Adverbial clauses of time and place

 

Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of time and place after the conjunctions whenever and wherever; in these cases the clauses have an additional concessive meaning. The analytical Subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is used.

 

Whenever Wherever

sb. sth.

may/might do sth.

                  

E.g. Whenever you may come, you are always welcome.

E.g. Wherever you might hide, I’ll find you.

 

Exercise 13 8. Make up sentences using your Active Grammar.

 

Whenever Wherever

I he she you they

may might

go fly call on come drive

you will be received well. let me know right away. he always takes his note book. they are always home. they always take their GPS unit.

Exercise 1 39. Make up 4 sentences in English using Whenever… and Wherever… and share them in class.

 

THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD, SUBJUNCTIVE I AND II IN

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

 

The Suppositional Mood, Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II are used in adverbial clauses of purpose after the conjunctions lest, in case, in order that, so that.

 

do sth.	that   in order that so that	Subjunctive I   sb. may/can (not) do sth. Subjunctive II sb. might/could (not) do sth.
	lest	the Suppositional Mood sb. should do sth. Subjunctive I sb. do sth.

        

E.g. I will see to it personally, so that you can rest assured. Lest you shouldn’t see me, good night to all!

 

 

Exercise 14 0. Make up sentences using your Active Grammar.

A

1. I’ll give you the book 2. Email him 3. He has told you all this 4. Strike a match 5. Come earlier 6. She spoke louder 7. I bought some flour 8. The gates are never closed 9. Find a vacant room 10. Take this digital camera

so that   in order that

you may/can cook an apple pie. you may/can understand his idea. he may/can know our plans. we may/can work there. everybody may/can hear her. you may/can take pictures outside. we may/can see it better. we may/can get better seats. they may/can come and go any time. you may/can learn more about it.

 

B

1. She turned her head away 2. She kept the window open 3. She told about his state 4. He distributed the blanks 5. We left early 6. I had to buy a new bag 7. She saved some money 8. He explained this rule 9. He resisted the temptation 10. She wanted to go to the country

so that   in order that

we might/could have some fresh air. he might/could take care of himself. we might/could not see her smile. we might/could be on time. they might/could fill them in. she might/could afford this trip. we might/could understand it better. I might/could pack all my things. she might/could have some rest. they might/could not see his weakness.

Exercise 14 1. Complete the sentences using your Active Grammar.

    Model: We had to run … - We had to run so that we could catch the bus.

 

1. I had to speak at the top of my voice ….

2. Put it down …. 

3. Spell his name ….

4. I am asking you ….

5. You should rest ….

6. I took her for a walk ….

7. He turned off the radio ….

8. I’ve been working all night ….

9. He came earlier ….

10. Don’t let her eat any sweets ….

11. Take a taxi ….

12. They stayed at the suite ….

 

Exercise 14 2. Translate into English using your Active Grammar.

 

1. Скажите мне еще раз свой точный адрес, чтобы я больше не ошибался. 2. Зажги еще одну лампу, чтобы в комнате было светлее. 3. Она притворилась, что ищет что-то в своих бумагах, чтобы никто не видел ее волнения. 4. Запиши мой телефон, чтобы не забыть его. 5. Посоветуйте ей одеться теплее, чтобы не простудиться. 6. Позвони ей, пожалуйста, чтобы она не забыла этот учебник. 7. Он положил книги в рюкзак, чтобы не забыть их. 8. Подними ее, чтобы ей было видно. 9. Я дала вам много примеров, чтобы вы поняли, как употребляется это слово. 10. Я оставила записку на столе, чтобы мама ее сразу увидела. 11. Мне дали деньги, чтобы я купил книги для домашнего чтения. 12. Она оставила нам копию документа, чтобы мы ознакомились с его содержанием.

 

TOPIC. Food and meals.

 

Exercise 14 3. Check the pronunciation of the words consulting the dictionary. Learn the words.

 

Fruit and berries

Berries: strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, bilberries, blueberries, raspberries, gooseberries, grapes, loganberries

Citrus fruit: oranges, tangerines, grapefruit, limes, lemon

Melons: cantaloupe, watermelon, honey dew melon

Tropical fruits: pineapple, mango, coconuts, bananas, papaya, lychee, passion fruit, starfruit, persimmons, quinces, figs, peaches, nectarines, pears, plums, kiwi fruit, cherries, apricots, apples

Vegetable

Onion family: garlic, leeks, spring onions Br.E./green onions A.E., chives, onions

Tubers: yam, sweet potato, potatoes

Squashes: cucumber, marrow Br.E/squash A.E., courgettes Br.E/zucchini A.E., pumpkin

