Заглавная страница Избранные статьи Случайная статья Познавательные статьи Новые добавления Обратная связь FAQ Написать работу КАТЕГОРИИ: АрхеологияБиология Генетика География Информатика История Логика Маркетинг Математика Менеджмент Механика Педагогика Религия Социология Технологии Физика Философия Финансы Химия Экология ТОП 10 на сайте Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрацииТехника нижней прямой подачи мяча. Франко-прусская война (причины и последствия) Организация работы процедурного кабинета Смысловое и механическое запоминание, их место и роль в усвоении знаний Коммуникативные барьеры и пути их преодоления Обработка изделий медицинского назначения многократного применения Образцы текста публицистического стиля Четыре типа изменения баланса Задачи с ответами для Всероссийской олимпиады по праву Мы поможем в написании ваших работ! ЗНАЕТЕ ЛИ ВЫ?
Влияние общества на человека
Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрации Практические работы по географии для 6 класса Организация работы процедурного кабинета Изменения в неживой природе осенью Уборка процедурного кабинета Сольфеджио. Все правила по сольфеджио Балочные системы. Определение реакций опор и моментов защемления |
Verbos irregulares/ irregular verbs↑ ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 7 из 7 Содержание книги Поиск на нашем сайте
Stem-changing verbs: e to ie Spanish verbs are composed of a stem and a root (-ar, -er and -ir). Some irregular verbs change their stem in the present tense, indicative mode. When a verb is conjugated, and e is the last stem vowel, and it's stressed, e changes to ie. However, in the third (nosotros) and second-person (vosotros) plural forms, there is NO stem change because the stress does not fall on the stem that contains e. For a fully conjugated list, click on an underlined Spanish verb. NOTE their endings are regular in all forms.
Stem-changing verbs: o to ue Certain verbs change their stem in the present tense. When the last stem vowel is a stressed o, it changes to ue. Also note that stem vowel is NOT stressed in nosotros and vosotros; therefore, the o does NOT change to ue. Their endings are regular in all forms. For a fully conjugated list, click on an underlined Spanish verb.
Stem-changing verbs: e to i Verbs of the third conjugation group, -ir, change the stem vowel from e to i in the present tense, indicative mode. For these verbs, when e is stressed, and it's the last stem vowel, it changes to i. However, in nosotros and vosotros there is NO change. For a fully conjugated list, click on an underlined Spanish verb.
Irregular 1st person forms The following verbs are irregular only in the first person singular of the present tense, indicative mode. The other conjugations (persons) are regular. For a fully conjugated list, click on an underlined Spanish verb.
SUBJUNTIVO/ SUBJUNCTIVE The subjunctive mode is used to express conjecture, emotion, uncertainty, subjectivity, influence, doubt, probability, or hypothesis that is yet unknown. Like Spanish, English has a subjunctive mode too. However, many speakers do NOT notice it because most of its forms are identical to the infinitive. There is a difference between the subjunctive and the indicative only in the singular she/he forms. NOTE that the present indicative of the verb study is studies, but the present subjunctive is study, the form does NOT change spelling. EXAMPLE Present Indicative: Did you know that Juan studies every day?/ Sabías que Juan estudia todos los días? Present Subjunctive: It is necessary that Juan study every day./ Es necesario que Juan estudie todos los días. HOW TO FORM THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE: Regular verbs To form the present subjunctive, remove the final -o from the first person singular (yo) of the present (indicative mode) and add the following endings:
IRREGULAR VERBS a. NOTE that the irregular form in the first person singular (present tense, Subjunctive mode) is maintained throughout the entire conjugation as follows; that is the reason why the present tense is used instead of the infinitive form.
b. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ir and have a diphthong (e:ie, o:ue) have an additional change (e:i, o:u) in nosotros and vosotros forms (NOTE that in the present of the indicative mode, they do NOT change)
c. The following are irregular verbs in the present subjunctive:
d. Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have spelling change in the subjunctive to maintain the original sound of the consonant as follows:
e. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ar and -er have the same changes in the subjunctive mode as in the present indicative. NOTE that stems do NOT change in nosotros and vosotros.
