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Фонетический строй английского языка. Звуки. Буквосочетания.

Стр 1 из 17Следующая ⇒

Лекция 1.

Вводно-коррективный курс

План

1. Фонетический строй английского языка. Звуки. Буквосочетания.

2. Английский алфавит.

3. Чтение ударных и безударных гласных.

4. Части речи.

5. Местоимения.

6. Глагол to be в Simple Present.

7. Множественное число имен существительных.

8. Падежи имен существительных. Притяжательный падеж.

9. Артикль. Основные правила употребления артиклей.

10. Глагол to be в Simple Past.

11. Ситуации общения: представление.

Фонетический строй английского языка. Звуки. Буквосочетания.

В английском алфавите 26 букв; 6 гласных букв передают 20 гласных звуков, а 20 согласных букв – 24 согласных звука. Для обозначения звуков используется фонетическая транскрипция, например: [v]. При изучении английской артикуляции студентам следует обратить внимание на то, что в английском языке выделяют 12 монофтонгов, которые подразделяют на краткие и долгие, и 8 дифтонгов.

Согласные звуки		Гласные звуки
Схожи с русским звуком [m] [p] [k] [h] [g] [з] [∫] [f] [j] [s] [z] [v] [b]	Отличаются от русских звуков [d] [n] [l] [t∫] [r] Отсутствуют в русском языке [ŋ] [θ] [ð] [kw] [ks] [w] [dз]	Монофтонги (состоят из одного звука) [o] [o:] [Λ] [i] [i:] [a:] [e] [æ] [ə] [u] [u:]	Дифтонги (состоят из трех звуков) [ai] [oi] [ei] [au] [ou] [əu] [uə] [εə] [auə] [aiə]

Согласные буквы дают следующие звуки:

Bb – [ b ] – b ag, b ig;

Cc – [ s] – перед e, i, y- c ity, c ycle;

- [ k] – в остальных случаях – ba c k, c at;

Dd – [d] - d og, D en;

Ff – [ f ] – f at, f it;

Gg – [dg]- перед e, i, y- g em, g ymnastics Исключения: g et –[get], g ive-[giv];

- [g] - в остальных случаях- g ot, G oo g le;

Hh – [h ]- h ot, h iss;

Jj –[dg] – J ack, j et;

Kk – [k] – k it, k umquat;

Ll –[ l ] – l emon, l et;

Mm – [m] – m ix, m at;

Nn –[ n ]- n et, n ot;

Pp – [ p ] – p ot, ste p;

Qq – [ k ], [kw]- в сочетании с буквой U – qu estion, qu ick;

Rr – [r] – r at, R ex;

Ss – [s] – 1. в начале слов перед гласными согласными- s ix, s pot;

- 2. в середине слова перед глухой согласной – de s k;

- 3. в конце слова после глухой согласной – desk s, cat s;

- [ z ] - в конце слов после гласных и звонких согласных – tie s, bed s;

Tt – [ t ] – t ax, t en;

Vv –[ v ] – v an, v ex;

Ww – [ w ] – w all, w ant;

Xx – [ ks ]- wa x, ta x;

- [gz] – e x am,

- [ z ]- x ylophone;

Zz – [ z ]- z ebra, z est.