Root vegetables: swede Br.E/rutabaga A.E., beetroot Br.E/beet A.E., white radish, ginger, radishes, carrots, parsnips, turnips

Peas and beans: butter beans, green beans, broad beans, peas, kidney beans, beansprouts

Other vegetables: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, corn cobs, chinese leaves Br.E/bok choy A.E., celery, artichoke, okra, asparagus, lettuce, spinach, red pepper/green paper, cayenne, aubergine Br.E/egg plant A.E., mushrooms, tomatoes

Grains

Wheat, rice, buckwheat, millet, oats, barley 

Meat

Pork, beef, veal, mutton, lamb

Fish

Pike perch, pike, perch/bass, cod, flounder, salmon, plaice, sturgeon 

Ways to cook food:

boil, steam, stew, bake, fry, roast, microwave, grill, casserole, barbecue, grill Br.E/broil A.E., stir-fry, flambé, toast

 

Exercise 144. Make up sentences (5 total) using the words given below. Learn the words.

Bake, barbecue, boil, broil, grill, fry, heat, roast, sauté, simmer

Blender, cutting board, microwave oven, pan, pot, stove, utensils, gadgets, spatula, colander, tray, tin opener, corkscrew

Chop, cut, dice, mix, slice, stir

Exercise 145. Answer the questions.

 

1. How many meals a day do you have?

2. Who cooks the meals in your family?

3. What British customs in taking meals do you know?

4. Do you keep to any kind of a diet?

5. What is your least favourite dish? Why?

6. What do you usually have for dessert? If it’s ice-cream – how many scoops can you eat?

7. What national cuisine are you fond of?

8. What is the most peculiar dish you’ve ever tasted?

Exercise 146. Make up a dialogue “Going out to eat” using the words and sentences below.

Cafeteria, coffee shop, deli, fast food restaurant, pizzeria, fancy restaurant

Atmosphere, decor, service, reservation, cheap, reasonable, expensive, chef, customer, delicious, meal, menu, special of the day, receipt, bill/check, tip

Are you ready to order? – Yes, I w ill have… / No, not yet.

Would you care for anything else? – Yes, I’d like … / No, that’s all.

What do you recommend? – I recommend ….

Could I get the bill, please? – Sure, I’ll be right back.

Exercise 147. Look through some of the tips to eat less fat. Can you try to follow them? What eating habit of yours would be difficult to give up?

 

Tips to Eat less Fat.

· Choose a low fat spread rather than butter, hard margarine or ordinary soft margarine. Or use a margarine labelled ‘high in polyunsaturates’ – but remember, this type of margarine contains the same amount of fat and calories as

· butter, it is the type of fat which is different. If you do use butter or ordinary margarine, make sure you spread it more thinly.

· Buy skimmed or semi-skimmed milk rather than whole milk. Both have just as much calcium and protein as ordinary milk but much less fat.

· Use low fat yogurt instead of cream, evaporated or condensed milk. If you do use cream, choose single rather than double. Remember, some artificial creams have as much fat as real cream.

· Try half-fat hard cheese or cottage cheese instead of ordinary cheese.

· Make salad dressings with yogurt, herbs, spices, vinegar and lemon juice rather than mayonnaise or salad cream.

· Cut down on crisps, chocolate, cakes and biscuits.

· Eat fish more often. Grill, microwave, steam or bake rather than deep frying in batter.

· Chicken and turkey are low in fat if the skin is removed as most fat is just under the skin.

· Buy the leanest cuts of meat you can afford and trim off any remaining fat. Or use smaller quantities of lean meat and fill up on vegetables, potatoes or pulses (beans, peas, etc.)

 

Exercise 148. Read the text about restaurants in the USA. What kinds of restaurants can be found in Moscow? Which do you prefer and why?

 

Restaurants in the USA

 

In the U.S. there’s something for every taste and budget. You can dine in the luxurious surroundings of a fashionable restaurant or eat on the run at an informal lunch counter.

Most restaurants charge more for dinner than for lunch. You can order as little or as much as you want, but sometimes there’s a minimum charge. In simple places, you often pay the cashier on your way out, after leaving the tip on the table.

Breakfast is served from 7 to 10 a.m., lunch between 11 a.m. and 2.30 p.m. and dinner from 5 or 6 to 10.30 p.m. or so. Brunch is featured on Sundays between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. Reserve a table in advance if you plan to eat in a well-known restaurant.

If you feel hungry at an unusual hour, you’ll be able to find a fast-food establishment, diner or coffee shop serving hot food, or snacks at almost any time of day or night.

Coffee shops and cafeterias offer sandwiches, hamburgers, salads, simple hot dishes and pastries. They do not serve alcoholic drinks.

