Casos irregulares/ irregular cases 


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Casos irregulares/ irregular cases



1. In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, regular verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar have spelling changes in the first person (yo) as follows:

Change EXAMPLES
Infinitive Preterit
c to qu bus car / to look for bus qué / I looked for
sa car / to pull out sa qué / I pulled out
ata car / to attack ata qué / I attacked
g to gu lle gar / to arrive lle gué / I arrived
pa gar / to pay pa gué / I paid
apa gar / to turn-off apa gué / I turned-off
z to c empe zar / to start empe / I started
comen zar / to commence comen / I commenced
almor zar / to eat lunch almor / I ate lunch

2. Verbs ending in vowel + ir and vowel + er, such as caer / to fall, the preterite ending -ió (which is for él, ella, Ud.) and -ieron (which is for ellos, Uds.), change to -yó and -yeron respectively.

EXAMPLES

Infinitive él, ella, Ud. ellos, Uds.
l eer / to read le (ley ó) le yeron
oír / to hear o o yeron
c aer / to fall ca ca yeron
constr uir / construct constru constru yeron
Other verbs:contrib uir / to contribute, destr uir / to destroy, incl uir / to include, atrib uir / to attribute, cr eer / to believe, h uir / to run away.

3. The following examples have irregular endings for yo and Ud. The endings are -e and -o instead of and -ió. NOTE: NO written accent is required.

EXAMPLES

Infinitive yo Ud.
andar/ to go, to walk anduv e anduv o
caber/ to be contained cup e cup o
estar/ to be estuv e estuv o
hacer/ to make hic e hiz o
haber/ to have (auxiliary) hub e hub o
poder/ to be able, can pud e pud o
poner/ to put pus e pus o
saber/ to know sup e sup o
tener/ to have tuv e tuv o
querer/ to want quis e quis o
venir/ to come vin e vin o

4. Verbs that end in -decir and -ducir, j is used as follows:

EXCEPTION: The verb traer / to bring is in this category.

EXAMPLES

Pronoun decir / to tell reducir / to reduce traer / to bring
yo/ I di je redu je tra je
tú/ you di ji ste redu ji ste tra ji ste
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you di jo redu jo tra jo
nos./ we di ji mos redu ji mos tra ji mos
vos./you di ji steis redu ji steis tra ji steis
ellos, Uds./ they, you di je ron redu je ron tra je ron

 

Prefixes des -, in -, and re -

1. The prefixes des - and in - are used to indicate the opposite meaning to the word that they modify.

EXAMPLES

WORD ANTONYM
Acuerdo/agreement desacuerdo/disagreement
Hacer/to do deshacer/to undo
Heredar/ to inherit desheredar/disinherit
Vestirse/to get dressed desvestirse/to get undressed
Consciente/conscious inconsciente/unconscious
Útil/useful inútil/useless
Experto/expert inexperto/ unskilled, inexpert
Feliz/happy Infeliz/unhappy

2. The prefix re - is used to emphasize or increase the meaning of the word that it modifies. If re - is added to a verb, it means to repeat the same action. Furthermore, if re - modifies an adjective, it means very.

NOTE: In Spanish, there are two slang prefixes, requete - and super -, that are more intense than - re, but NOT as intense as superlative forms of adjectives. They mean practically the most. Furthermore, they can modify ONLY adjectives.

EXAMPLES

WORD RE- REQUETE-; SUPER-
Hacer/ to do re hacer/ to redo NA
difícil/ difficult re difícil/ very difficult requete difícil, super difícil
linda/ pretty relinda/ very pretty requete linda, super linda

 

DISMINUTIVO/ DIMINUTIVE

Diminutives are used to express smallness or affection.

English has a few common diminutives, such as kitty, doggy, sonny, also some proper names have diminutive forms, such as Bobby, Vicky, etc. In Spanish, most nouns and adjectives have diminutive forms, which is the equivalent to modifying a word with little. The most common diminutive suffixes are the following:

  SINGULAR PLURAL
MASCULINE -ito, -cito -itos, -citos
FEMININE -ita,-cita -itas, -citas

The following diminutive suffixes are less commonly used:

  SINGULAR PLURAL
MASCULINE -illo -illos
FEMININE -illa -illas

1. Generally, when words end in -a, -o or -te, the vowel is dropped and -ito(s) or -ita(s) is added. For the other words -cito(s), -cita(s) are used. However, these are NOT rules. They are only guides because there are many variations.