Буквосочетания согласных и гласны х

sh – [ ∫] - ship, sheep, shark

ch –[t∫] - chick, chat, chimney

tch –[t∫] – match

oy –[ oi ] - в ударном слоге –boy, toy

oi - [ oi ] - в ударном слоге – voice

ear – [ i ə ] - в ударном слоге – clear, dear

eer – [ i ə] - в ударном слоге – deer, career

ere – [ i ə] - в ударном слоге – here

wor –[ w ə:]– в начале слова в ударном слоге – work, word

our - [ au ə] – в ударном слоге - our

ower -[ au ə] – в ударном слоге – flower, tower

ire – [ ai ə] – в ударном слоге – tired

yre - [ ai ə] - в ударном слоге – tyre

th – [ θ ]- в начале значимых слов - thin

- в конце слов – teeth

- [ð] – в служебных словах this, that

ck -[k] – clock, flock

kn – [n] – know, knight

ve – [ v ] – в конце слов - twelve

wh – [ w ] – в начале слов – white

- [h] – перед o - whom, whose

wr – [ r ] – в начале слов – write

wa – [ wo ] – в ударном слоге во многих словах – wash

~ sion – [ ∫ n ] – в конце слова - tension

~ sion – [ з n] – в конце слова после гласных – television, revision, occasion,

~ tion – [ ∫n] - в конце слова - revolution, station, obligation

~ ssion - [ ∫n] – в конце слова - session, procession

~ sure – [ з ə] - в конце слова – pleasure, treasure

Буквосочетания гласных

our - [ au ə] – в ударном слоге - our

ower-[auə] – в ударном слоге – flower, tower

ture – [t∫ə] - в конце слова - picture, future, sculpture, lecture,

2. Английский алфавит

The Alphabet

Печатный шрифт

Письменный шрифт

Алфавитное название

Печатный шрифт

Письменный шрифт

Алфавитное название

1. Aa

[ei]

14. Nn

[en]

2. Bb

[bi:]

15. Oo

[əu]

3. Cc

[si:]

16. Pp

[pi:]

4. Dd

[di:]

17. Qq

[kju:]

5. Ee

[i:]

18. Rr

[a:]

6. Ff

[ef]

19. Ss

[es]

7. Gg

[dgi:]

20. Tt

[ti:]

8. Hh

[eit∫]

21. Uu

[ju:]

9. Ii

[ai]

22. Vv

[vi:]

10. Jj

[dgei]

23. Ww

[d٨blju:]

11. Kk

[kei]

24. Xx

[eks]

12. Ll

[el]

25. Yy

[wai]

13. Mm

[em]

26. Zz

[zed]

Чтение ударных и безударных гласных.

Для того, чтобы освоить чтение английских слов, необходимо знать правила чтения буквосочетаний, и правила чтения ударных и безударных гласных букв. Для того, чтобы освоить чтение английских слов, необходимо знать правила чтения буквосочетаний, и правила чтения ударных и безударных гласных букв. Освоить этот материал студентам поможет таблица

Четыре типа ударных слогов

Тип\ Бук- Слога\ ва	A	E	O	U	I	Y
I (открытый)	ei	i:	[au]	ju:	ai	ai
II (закрытый)	æ	e	o	u	i	i
III (гласн.+ r)	a:	ə:	o:	ə:	ə:	ə:
IV	eə	iə	o:	juə	aiə	aiə

Чтение безударных гласных

A	E	O	U	I	Y
[ə] `beg-gar	[ə] `better	[ə] `doctor	[ə], [ Λ ] Уточнять по транскрибции в словаре	[ə], [i] cos`metic	[ i ] В безударном конечном слоге `easy [j] Перед гласной в начале слова `yellow

E.g.:

etc.

Writing

1. You are a foreign student Glasgow University ….You are the editor of college newspaper and is responsible for its edition this is the first issue. Introduce yourself to the readers. Begin with: Hello! I’m …. Then introduce some of the tutors who work at the University. Begin with: This is ….He/she is ….You may use your photos.

2. You are the graduate of the Institute of American Indian Arts. You live in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Introduce yourself and the scholastic staff of the Institute.

Задания для самостоятельной работы

1.Составить рассказ о себе, используя изученный грамматический материал.

2. Рассказать о своем друге, используя изученный грамматический материал.

3.Сделать сообщение о своем рабочем дне.

Литература

Основная:

1. Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson, New English File.-Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

1. Essential grammar in use, 1999.

2. Любимцева С.Н. Деловой английский для начинающих. М.: ГИС, 1999.

Тема 2.

Англо – говорящий мир

План

1. Название стран мира, национальностей и названий языков мира.

2. Английский язык - язык мирового общения.

3. Оборот there is/ there are.

