Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, к какой части речи они относятся:

science – scientist – scientific;
develop – developer – development;
nucleus – nuclei – nuclear;
apply – applied – application;
accurate – accuracy;
invent – inventor – invention;
power – powerful – powerless;
produce – product – production – productive.

 

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих выражений:

наука и техника; достижения науки и техники; резко изменить жизнь; быть тесно связанным; атомная энергия; космический полет; применение научных знаний и принципов; прогресс в чистой науке; создать новые возможности; удовлетворять нужды и потребности; изменить окружающую среду; массовое производство товаров; создать основу; век науки и техники.

5. Опираясь на текст, переведите на английский язык следующие слова и выражения в скобках:

1. In recent years our /взгляды/ of the Universe have drastically changed.

2. Modern technology /зависит от/ advances in pure science.

3. Technology provides science with more /точные/ instruments for research.

4. /На всем протяжении истории человечества/ people invented tools, machines, materials and technologies.

5. Modern technology began growth of the factory system and /массового производства товаров/.

6. /Только в 19 веке/ that technology began to build on the work of scientists.

6. Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям:

1. Scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet.

2. Science and technology are closely related.

3. Many modern technologies depend on science.

4. Technology provides science with new and accurate instruments.

5. Men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques.

6. We say that we live in an age of science and technology.

7. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago.

7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

8. What role has scientific and technological development played in man’s life?

9. What proves that science and technology are closely related today?

10. What does the term technology refer to?

11. What does the term industrial technology mean?

12. How is scientific activity in 1970-s estimated?

13. When did science and technology begin to work together?

14. How can the history of mankind be described?

 

Текст III.

1. П рочитайте, переведите и кратко изложите содержание текста на английском языке.

THE USE OF RESOURCES

Natural resources. Resources help people satisfy their needs and wants. Natural resources - a naturally occurring material that can be used to produce goods and services - occur as part of tin-environment and are an important part of an area’s characteristics. Renewable resources can be used over and over again, but scarce and nonrenewable resources must be conserved or recycled for use by future generations.

Earth is a planet rich in the materials necessary to support life. People can live only by making use of the earth’s natural resources. Resources include not only minerals, soil, water, forests, and wildlife, but also air and the energy of the sun when people know how to make use of them. People convert the things that nature provides into useful machines, tools, and foods. Even the most desolate and isolated areas of the world contain at least some resources, or materials that people use to meet basic needs and wants.

As people use natural resources, they change the natural landscape. Changes in the landscape brought about by mining and farming illustrate this idea. Yet the use of natural resources also brings about changes in the cultural landscape. Centuries ago the Romans built stone aqueducts to carry water to many parts of the Roman Empire. For some people, this made Water readily available for the first time. Today vehicles use highways, canals, and airways to speed the movement of valuable resources throughout the world.

Not all people in the world use natural resources in the same way. Factors that affect the use of natural resources include cultural differences, technological change, economic factors, and geopolitics.

Economic factors also play an important part in the way people use natural resources. Scarcity and rising prices have always led people to seek cheaper substitutes for costly resources. In colonial days, for example, people burned whale oil for lighting. As demand for whale oil rose, more and more whales were hunted. Eventually over hunting made whales harder to find and prices rose. People then looked for cheaper substitutes. In time they found a way to make kerosene from petroleum. Because kerosene cost less than whale oil, it quickly replaced whale oil as a lighting fuel.

Another factor that affects the use of natural resources is geo­politics - the relationship between geography and political policy. The international trade of scarce minerals provides an example of the importance of geopolitics in today’s world.

Most mineral deposits are unevenly distributed across the earth. This uneven distribution has resulted in increased world trade as countries lacking certain mineral resources buy what they need from other countries. Depending on the circumstances, a price increase or interruption in supply could result in great changes till the country importing the mineral. Geopolitics is becoming an increasingly important force in the world today.

2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How can the use of natural resources change (a) the natural landscape and (b) the cultural landscape?

2. What different factors affect the value and use of natural re sources?

3. Why are natural resources important?

4.  How did technological advances and economic factors change the way people met their needs?