EXAMPLES

NOUN DIMINUTIVE
dedo/ finger dedito
cabeza/ head cabecita
elefante/ elephant elefantito
peine/ comb peinecito
camión/ truck camioncito
mujer/ woman mujercita
sol/ sun solcito
lunar/ mole lunarcito
solo/ alone, lonely solito

NOTE: When looking up a word in a dictionary, be aware of diminutives, which are NOT listed. Therefore, try to find the base word.


2. There are many words that end in -illa(s), -illo(s), -cilla(s), -cillo(s) that are NOT diminutives:

WORD DIMINUTIVE
martillo/ hammer martillito
ladrillo/ brick ladrillito
pocillo/ demi-tasse (small cup) pocillito
platillo/ saucer or dish (food preparation) n/a
bocadillo/ finger food bocadillito
bolsillo/ pocket bolsillito
silla/ chair sillita

 

Conocer & Saber/ to know

 

In Spanish, there are two verbs that are equivalent to the English verb to know:conocer and saber. They are used to express distinct types of knowledge; they are NOT interchangeable.


CONOCER/ TO KNOW

Pronoun Present Past Future Conditional
yo/ I conozco conocí conoceré conocería
tú/ you conoces conociste conocerás conocerías
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you conoce conoció conocerá conocería
nos./ we conocemos conocimos conoceremos conoceríamos
vos./you conocéis conocisteis conoceréis conoceríais
ellos, Uds./ they, you conocen conocieron conocerán conocerían

1. Conocer is used to express familiarity or acquaintance with a person, a place, or a thing.

EXAMPLES

· Conozco a tu mamá./ I know your mother. (person)

· Ella conoce Bariloche muy bien./ She knows Bariloche very well. (place)

· Ana conoce el idioma./ Ana knows the language.(thing)

NOTE: The preposition a is required before a direct object noun (mamá) only when that noun is a person, but a is NOT required when referring to a place or thing (Bariloche, idioma).


2. Conocer means to meet for the first time or to make someone's acquaintance.

EXAMPLES

· Conocí a tu mamá./ I met your mother.

· Voy a conocer a los padres de mi prometido./ I am going to meet my fiancée's parents.

NOTE: In Spanish, the past tense of conocer expresses the meaning of meeting someone for the first time.

 


SABER/ TO KNOW

Pronoun Present Past Future Conditional
yo/ I supe sabré sabría
tú/ you sabes supiste sabrás sabrías
él, ella, Ud./ he, she, you sabe supo sabrá sabría
nos./ we sabemos supimos sabremos sabríamos
vos./you sabéis supisteis sabréis sabríais
ellos, Uds./ they, you saben supieron sabrán sabrían

1. Saber is used to express knowledge of factual information.

EXAMPLES

· Sé dónde queda Buenos Aires./ I know where Buenos Aires is.

· Pedro sabe de qué hablamos./ Pedro knows about what we talked.


2. Saber means to know something by heart.

EXAMPLES

· Sé esa canción (de memoria)./ I know that song (by heart).

· Sabíamos todas las óperas./ We used to know all of the operas.


3. Saber + infinitive.

This construction is used to indicate knowledge of how to do something.

EXAMPLE

· Nosotros sabemos cocinar./ We know how to cook.

· Mi hijo sabe nadar./ My son knows how to swim.

GERUNDIO/ GERUND

The gerund is also called the present participle; however, the gerund is NOT the equivalent to the English gerund. It may NOT be used as a noun as in English. The English gerund is normally translated into Spanish as an infinitive.

EXAMPLES

7. Saludar con un beso es habitual en la Argentina./ Greeting with a kiss is customary in Argentina.

8. Abrir los negocios los domingos es raro./ Opening the stores on Sundays is rare.


HOW TO FORM THE GERUND

1. The gerund is formed by removing the infinitive endings, -ar, -er, and -ir and by adding -ando to -ar and -iendo to -er and -ir as follows:

Infinitive Cancel ar / to cancel vend er / to sell sal ir / to go out
Gerund Cancel ando / canceling vend iendo / selling sal iendo / going out

2. If the -er or -ir verb stem ends in a vowel, add -yendo instead of -iendo to form the gerund as follows:

Infinitive Gerund
oír / to hear oy endo / listening
c aer / to fall cay endo / falling



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