4. The Present Simple Tense.

5. Типы вопросительных предложений

6. Артикли с географическими названиями

Pre – reading task

Do you know:

a) how many different languages there are in the world;

b) which varieties of English people speak in the world and in what countries they are spoken.

Retell the text

Вопрос к подлежащему

1 Вопрос. слово: Who What

2 Смысл. глагол в данном времени

Альтернативный вопрос Alternative question

1 Общий вопрос

2 Союз Or

3 Общий вопрос

Разделительный вопрос Tag question

1 Подлежа- щее

2 Смыслов. глагол

3 Вспомогательный. глагол

4 Под лежащее (выражен-ное место- имением)

Вспомогательные глаголы:

Вспомогательные глаголы Времена	Все глаголы, кроме to be	Глагол to be
Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect	Do / Does + V 1 Did + V 1 Shall / Will + V 1 Am/ is /are + V1 ing Was/Were+ V1 ing Shall be/ Will be +V1 ing Have / Has + V3 Had+ V3 Shall have + V3/ Will have + V3	am, is, are Was, were Shall be/ Will be am, is, are+ V1 ing Was/Were + V1 ing Shall be/ Will be + V1 ing Have been/ Has been+ V3 Had been + V3 Shall have been + V3/ Will have been + V3

Present Simple - Do / Does

Past Simple - Did

Future Simple – Shall / Will

Present Continuous – Am/ is /are

Past Continuous – Was/Were

Future Continuous – Shall be/ Will be

Present Perfect – Have / Has

Past Perfect - Had

Future Perfect – Shall have / Will have

Литература

Основная:

1. Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson, New English File.-Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

1. Essential grammar in use, 1999.

2. Любимцева С.Н. Деловой английский для начинающих. М.: ГИС, 1999.

Тема 3.

Великобритания

План

1. Страдательный залог времени Present Simple.

2. Географическое положение Великобритании.

3. Государственное устройство Великобритании.

4. Монархия и Королева.

1.Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

В английском языке имеется действительный залог (Active Voice)и страдательный залог (Passive Voice).

В действительном залоге глагол обозначает действие, которое производится подлежащим.

We play tennis on Sunday.

В страдательном залоге глагол обозначает действие, которое производится над подлежащим.

Образуется страдательный залог с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be, который спрягается в настоящем и прошедшем времени, и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle), т.е.третья форма глагола.

Remember

Если необходимо указать кем совершается действие, то употребляется предлог by

2.Географическое положение Великобритании.

1. What is Britain? What countries is it made up of?

2. What do you imagine when you think of Britain and its people?

3. What do the pictures on the screen tell you about Britain?

4. Can you think of words and phrases that are typical of Britain?

5. Learn to read these words correctly and learn them by heart:

Great Britain ['greit 'britn],

The Atlantic ocean[ðə ət'læntik]

the Irish Sea[ ðə airi∫ si:]

the North Sea- [ðə no:θ si:]

France-[ ' fra:ns]

the English Channel- [ði 'iηli∫ 't∫ænəl]

the North Channel.- [ðə no:θ 't∫ænəl]

the Thames['temz ]- [ðə temz]

the Severn ['sevə(:)n]

England ['iηglənd]

Scotland ['skotlənd]

Wales ['weilz]

Edinburgh-['edinbərə]

Northern Ireland- ['noðən 'ailənd]

Birmingham- ['bə:miŋəm]

Glasgow- ['gla:sgəu]

Liverpool- ['livəpu:l ]

Manchester- ['mænt∫istə]

Cardiff –['ka:dif]

Belfast- ['belfa:st]

Londonderry- ['l _٨nden ' deri]

ROYAL TRAVEL

The Queen has occupied the throne for over 40 years and has travelled more widely than any other British monarch. Every year she undertakes at least two major overseas State Visits, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh, with shorter official tours in between, such as visiting Normandy in 1994 for the fiftieth anniversary of the D-Day landings.

