Образуйте причастие I от глаголов, данных в скобках, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1 Civil law is a law (to relate) to the rights and duties of individuals, organizations, and associations (such as companies, trade unions, and charities) as opposed to criminal law.

2 Judges have different titles (to depend) on their experience, training and level.

3 All cases (to deal) with goods, property, debt repayment, breach of contract are subject to Civil Procedure law.

4 (To travel) in Central Africa, the explorers got acquainted with the customs of its peoples.

5 (To classify) national legal systems scholars also define legal families and groups of legal families.

6 (To speak) about the existing legal systems we should mention the international law as a comparatively new legal community.

7 While (to consult) a client, a lawyer should always be efficient and professional.

8 (To follow) your advice we’ll succeed in this case.

9 (To compare, to contrast, and to qualify) these two cases we’ve come to the conclusion that their essence is very similar.

 

UNIT 4. LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD: CIVIL LAW AND

COMMON LAW SYSTEMS

Civil Law

Прочитайте текст. Назовите основные источники гражданского права, указанные в тексте.

Civil Law (Roman-Germanic legal family) is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries. Also referred to as European continental law, the civil law system is derived mainly from the Roman ‘Corpus Juris Civilus’, (Body of Civil Law), a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled under the Roman Emperor Justinian I between A.D. 528 and 565. The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes. The main sources of civil law are principally legislation – especially codifications in constitutions or statutes enacted by governments – and secondarily, custom. The civil law systems in some countries are based on more than one code.

 

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.

1) основываться на нескольких кодексах

2) наиболее распространенный вид

3) основной источник

4) основная черта

5) римский император

6) называться континентальным правом

 

3 Найдите в тексте слова, соответствующие следующим определениям.

1 Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and implemented by courts.

2 An official set of laws or regulations.

3 To come from something, to appear somewhere and then to develop into something.

4 What someone thinks about the meaning of a law or precedent?

5 Used or enforced in different ways.

Образуйте соответствующие однокоренные слова.

Noun	Verb	Adjective or Participle
code	codify
	civilize
base
	collect
		legislative
application

                                                                                                                      

Соответствуют ли данные утверждения содержанию текста?

1 Civil law is the most widespread legal system of the world.

2 Approximately 300 countries use civil law nowadays.

3 European continental law and civil law is the name of the same phenomenon.

4 “Corpus Juris Civilus” is a collection of laws and legal interpretations compiled in the times of the Roman Emperor Justinian I.

5 The date when the Body of Civil Law was compiled is known precisely.

6 Organizing the law into two written codes is the main feature of civil law system.

7 One of the main sources of civil law is custom.

Common Law

Common Law (Anglo-Saxon legal family) is a type of legal system, often synonymous with “English common law”, which is the system of England and Wales in the UK. It is also in force in approximately 80 countries which were a part of or greatly influenced by the former British Empire. The English common law reflects Biblical influences as well as systems imposed by early conquerors including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Normans.

Some legal scholars attribute the formation of the English common law system to King Henry II (r. 1154-1189). Until the time of his reign, laws customary were administered locally. Henry II, having established the King’s court, designated that laws were “common” to the entire England.

The foundation of English common law is “legal precedent” – referred to as stare decisis (Lat), meaning “to stand by things decided”. In the English common law system, court judges are bound in their decisions in large part by the rules and other doctrines developed by the judges of earlier English courts. These rules were supplemented or amended over time.