Delicatessens (deli), a cross between grocery stores and restaurants (some are just restaurants), are known for their gargantuan sandwiches. Other specialities include salads and hearty soups. Some delicatessens are kosher.

Diners. Originally a sort of coffee shop on the road built in the shape of a railway dining car, some have now become quite elaborate and serve alcohol. But they’re still open long (often 24) hours.

 

“Ethnic” restaurants, a term covering all foreign restaurants – Greek, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Indian, Spanish, Mexican, Middle Eastern, German, Russian, Scandinavian, and so on. There’s something for every taste.

Fast-food outlets. You’ll see plenty of reminders that you’re in the land of McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken.

French restaurants. Approach these with caution, for each excellent one there are another hundred that are mediocre and expensive.

Health-food restaurants and juice bars. Every imaginable kind of fruit and vegetable juice is served, plus delicious salads, wholefood and vegetarian specialities. The ingredients are often organic.

Open-air or sidewalk cafes have become very popular in recent years. They serve hamburgers, quiches, crépes and sandwiches, and will usually let you linger over your coffee.

Pizzerias serve a wide variety of pizzas, usually big enough for three people. You can also buy pizza by the slice.

Take-outs are small shops where you can order sandwiches, salads, assorted groceries and drinks to take out and consume elsewhere.

 

Revision Exercise

 

Exercise 149. Complete the sentences using the Active Grammar and Active Vocabulary of the 1^st term.

 

1. If you were here … 2. If I ever told you a lie … 3. If they really new each other … 4. If she had taken that medicine … 5. If I had more money … 6. If I were in London … 7. If she hadn’t stared at me like this … 8. If I had a new car … 9. If she liked apple pie … 10. If we lived in New York … 11. If he worked harder … 12. But for this difference … 13. But for the inconvenience … 14. But for this medicine … 15. But for the injection he had been given … 16. But for the high temperature … 17. But for the dessert … 18. But for the charming smile … 19. But for the pills … 20. I’d rather … 21. She’d better … 22. You look pale as if … 23. He felt as if … 24. He treated his family as if … 25. He stared at us as if … 26. Everybody kept silent as if … 27. I don’t understand you at all as if … 28. He had another helping of salad as if … 29. I wish all of us … 30. The students wished the Professor … 31. I wish you … 32. My mother always wished … 33. How we wish we … 34. The doctor wishes … 35. He said it was necessary … 36. My mother says that it’s important … 37. It was ordered that … 38. Can you understand that it is desirable that … 39. It’s impossible that … 40. He suggested that … 41. The teacher of History demands that … 42. I request … 43. The policeman ordered … 44. The guide suggests … 45. She felt drowsy and was afraid... 46. The doctor frowned and the patient feared … 47. She feared that … 48. I fear … 49. Would you like to go to the buffet so that … 50. She asked what fish he liked so that … 51. I suggest we eat now so that … 52. Would you check the meat in the oven so that … 53. He put one lump of sugar in his tea so that … 54. She ordered only one course so that … 55. Whenever he might come … 56. However tired she may have been … 57. No matter what the doctor may have said … 58. Wherever they may be … 59. No matter what you may hear about her …

 

Unit 5

Exercise 150. Consult the dictionary and find the meanings of the following idiomatic expressions. Use them in the examples of your own.

 

to be beside the point

to be on the point of doing something

to come to/get to/reach the point

to fail to see/miss the point (of something)

to get/wander away from/off the point

to get/wander away from/off the point

to get/see the point (of something)

to make one’s point  

to make a point of doing something

to see the point (in/of doing something)

to stretch a point

to stretch the point

to take someone’s point

a case in point

if/when it comes to the point

in point of fact

the point of no return

there’s no/not much/very little/hardly any point in doing something

(what is) more to the point

what’s the point?

Exercise 151. Choose the suitable word from the box.

 

1. Oh, I am so …! This is one of the best days in my life.

2. Look, she is wearing that terrible checked skirt of hers again. Doesn’t she know that … clothes are in fashion?

3. His … about this matter was obvious.

4. He always … that we should be in time for work.

5. You have 10 minutes to complete this task. Fill in the … with the appropriate words.

6. I can’t figure out how to set the timer, but I really need to … this TV program.

7. I hope it is … that your service is no longer necessary.

8. My ophthalmologist said that I must wear UV filter sunglasses on any … day.

9. We were so … at the workshop yesterday, we shouldn’t have signed up for it.

10. I still can’t comprehend what … him to act like this. 

point out clear      record    bored              bright

ignorance blank              plain      excited   prompt

 

 

Exercise 152. Answer the questions. Mind the use of Active Vocabulary.