Her Majesty (HM) has made great use of the Royal Yacht Britannia, which was launched by her in 1953, the year of the coronation, and which has since travelled over 1,000,000 miles. Britannia has served as a royal residence and a setting for official entertainment by The Queen and members of the Royal Family, and has also been used for the promotion of British commercial interests overseas.

The Royal Yacht has the distinction of being the last ship in the Royal Navy whose sailors slept in hammocks. In June 1994 it was announced that HM Yacht Britannia would be de-commissioned in 1997 in view of her age and the expense of maintaining her. She is the second oldest ship in the Royal Navy, only Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory, being older.The role of The Queen's Flight is to provide air transport for The Queen, members of the Royal Family and certain senior government ministers. It consists of three BAe 146 medium-range jet aircraft andtwo Wessex helicopters.

Whenever the Queen or any other member of the Royal Family travels on land, either by road or rail, the arrangements are made by the Crown Equerry, whose office is located in the Royal Mews. The Crown Equerry is responsible for the 30 horses used in State processions and which are kept in the royal stables, as well as for the magnificent collection of State coaches and carriages. He also looks after the five Rolls-Royce limousines kept in the Mews. Whenever Her Majesty is travelling in one of her official cars a solid-silver mascot depicting St George and the Dragon is fixed to the limousine bonnet.

A favourite method of travel for all the Royal Family is the Royal Train which is owned and operated by British Rail. Prince Charles designed part of the interior of his quarters and the Duke of Edinburgh frequently uses the train for business meetings for one of his many organizations. All royal journeys are charged to the Privy Purse (The Queen's treasury) who reimburse British Rail for every mile travelled.

ROYALTY ENTERTAINS

The Queen is the country's official hostess entertaining, on behalf of her people, guests from all over the world. She has been described as the most generous hostess in the world with no other Head of State entertaining on quite the same scale. Her Majesty welcomes visiting monarchs, princes, sheiks and presidents to her palaces, castles, the Royal Yacht and even to her private homes at Balmoral and Sandringham, where they are treated to a unique hospitality.

In addition to the State Banquets required by protocol to be held in honour of visiting Heads of State, The Queen will host numerous official dinners and lunches throughout the year. At Windsor Castle close friends are invited to a continuous house party throughout Royal Ascot week each June.

Windsor is also the scene of The Queen's large Christmas party where the family gathering has now expanded to include more than 40 people. New Year is spent at Sandringham where the Duke of Edinburgh hosts a series of shooting parties, and in August the royal couple move to Scotland where, once again, a large number of guests arrive at Balmoral. A tradition has grown whereby the Prime Minister and his wife are invited for a weekend, which usually includes several hours discussing affairs of State.

When the Court moves to the Palace of Holyrood house in Edinburgh for one week in July, another round of parties then begins with an official dinner every evening and a Garden Party for 6,000 guests held in one of the most attractive settings in Britain.

Union Jack

This is popular name given to the flag of Great Britain. Actually it is called the Union Flag and it is a mixture of several flags.

It all began in 1606 when Scotland was joined to England and Wales. The Scottish flag, St Andrew’s Cross, blue with a white cross from corner to corner, was joined to the English

Flag, St George’s Cross, white with a red cross. The flag of St George can still be seen on churches in England.

Later, in 1801, when Ireland was joined to the Union, as it was called the Irish Flag of St Patrick’s Cross added, white with a red cross from corner to corner.

In this way the English people got the Union Flag whish is red, white and blue. King James the Third (1566-1622) ordered that the Union Flag should be flown on the main mast of all British ships, except on ships of war. Here the flag was flown at the front of the ships, on whet was called the Jack Star and so we get the mane of Union Jack. A “jack”, by the way, is an old word for the sailor. The Union Jack is also on the flags of Australia and New Zealand.

Задания для самостоятельной работы

1. Сделайте сообщение о географическом положении Великобритании.

2. Сделайте сообщение о государственном устройстве Великобритании

Литература

Основная:

1. Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson, New English File.-Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

1. Essential grammar in use, 1999.

2. Любимцева С.Н. Деловой английский для начинающих. М.: ГИС, 1999.