f. Stem-changing verbs that end in -ir and have e:i change in the entire conjugation as follows:
USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 1. Except for its use in the main clauses to express commands, the Spanish subjunctive is used in a sentence that has at least 2 clauses, a main and a subordinate or dependent clause. The verb in the main clause determines the use of subjunctive or indicative mode in the subordinate clause. The most common conjunction used to join the two clauses is que (that). EXAMPLES · Espero que cambiemos el proveedor./ I hope (that) we switch supplier. · El gerente duda que podamos cambiarlo./ The manager doubts (that) we can switch him. 2. Generally the subjects of the main clause and the dependant clauses are different. However, if the subject of both clauses is the same, the infinitive is used instead of the subjunctive. EXAMPLES · El presidente espera que nosotros vayamos. / The president hopes that we go. · El presidente espera ir. / The president hopes to go. VOZ PASIVA/ PASSIVE VOICE SUBJECT + SER + PAST PARTICIPLE + POR (DE**) + AGENT The active voice is the most commonly used in ordinary conversation, and it indicates that the subject performs the action as in the following examples: · El contador preparó el formulario./ The accountant prepared the form. · Le pagamos al corredor su comisión./ We paid the broker his commission. The passive voice is not frequently used in ordinary conversation, but it is used in writing, such as news broadcasting, newspapers, and formal speeches. In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action as in the following examples: · El formulario fue preparado por el contador./ The form was prepared by the accountant. · La comisión fue pagada por nosotros./ The commission was paid by us. HOW TO FORM THE PASSIVE VOICE To form the passive voice, the verb ser/to be is used. The past participle functions as an adjective; therefore, it agrees with the gender and number of the subject it modifies. SUBJECT + SER + PAST PARTICIPLE + POR (DE**) + AGENT · La comid a + fue + preparad a + por + el cocinero./ The food was prepared by the cook. · Las comid as + fueron + preparad as + por + el cocinero./ The food s were prepared by the cook. · El oleoduct o + será + construid o + por + Shell./ The pipeline will be constructed by Shell. · Los oleoduct os + serán + construid os + por + Shell./ The pipeline s will be constructed by Shell. **NOTE: When the superlative is used, the preposition de is used instead of por. EXAMPLE · Madre Teresa fue la más amada de todos./ Mother Teresa was the most loved by everyone. USING THE VERB ESTAR To describe an action, the verb ser is used in the passive; however, to express the result of an action, the verb estar is used instead. EXAMPLES · El contrato fue escrito en inglés./ The contract was written in English (by someone). · El libro está escrito en inglés./ The book is written in English (published in English). SE CONSTRUCTION FOR PASSIVE VOICE Se + verb conjugated in the 3rd person singular or plural construction for passive voice is much more frequently used in conversations. This construction is equivalent to the English construction to be + past participle. Usually the verb precedes the subject. EXAMPLES · Se recaudará el impuesto al tabaco en todos los estados./ Tobacco tax will be collected in all states. · Se ha aprobado el aumento al impuesto al alcohol./ The increase to the alcohol tax has been approved. In Spanish, some sentences conjugated in the third person plural are equivalent to the passive se construction. Even though the following sentence is in active voice, ellos/ they implies passive voice. They is used in a general sense. EXAMPLE · Dicen que lloverá./ They say that it will rain. HACER/ TO DO, MAKE
Generally hacer means t o do or to make. It is conjugated as a regular -er verb, except for yo, which ends in -go.
EXAMPLES · ¿Qué hacen después de trabajar?/ What do you do after work? · Los niños hacen la tarea./ The children are doing their homework. · Estoy haciendo la comida./ I am making food. · Ellos hacen la torta./ They are making the cake. TO HAVE Tener is equivalent to the verb to have or to possess. It follows the pattern of e:ie stem-changing verbs, with the exception of yo/ I, which ends in - go.
