that she herself almost feared it to be ill-omened. (Hardy) (PREDICATIVE) Butsuch thoughts and visions did not prevent him from following Professor Caldwell closely. (London) (ATTRIBUTE)

The pronoun (the) same usually performs the function of an at­tribute, but it may be used as subject, predicative, object:

We were inthe same classes. (London) (ATTRIBUTE) It is to be fearedthe same could not be said of you, were you to be called hence. (Ch. Bronte) (SUBJECT) Martin's Sunday wasthe same as before. (London) (PREDICA­TIVE)

"May this young man dothe same!" said Angel fervently. (Hardy) (OBJECT)

§ 8. Interrogative pronouns.

1. Interrogative pronouns are used in inquiry, to form special ques­tions. They are: who, whose, what, which.

The interrogative pronoun who has the category of case: the nomi­native case is who, the objective case whom.

Who refers to human beings:

Slipping her hand under his arm, she said:"Who was that?" "He picked up my handkerchief. We talked about pictures." (Galsworthy)

What when not attributive usually refers to things but it may be applied to people when one inquires about their occupation.

"What are you looking for, Tess?" the doctor called. "Hairpins,"

she replied... (London)

"What was he?" "A painter." (Galsworthy)

Which has a selective meaning: it corresponds to the Russian 'кото­рый из' (an individual of the group). It may refer to people and things.

The boys clasped each other suddenly in an agony of fright. "Which of us does he mean?" gasped Huckleberry. (Twain) Which side of the bed do you like, Mum? (Galsworthy)

The questions Who is he? What is he? Which is he? differ in their meaning. The first question inquires about the name or parentage of some person. The second question inquires about the occupation of the person spoken about. The third question inquires about some particular person out of a definite group of people.

2. In the sentence interrogative pronouns may have different func­tions — those of subject, predicative, object, and attribute:

Who, do you think, has been to see you, Dad? She couldn't wait! Guess. (Galsworthy) (SUBJECT)

"What's been happening, then?" he said sharply. (Eliot) (SUB­JECT)

"No,who's he?" "Oh, he's a Polish Jew." (Aldington) (PREDICA­TIVE)

"What are you, Mr. Mont, if I may ask?" "I, sir? I was going to be a painter." (Galsworthy) (PREDICATIVE)

"What was her father?" "Heron was his name, a Professor, so

they tell me." (Galsworthy) (PREDICATIVE)

"He says he's married," said Winifred."Whom to, for goodness'

sake?" (Galsworthy) (OBJECT)

"Who do you mean?" I said. (Du Maurier) (OBJECT)¹

¹ There is a tendency in Modern English to use who, instead of whom, as an object:

Z. If it doesn't matterwho anybody marries, then it doesn't matter

Z. Oh, speak English: you're not on the telephone now. (Shaw)

"What did you see in Clensofantrim?" "Nothing but beauty, dar­ling." (Galsworthy) (OBJECT)

"What sort of a quarrel?" he heard Fleur say. (Galsworthy) (AT­TRIBUTE)

Whose pain can have been like mine?Whose injury is like mine? (Eliot) (ATTRIBUTE)

Which day is it that Dorloote Mill is to be sold? (Eliot) (AT­TRIBUTE)