3. Голицинский Ю.Б., Великобритания. –СПб:Каро-СПб,2003

Тема 4.

США

План

1. Географическое положение и государственное устройство США.

2. Символы США.

3. The Past Simple Tense.

1.Географическое положение и государственное устройство США.

Answer the questions

1. What are the main political parties in the USA?

2. When are presidential elections held?

3. What does the Supreme Court consist of?

4. When was the US Constitution adopted?

5. Is the USA the biggest country in the world?

2. Символы США.

The Statue of Liberty

One of the most famous statues in the world stands on an island in New York Harbor. This statue is, of course, the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty is a woman who holds a torch up high. She symbolizes a welcome to a land of freedom. Visitors can go inside the statue. The statue is so large that as many as twelve people can stand inside the torch. Many more people can stand in other parts of the statue. The statue weighs 225 tons and is 301 feet tall.

The Statue of Liberty was put up in 1886. It was a gift to the United States from the people of France. Over the years France and the United States had a special relationship. In 1776 France helped the American colonies gain independence from England. The French wanted to do something special for the U.S. centennial, its 100th birthday

Laboulaye was a well-known Frenchman who admired the U.S. One night at a dinner in his house, Laboulaye talked about the idea of a gift. Among guests was the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Bartholdi thought of a statue of liberty. He offered to design the statue.

Many people contributed in some way. The French people gave money for the statue. Americans designed and built the pedestal for the statue to stand on. The American people raised money to pay for the pedestal. The French engineer Alexander Eiffel, who was famous for his Eiffel Tower in Paris, figured out how to make the heavy statue stand.

Закончите предложения.

1.______________________________________ The people of France wanted to give the United States a special………………

a. gift b. torch с woman

2 France and the United States had a special………………………...

a. independence b. relationship с feeling

3 France helped the American colonies to……………. independence.

a. build b. gain c. protect

4.A famous Frenchman, Laboulaye, ………………the United States.

a. admired b. visited с designed

5. Frederic Bartholdi……………..to design the statue.

a. contributed b. offered с. ordered

6. The Statue of Liberty stands on a ………………...

a. building b. harbor c. pedestal

II. Закончите предложения.

1. The Statue of Liberty is a famous statue in

a. France b. the United States

2._______________________ The Statue of Liberty was a gift ……………….

a. from the people of France to the United States

b. from Laboulaye and Eiffel to the United States
3. The Statue of Liberty symbolizes ………………..

a. a woman with a torch b. a land of freedom

The Past Simple Tense

The Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Употребляется для выражения:

а) повторяющегося действия или признака предмета в прошлом

He often spоke English. (Он часто говорил по – английски).

б) цепи последовательных действий в прошлом

Не took a book, opened it and began reading it.

в) однократного действия в прошлом.

I took the book from the library yesterday.

Обстоятельства времени, указывающие на группу Simple: last week, last year, yesterday, two years ago.

Литература

Основная:

1. Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson, New English File.-Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

1. Essential grammar in use, 1999.

2. Любимцева С.Н. Деловой английский для начинающих. М.: ГИС, 1999.

Тема 5.

Канада

План

Canada

Canada (to consist) of almost all of the North American continent north of the US except Alaska. Its total land area of more than 9 mln sq. km (to make) it the second largest country in the world.

Canada's topography (to be) dominate d by the Canadian Shield, an ice-scoured area covering half the country. Most of northern Canada (to have) subarctic or arctic climates, with long cold winters lasting 8 to 11 month, short sunny summers, and little precipitation. In contrast, the populated south (to have) a variety of climatological landscapes.

The total population according to the census 1981 (to be) about 24 mln people with the average population density of 2.8 per sq. km.

English and French (to be) the official languages of Canada and (to have) equal status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all governmental institutions.

Canada (to be) a federation of 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the mate. The leader of the party that (to win) the largest number of seats in newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.

The civil law (to follow) English common law everywhere except in Quebec, where it (to follow) the Napoleonic Code.

