Intonation and its stylistic use. Tone and tone unit. Rhythm. Rhyme. Melody. Pitch.

Intonation is the use of pitch of the voice to convey linguistic information. Intonation is said to convey emotions and attitudes. Stylistically distinctive function of intonation is determined by the Intonation style, which are following: 1) information; 2) Academic (Scientific); 3) Publicitic(Oratorial); 4) Declamatory(Artistic); 5) Conversational (Familiar).Tone is an identifiable movement or level of pitch that is used in a linguistic contrastive way. Tone is a unit of speech consisting of one or more syllables. It must contain a tonic syllable. Only one tonic syllable is allowed in an English tone unit. Rhythm is the way events in speech are distributed in time. Rhyme. In the phonological analysis of the syllable, this is a way of referring to the vowel in the middle of the syllable forming its “peak” plus any sounds following the “peak” within the syllable. The pitch component of intonation, or melody, is the changes in the pitch of the voice in connected speech.Pitch is an auditory sensation which places sounds on a scale from low yo high.

 

18. Monophthong. Diphthong. Triphthong. Length. Sonorant. Fortis and lenis consonants. Articulatory differences between vowels, consonants and sonorants.Monophthong is a single vowel. The term is used in contrast with the diphthong, wich originally meant a “double sound”.Diphthong is a sound in which there is a glide from one vowel quality to another [ ei, ai,oi]Triphthong is a vowel glide with three distinguishable vowel qualiuies.Length is a term used in phonetics to refer to a subjective impression of how much time a sound takes.Sonorant made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage [ m,n,l,r]In phonetics strong consonants are called fortis and weak lenis. All voiced consonants are lenis and all voiceless consonants are fortis.

Vowels are tone, consonants are noise.

19. Allophones. Types. Theories. Pausation and tembre. Onomatopoeia. Alliteration. Sound interchange. Various speech realizations of the phoneme are called allophones. Allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. In studies of English pronunciation certainly begin with that allophone of the phoneme which is not modified in various phonetic circumstances. It is a principal allophone. But other allophones frequently occur in speech. It’s the subsidiary allophones (вспомогательные).By pause we generally mean an act stopping in the flow of speech. There are unit pause, two-unit and three- unit. Tembre is aspecial colouring of voice, wich shows the speaker’s emotions. Alleteration is the repetition identical or similar sounds, impact melodic effect..Sonorants are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage[m,n,l,ng,r] In phonetics strong consonants are called fortis and weak- lenis. All voiced consonants are lenis, all voiceless consonants are fortis.Vowels are tone. Consonants are noise.

19. Allophones. Types. Theories. Pausation and tembre. Onomatopoeia. Alliteration. Sound interchange. Various speech realizations of the phoneme are called allophones. Allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. In studies of English pronunciation certainly begin with that allophone of the phoneme which is not modified in various phonetic circumstances. It is a principal allophone. But other allophones frequently occur in speech. It’s the subsidiary allophones (вспомогательные).By pause we generally mean an act stopping in the flow of speech. There are unit pause, two-unit and three- unit. Tembre is aspecial colouring of voice, wich shows the speaker’s emotions. Alleteration is the repetition identical or similar sounds, impact melodic effect.

 

20. Glottal stop. Glottalization. Vocal cards. Larynx. Soft palate. UvularGlottal stop is a consonant made by closure of the vocal folds.[z] Glottalization is the addition of a glottal stop before a consonant, which has an effect of making the preceding somewhat shorter. Larynx is located in the throat and its main biological function is to cut as a valve(клапан) that can stop air entering or escaping from the lungs. There is a complex set of muscles inside the larynx that can open and close the vocal folds as well as chousing their length and tension. Soft palate is a rear part of the roof of the mouth(задняя часть нёба). A consonant sound made between the back of the tongue and a lump of the soft tissue(uvula) which is in the back of the mouth, dangling(свисающая) from the end of the soft palate.

 

21. Oral and nasal consonants. Labial. Labial-dental and alveolar consonants. Palatal and velar consonants. Palatalization. Aspiration. Labialization.Nasal consonant is a consonant in which the air escapes only through the nose.[ng]. The English sonorants are [w,r,l] all oral, because in their production the soft palate is raised. Affricates are also oral [tS,dg] according to the position of the soft palate. Labial consonant are made by the lips. They may be labial labio-dental Bilabial consonants are produced when both lips are active[p,b]. Labio -dental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the edge(край) of the upper teeth[f,v]. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip(кончик)against the upper teeth ridge[t,d,s,z,n,l]. Palatal sounds are made by touching the tongue blade(пластина) and the forward part of the tongue body to the hard or soft palate[k,g,ng]. Aspiration [p.t.k] in initial position in a stressed are accompanied by aspiration.it’s a strong puff of breath in a voiceless interval after the explosion of [p,t,k] before a vowel. Palatalization. English stops are not palatalized, but before front, close and mid-open vowels they are a bitclearer than before back vowels(top-tip,door-day)

 

23. Cluster.  Yod coalescence. Trill. Rhotic. Retroflex. Neutral. Liaison.Cluster is two or more consonant phonemes in sequence(последовательность), with no vowel sound between them. English can allow up to three consonants in a cluster syllable initially in the onset(начальные согласные слога),and four syllable finally in the coda(конечные). Coalescence is a kind of aspiration in which s fusion of neighboring sounds takes place during rapid or connected speech. Trill is a speech sound produced by the rapid vibration of the vocal organs [r]. Rhotic In rhotic varieties of English pronunciation the [r] phoneme is found in all phonological [r] contexts. Retroflex In a retroflex articulation the tip of the tongue is curled (сворачивается) upward and backward. Neutral is a term used to describe lip configuration in speech sounds?in wich the lips are neither rounded nor spread. Liaison is linking or joining together of sounds (car,here)

 

 

24. Compounds. French words and phrases. Homographs. Suffixes. Prefixes. Rules of dividing words.Compounds are words made up of the two other words which can exist independently in English(armchair,shoulderblade)French has provided a substantical proportion of English vocabulary since the Norman Coquest.Word-final /r/ is not usually pronounced. Nosalized vowels. [ng].word-final stress. Many French words and names with final stress are modified by British English speakers to have the stress at the beginning of the word (Pa’ris). The phonema zg Homographs. when two lexical items have the same form in spelling they are known as homographs. They can be pronounced the same as or different to each other.Same-well (source of water,healthey). Different insert.suffixes is an element placed at the end of a word to modify or alter its meaning(driv er) Unlike prefies.it’s possible for a suffixes to alter the original pronunciation