1. Tener + que This expression is equivalent to the English expression to have to (do something). EXAMPLES · Tengo que repetir cada ejemplo./ I have to repeat each example. · Tuvimos que convencer a los inversionistas./ We had to convince the investors. NOTE: Tener que is followed by an infinitive. 2. The simplest way of expressing possession is by using tener/ to have. EXAMPLES · Mi jefe tiene mucha experiencia./ My boss has a lot of experience. · Tuvimos muchos fondos para invertir./ We had a lot of funds to invest. 3. In Spanish, tener is used for indicating age. On the other hand, in English the verb to be is used for telling age. EXAMPLES · Tengo 23 años./ I am 23 years old. · Mi abuela tenía 88 años cuando falleció./ My grand-mother was 88 years old when she passed away. 4. Tener + noun This expression is used for describing states, but in English to be is commonly used. a. Tener calor/ to be hot · Tengo mucho calor./ I am very hot. b. Tener éxito/ to be successful · Los productos importados tuvieron mucho éxito./ Imported goods were successful. c. Tener frío/ to be cold · Tuvimos mucho frío en las montañas./ We were very cold in the mountains. d. Tener celos/ to be jealous · Mi novio tiene celos de mi./ My boyfriend is jealous of me. e. Tener cuidado/ to be careful · Ten cuidado por las noches./ Be careful at night. f. Tener hambre/ to be hungry · Tengo tanta hambre que me comería un caballo./ I am so hungry that I could eat a horse. g. Tener la culpa/ to be at fault · Yo tengo la culpa./ I am at fault. h. Tener miedo/ to be afraid, scared · Tengo miedo de ir al dentista./ I am scared of going to the dentist. i. Tener paciencia/ to be patient · Mi hermano tiene mucha paciencia./ My brother is very patient. j. Tener presente/ to keep in mind Ten presente el consejo de mamá./ Keep in mind mother's advice. k. Tener prisa/ to be in a hurry · Apúrense que tengo mucha prisa./ Hurry up, I am in a big hurry. l. Tener razón/ to be right, correct · Tiene razón./ You're right. m. Tener sed/ to be thirsty · Tengo mucha sed./ I am very thristy. n. Tener sueño/ to be sleepy · El bebé tiene sueño./ The baby is sleepy. o. Tener suerte/ to be lucky · Tienes mucha suerte./ You are very lucky. p. Tener vergüenza/ to be ashamed · Tengo vergüenza de pedir cosas prestadas./ I am ashamed of borrowing things. More expressions: 1. Tener que ver con/ to have to do with · No tengo nada que ver con tus problemas./ I have nothing to do with your problems. 2. Tener catarro, resfrío/ to have a cold · Tengo un resfrío terrible./ I have a terrible cold. 3. Tener derecho/ to have the right · Tiene derecho a un abogado./ You have the right to an attorney. 4. Tener en cuenta/ to take into account · Voy a tener en cuenta lo que me dijiste./ I will take into account what you told me. 5. Tener lugar/ to take place, to have space · El concierto va a tener lugar en La Paz./ The concert is going to take place in La Paz. · Tengo lugar para ti en mi auto./ I have space for you in my car. 6. Tener ganas de (+ infinitive)/ to feel like · Tengo ganas de comer helado./ I feel like eating ice-cream. GUSTAR / TO LIKE The verb gustar is used to express likes and dislikes. Its literal translation is to be pleasing. The most common conjugation for gustar and other verbs in the same category (listed below) is the third person singular or plural. Usually, these types of verbs require the indirect object pronoun (IOP) at the beginning.
EXAMPLES · Me gusta la música./ I like music. · Te gustan las almendras./ You like almonds. · A ella le gustan los mariscos./ She likes seafood. · Nos gustan los bebés./ We like babies. · Les gusta bromear./ They like to joke around. · Tú me gustas mucho./ I like you very much. NOTE: It is common to place the direct object or infinitive after the verb gustar, which agrees with the person or thing being liked. Furthermore, the person who does the liking is the indirect object. 1. A + pronoun or noun This expression is used to clarify the meaning of a sentence when le is used, or to emphasize the indirect objects when there is duplication of indirect objects. EXAMPLES · A mamá le gusta cocinar./ Mom likes to cook. (Le is used for she, he, and Ud.; therefore, to clarify the meaning of the sentence A+ mamá is used.) · A mi prima y a mí nos gusta dormir./ My cousin and I like sleeping. 2. Gustar + reflexive verb If gustar / to like is followed by a reflexive verb, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is added to the infinitive. (Click here for more info. about reflexive verbs.) EXAMPLES · Nos gusta levantar nos tarde./ We like to get up late. · Me gusta sepillar me el pelo./ I like to brush my hair. 3. Gustar + INFINITIVES When gustar / to like is followed by one or more infinitives (verbs not conjugated), the third person singular conjugation is used for gustar. EXAMPLES · A mi perro le gusta correr, nadar y saltar./ My dog likes to run, swim and jump. · A mi s perro s les gusta comer, domir y ladrar./ My dogs like to eat, sleep and bark. 4. Other verbs in the same category are following: 1. Aburrir/ to bore 2. Asustar/ to scare 3. Disgustar/ to upset 4. Divertir/ to have fun 5. Doler/ to hurt 6. Encantar/ to delight, love 7. Enojar/ to get mad 8. Emocionar/ to be moved, touched 9. Faltar/ to lack, be missing 10. Fascinar/ to fascinate 11. Hacer falta/ to be necessary, to be in need of 12. Importar/ to matter 13. Interesar/ to interest 14. Molestar/ to bother, annoy 15. Parecer/ to seem 16. Preocupar/ to worry 17. Quedar/ to remain, stay 18. Sobrar/ to have extra 19. Sorprender/ to surprise 20. Tocar/ to be one's turn, to touch
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-04-19; просмотров: 192; Нарушение авторского права страницы; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! infopedia.su Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. Обратная связь - 3.135.200.4 (0.012 с.) |