Canada (to be) a world leader in the production of asbestos, nickel and different other elements, forestry products, and (to rank) first in the world in export of minerals. Although no longer the foremost sector of the economy, agriculture (to be) of major importance to the economy as a whole and still (to be) basic in many areas. Canada (to be) among the world's leading wheat producers and (to be) second in the export of wheat.

Basically, Canada (to have) a free-enterprise economy. A recurrent problem for Canada has been the dominant position of US corporations and investors.

Answer the following questions:

1. What can you say about the climate of Canada?

2. What is its political status?

3. Does Canada have one official language?

4. What is the jurisdiction of Canada like?

Examine the card.

Answer the questions:

1. Whose card is this?

2. What is he?

3. What company is he from? 4. What city is he from?

5. What is his telephone number?

6. What is the address?

Design your own card.

Задания для самостоятельной работы студентов:

1.Сделать сообщение об экономике Канады.

2.Разработать визитную карточку работника вашей компании.

Литература

Основная:

1. Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.

2. Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson, New English File.-Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

1. Essential grammar in use, 1999.

2. Любимцева С.Н. Деловой английский для начинающих. М.: ГИС, 1999.

Тема 6.

Австралия и Новая Зеландия

План

1. Географическое положение и государственное устройство Австралии.

2. Страдательный залог времени Past Simple

3. Предлоги времени.

4. Географическое положение и государственное устройство Новой Зеландии.

5. Словообразование имен прилагательных.

Предлоги времени

Предлоги – это служебные слова, которые показывает отношение существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении. Они не выполняют самостоятельной функции в предложении и поэтому не являются членами предложения.

in – в (время дня,месяц, сезон, год, век)

at – в (час, праздники)

on – в (дни недели, даты, со словами день и ночь on a cold day, on a summer night)

by – к (срок совершения действия)

for - в течение (период времени)

Следующие выражения с предлогами студенты должны знать наизусть:

Above all - главным образом

After all - в конце концов

Day after day – день за днем

Soon after that –вскоре

Long after–спустя долгое время

At all - вообще

At best – в лучшем случае

At home - дома

At the age (of) –в возрасте

At the beginning – в начале

At the end – в конце

At the expense – за счет

By chance – случайно

By mistake – по ошибке

From day to day –со дня на день

From morning till night --c утра до вечера

on business – по делу

In conclusion –в заключение

In exchange – в обмен

In fact – в действительности

In time – вовремя

In vane – напрасно

By the(week) -понедельно

By (day) - днём

On the way - по дороге

On foot - пешком

And so on - и так далее

New Zealand

New Zealand is situated … the southwest of the Pacific Ocean … large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area is 268,112 sq. km.

Less than 1/4 … the territory of the country lies below 200 m contour line. The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has a temperate, an ocean climate without marked seasonal variations … temperature rainfall.

The total population … 1986 was … 3.3 mln people … average population density of about 12 persons per sq. km. About S of the population is classified as Europeans. Most of them are …British descend. English is the universal language.

The capital … New Zealand is Wellington. Like the United Kingdom New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head … the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor-general, is appointed … a five-year term. The Head … the government is the Prime Minister.Legislative body is theHouse … Representatives, a unicameral body consisting 84 members elected … universal suffrage … 3 years. Four of the members of the House of Representatives are elected directly by the Maori people.

Local divisions are about 100 counties, 128 boroughs 10 towns and districts.

The government … New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that o: United Kingdom.

The economy of New Zealand has traditionally been based on pastoral farming. The last decades have seen a large expansion in the light industries. New Zealand draws many thousands of tourists to its shores because of the beauty, diversity, and compactness of its natural attractions.

Australian films

Australians make a lot of good films. And they export a lot of TV programmes, especially 'soap operas', to other English-speaking countries. But their film industry is not new. In fact, it is as old as Hollywood. The Story of the Kelly Gang, the true story of a famous criminal, came out in 1906. Today Australians are proud of their film industry, and the government gives money to the production companies.