1. Are you fond of bright colours?

2. Do you always try to look on the bright side of life?

3. How can you define a bright person?

4. What is your idea of plain food?

5. Can you always find a simple solution to any problem?

6. Is it easy for you to make a clear statement during a discussion?

7. When do you have to fill in a blank?

8. What can make a person stare blankly?

9. Do you easily confess that you are ignorant of some fact? 

10. What can prompt you to start working on your Year Paper?

11. Why are the teachers against prompting?

12. Have you ever left your record book at home on the day of the exam?

13. Are you in the habit of recording songs while listening to the radio? Why?

14. Is it always pointless to quarrel?

15. How do you feel when somebody points out your mistakes?

16. Why is it a rule never to point your gun at people even if it’s unloaded?

17. What do you do when you are bored?

18. Do you give up a boring book instantly?

19. Are you excited by the upcoming holidays?

20. Do you often feel excited?

21. What news would you call exciting?

Exercise 153. Discuss the difference between the following synonyms. Make up illustrative examples for each item.

 

              1) boring, tedious, dull

              2) plain, obvious, apparent

 

Exercise 154. Find 5 synonyms to the word exciting. Make up examples in English using them.

 

Exercise 155. Translate into English using Active Vocabulary.

 

A

1. Игра была захватывающей, мы не пожалели, что пошли на стадион. 2. Ей до смерти надоело сидеть дома, и это побудило ее найти себе работу. 3. Новые книги по географии всегда вызывают интерес у студентов нашего факультета. 4. Он всегда записывал свои впечатления о путешествиях на диктофон. 5. На повороте мы увидели табличку, указывающую нужное направление. 6. Если бы не твоя подсказка, он не ответил бы на этот вопрос. 7. В приюте имеются характеристики всех детей. 8. Взволнованная утренним происшествием, пожилая женщина не сразу смогла успокоиться. 9. Леди Кэтерин велела, чтобы он немедленно прекратил все отношения с этой простушкой.  10.  На  собрании  она  старалась  молчать, чтобы  не

 

показать незнание. 11. “Вы вряд ли сможете рассчитывать на стипендию в этом семестре”, - сказал профессор, указывая студенту на его ошибки. 12. Мальчик плакал и показывал на порванные на колене джинсы. 13. Ей до смерти надоела ее жизнь, в которой каждый новый день был похож на предыдущий. 14. Небольшую подсказку для ответа на вопрос вы можете найти на карте, которая лежит перед вами.

 

B

1. Небо после грозы довольно быстро прояснилось, и они не стали откладывать свои планы на день. 2. Остроумные люди всегда сильно выделяются в компании. 3. Абсолютное незнание ситуации делало его высказывания смешными для окружающих. 4. Нам было трудно поверить, что во время отпуска, проведенного за границей, ему не хватало простой домашней пищи. 5. Женщины-руководители часто предпочитают носить однотонную одежду. 6. Хотя мальчик был очень способный, он получал плохие оценки. По-видимому, он уделял мало времени занятиям. 7. При виде его безобразного лица, она еле удержалась от того, чтобы не вскрикнуть. 8. Если бы ваше задание не было таким простым, я бы поставил вам оценку повыше. 9. Ничто так не привлекает в человеке, как живость ума и умение объясняться понятным языком. 10. Некоторые люди считают, что незнание – это счастье. 11. В последний раз он окинул бесцельным взглядом пустую комнату, затем решительно встал, и вышел с твердым намерением начать новую жизнь. 12. Он довольно долго смотрел на пустой лист бумаги и все не решался написать письмо.

 

MODAL VERBS

 

Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action or state indicated by the infinitive, i.e. they show that the action indicated by the infinitive is considered as possible, impossible, probable, improbable, advisable, necessary, obligatory, uncertain or doubtful, etc. The modal verbs are: can (could), may (might), must, shall, will, should, would, ought to. Dare, need, have to + Infinitive,be to + Infinitive and used to+ Infinitive also share some of the features of modal verbs.

 

Modal verbs are called defective because:

 

1) all of them (except dare, need and used to) lack verbals (the infinitive, gerund, participles), analytical forms (compound tenses: perfect, continuous) and forms of the Imperative mood, the Passive voice.

2) they don’t take the suffix –s in the third person Singular.

3) all modal verbs (except ought to, used to and sometimes dare and need) are followed by the infinitive without particle to.

4) all of them (except dare and need) need no auxiliaries to form questions and negative forms. 

 

All modal verbs have two negative forms – a full form and a contracted one.

 

 

    E.g. should not – shouldn’t       need not – needn’t             dare not – daren’t

 

The modal verbs can, may, shall, will have two tense forms of the Indicative mood: present and past.

 

    can – could              may – might             shall – should will – would

The forms could, might, should, would may also denote an unreal action.