The most famous Australian director is Peter Weir. He made Picnic at Hanging Rock about a group of schoolgirls who disappear after a picnic. The historical film Gallipoli, starring Mel Gibson, is anti-British; in the First World War, Australians die fighting for the British - the film asks why.

Two exceptional women directors make films in Australia. Gillian Armstrong's My Brilliant Career is a nostalgic story of poor farmers 100 years ago; the young daughter wants to escape and become a writer. Jane Campion is from New Zealand but sometimes works in Australia. Her most famous films are An Angel at my Table, Sweetie, and The Piano. (The Piano won the main prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1993.)

Some Australian films look at the sad history of the Aborigines. The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith (director Fred Schepisi) shows a young man, half Aborigine and half white, caught between the two societies.

There are some big international successes from Australia. You probably know the Mad Max films and the Crocodile Dundee films. You should also see Strictly Ballroom; it is a wonderful and very funny story about young dancers and their disagreement with the old-fashioned world of ballroom dancing.

5.Словообразование прилагательных.

Суффиксы прилагательных

- able, - ible образуют прилагательные от глаголов и выражают возможность подвергнуться действию, выраженному соответствующим глаголом:

to accept принимать- acceptable приемлемый

to attain достигать - attainable достижимый

to change изменять (-ся) -changeable изменчивый

Суффиксы - able, - ible образуют также прилагательные от существительных:

access доступ - accessible доступный

- al образует прилагательные от существительных:

centre центр central центральный

culture – культура cultural культурный

- ant, - ent обычно образуют прилагательные от глаголов (соответствующие существительные имеют суффиксы -апсе, -епсе):

ary, - ory образуют прилагательные от различных частей речи:

element элемент elementary элементарный ffer различаться different различный

Тема 7

План

1. План дружественного письма.

2. Временная форма The Future Simple Tense.

3. Способы словообразования глаголов.

1.План дружественного письма.

Writing Personal Letters

Here's the Idea The term personal letter includes all letters not written to businesses. Writing personal letters is a way of keeping in touch with absent friends or of expressing your feelings in certain social situations. Personal letters, which are usually handwritten, have five main parts.

The heading contains three lines: one line for the writer's street address, one for the city, state, and ZIP code, and one for the date. None of this information should be abbreviated. The heading appears at the top right corner of your letter.

The salutation is the greeting. Usually beginning with Dear, it is written on the next line below the heading. It starts at the left margin of the page and is followed by a comma.

The body of the letter is the main part. There you write what you want to say in a detailed and conversational way. The body begins on the line following the salutation. Each paragraph of the body should be indented.

The closing is your way of saying "goodbye” You may say Love, or Your friend, for instance. The closing is written on the line below the last line of the body and is followed by a comma. The first word of the closing should align with the first words of the heading.

Your signature is the last part of a letter. Skip a line after the closing and sign your name in line with the first word of the closing. Usually, only your first name is needed.

There are some forms of personal letters written only for special occasions. These social notes include invitations and thank-you notes. The notes also have five main parts, but the heading may be shortened to the date only.

If you send an invitation, include all information about the event. If you receive an invitation, reply at once.

Sometimes you will send thank-you notes. One kind of thank-you note is written to thank someone for a gift you have received. Another kind of thank-you, called a bread- and-butter note, thanks someone for his or her hospitality. You would write this kind of note if you stayed overnight as a guest in someone's house.

Check It Out Read this personal letter.

Упражнение 1 Identify the five parts of this personal letter. Is this a well written letter? Why or why not?

Try Your Skill Arrange the following information in the correct form for a personal letter. Add any other information or details that you think might be included in the letter. Be sure to add capital letters and correct punctuation wherever necessary.

31 Forest Street, Fairfield, Iowa 52556, October 23, 1980 dear randy Shortly after you left, I discovered your notebook under the stack of newspapers you had been reading. The notebook is in the mail already, so you should get it in time to finish your English assignment next week. Remember, we have plans to watch more football together on Thanksgiving, until then george

Remember!

· Write personal letters that are conversational, detailed, and neat. Be sure that the heading, salutation, body, closing, and signature follow the correct form.

· Social notes are short forms of personal letters. Write invitations that are specific and thank-you notes that express your appreciation.

Упражнение 2 Now Write a personal letter to a friend or relative. You may want to write a social note. Use your own address and today's date in the heading. The body of your letter may be based on either real or imaginary events. Make sure that all parts of your letter follow the correct form. Label your paper

2. Future Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Употребляется для выражения:

а) повторяющегося действия или признака предмета в будущем

He will speak English. (Он будет говорить по – английски).

б) цепи последовательных действий в будущем.

Не will take a book, open it and begin to read it.

в) однократного действия в будущем.

I shall take the book from the library later on.

В современном разговорном английском языке вспомогательный глагол будущего времени shall постепенно вытесняется вспомогательным глаголом will под влиянием американского английского.

Обстоятельства времени, указывающие на группу Simple: tomorrow, next week, next month, in a week.

TIME

ASPECT

FUTURE

AFFIRMATIVE I SHALL PLAY HE WILL WRITE NEGATIVE I SHALL NOT PLAY HE WILL NOT WRITE QUESTION SHALL I PLAY? WILL HE WRITE?

Краткие ответы:

Yes,

I We

shall

No,

I We

Shan’t

You They He She It

will

You They He She It

Won’t

The Future Simple (Indefinite)

Tense иногда выражает не будущее действие, а предполагаемое действие, относящееся к настоящему. В этом случае Future Indefinite приближается по значению к сочетанию must + инфинитив и на русский язык переводится сочетанием должно быть, вероятно. В таком употреблении это время встречается в деловых письмах, газетных и журнальных статьях.

You will expect that this question has already been settled.

Вы, вероятно, ожидаете, что этот вопрос уже разрешен.

Времена страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и времена активного залога. (См. Тему 1,2) Образуются:

The Future Simple (Indefinite) Tense Passive Voice

Страдательный залог этого времени образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов shall / will. + be + Participle II

Утвердительное предложение	Отрицательное предложение	Вопросительное Предложение
The bridge will be built yext year. Мост будет построен в будущем году.	The bridge will not be built yext year. Мост не будет построен в будущем году.	Will the bridge be built yext year? Мост будет построен в будущем году?

3. Словообразование глаголов

Суффиксы глаголов

ate, - ute (соответствующие существительные имеют суффиксы- ation, - ution):

cultivation культивация communication сообщение congratulation поздравление

to cultivate культивировать

to communicate сообщать

to congratulate поздравлять

- en часто со значением делать или делаться, становиться (ср. с префиксом en-). Образует глаголы от прилагательных и существительных:

black черный to blacken чернить (делать черным)

sharp острый to sharpen точить (делать острым)

short короткий

to shorten укорачивать (делать коротким),

укорачиваться (становиться коротким)

-fy, - ify обычно образуют глаголы от прилагательных:

intense сильный, интенсивный to intensify усиливать

false фальшивый to falsify фальсифицировать

- ize, - ise обычно образуют глаголы от существительных:
character характер to characterize характеризовать

crystal кристалл to crystallize кристаллизовать, кристаллизоваться

patron покровитель to patronise покровительствовать

sympathy сочувствие to sympathize сочувствовать

Литература

Основная:

Шах-Назарова В.С., Журавченко К.В. Английский для Вас. – М.: Вече, 2001.
Jon Naunton, Mark Tulip Pro File 1, Business English Course, Oxford University Press,2005.

Дополнительная:

Essential grammar in use, 1999.
Шевелева С.А. Деловая переписка на английском языке. – М.: Филология, 1999.

План

1. Твоя профессия.

2. Приглашение новых работников.

3. Фразеологические единицы.

4. Количественные и порядковые числительные.

5. Глагол have, have got.

6. Союзы.

Твоя профессия.

Фразеологические единицы.

Глагол have, have got.

Present Simple(Indefinite)