Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive

To write                                                 To have written

  I am glad to see you                                  I am glad to have seen you

(Рад видеть Вас).                                       (Рад, что повидал Вас).

Ex. 7. Translate the sentences, paying attention on Perfect Infinitive.

1. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood.

2. I am sorry to have kept your waiting.

3. I am very happy to talk with you.

4. The child was happy to have been brought home.

5. Sorry not to have noticed you.

6. Maggie was very sorry to have forgotten to feed the rabbits.

7. I am very glad to get acquainted with you.

8. Jane was happy to have bought that dress.

9. They are very glad to make friends with us.

10. My mother was sorry to have missed the train.

Ex. 8. Replace the dedicated parts of the sentences by the Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into the Russian.

Example: He is sorry that he has told it – He is sorry to have told it.

1) It is certain that it will rain if you don’t take your umbrella.

2) Don’t promise that you will do it if you are not sure that you can.

3) He was happy that he was praised by everybody.

4) He was very proud that he had helped his elder brother.

5) She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the concert.

6) I am glad that I see all my friends here.

7) My sister will be thrilled when she is wearing a dress as lovely as that.

8) She is happy that she has found such a nice place to live in.

9) He hopes that he will know everything by tomorrow.

10) I was lucky that I had attended this concert.

AIDS

AIDS is an abbreviation for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This means that the body’s natural defense mechanism against infection is seriously impaired. Consequently AIDS patients succumb to infections which are not normally serious or which are not normally experienced. The outcome is fatal as there is no treatment at all, no vaccination and no resistance to infection.

AIDS is caused by infection with a virus called the human immune-deficiency virus which is abbreviated to HIV. There are no particular symptoms of AIDS as they depend on whichever chance infection affects the sufferer. Like hepatitis B the AIDS virus has been found in most body fluids but is transmitted by contact with blood containing the virus. HIV is present in the blood of all infected persons but it usually takes years before they suffer any effects. Furthermore, as there are no specific symptoms, many of those infected with HIV don’t know that they have AIDS. Diagnosis is by blood test.

HIV is transmitted in three ways: sexually, through blood and "vertical" - from mother to child. It is also important to know that HIV is not transmitted: with a kiss, with a handshake, with the common use of household items, with a hug, by airborne droplets.

You shouldn’t fear the HIV - infected people. It is safe to talk with these people; they have the same rights as everybody. They can live, work; create a family without a risk to others. A person can live a full life with HIV, most important to maintain their body medicine and lead a healthy lifestyle.

We must remember that no one is safe from this disease, and the right way not to be at risk of infection is, to have the information about how the virus is transmitted. Volunteer groups are created for this aim. Volunteers are people, mostly teenagers, who provide free assistance to others.

I. Vocabulary

To acquire [ǝ’kwaiǝ] (v) – 1. Приобретать;

2. достигать, овладевать

Deficiency [di’fiʃǝnsi] (n) – 1. Shortfall – недостаток, отсутствие, дефицит;

2. недостаток, порок

To impair [im’peǝ] (v) – 1. Ослаблять;

2. ухудшать

Consequently [‘kɑnsikwǝntli] (adv.) – 1. Therefore – следовательно, поэтому, в результате

To succumb [sǝ’kʌm] (v) – 1. Уступать

Outcome [‘aʋtkʌm] (n) – 1. Result – результат, исход

Resistance [ri’zistǝns] (n) – Сопротивляемость, сопротивление

Whichever [wi’tʃevǝ] (pron.) – любой, какой угодно; какой бы ни, что бы ни

To depend on – зависеть от чего-либо

Sufferer [‘sʌfǝrǝ] (n) – 1. Martyr – страдалец;

2. пострадавший, потерпевший

Furthermore [fɜ:δǝ’mɔ:] (adv.) – 1. In addition – к тому же, кроме того, более того

Handshake [‘hændʃeik] (n) – 1. Handclasp – рукопожатие

Hug [hʌg] (n) – 1. Embrace – объятие;

2. обнимать

Item [‘aitǝm] (n) – 1. Thing – предмет; пункт;

2. вопрос

To fear [fiǝ] (v) – 1. To be afraid of – бояться;

2. страх, боязнь

Safe [seif] (a) – 1. Безопасный, сохранный;

2. невредимый

Rights [rait] (n) – 1. Права;

2. справедливость

Full [fʋl] (a) – 1. Whole – полный, целый;

2. сытый

To maintain [mein’tein] (v) – 1. To support – поддерживать;

2. содержать

To lead [li:d] (v) – 1. Вести;

2. склонять, заставлять

To create [kri’eit] (v) – 1. Творить, создавать;

2. вызывать

Assistance [ǝ’sistǝns] (n) – 1. Aid – помощь, содействие

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. Call the abbreviation of AIDS.

2. Is there treatment against AIDS?

3. What is AIDS caused by?

4. Are there any symptoms?

5. How is HIV transmitted?

6. How to prevent this disease?

7. Is it dangerous to talk with the people being ill with AIDS?

8. When do we have the international day of the fight against AIDS?

Ex. 2. Translate the next words and phrases.

Синдром приобретённого иммунодефицита; защитные механизмы; пострадать; подвергаться; фатальный исход; сопротивляемость к инфекции; вирус иммунодефицита человека; зависеть от; жидкость тела; анализ крови; рукопожатие; объятья; воздушно-капельный путь; бояться; безопасно; права; поддерживать организм; вести здоровый образ жизни; волонтёрские группы; бесплатная помощь.

III. Word study

Ex. 3.   Replace the words in italics with one of the words below, using the correct tense form.

Support; pass; protective; whole; aid; worsen; be afraid of; form; end; give; have; remedy.

1) The body’s natural defense mechanisms against infection are seriously impaired.  

2) As there is no treatment the outcome is fatal.

3) AIDS is transmitted by contact with blood containing the virus.

4) You shouldn’t fear the HIV – infected people.

5) A person can live a full life with HIV.

6) People with HIV must maintain their body with medicine and lead a healthy way of life.

7) Volunteer groups are created to provide free assistance to others.

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.

1. AIDS is an abbreviation for приобретённого иммунодефицита человека.

2. Пациенты подвержены инфекциям which are not normally serious or which are not normally experienced.

3. The outcome is fatal as нет лечения, нет вакцинации и нет сопротивляемости к инфекции.

4. AIDS is caused by infection with a virus, который называется вирусом иммунодефицита человека кратко ВИЧ.

5. AIDS is transmitted by contact с кровью, содержащей вирус.

6. ВИЧ передаётся тремя путями: sexually, through blood and "vertical" - from mother to child.

7. Вам не следует бояться the HIV - infected people.

8. It is safe to talk with these people; они имеют такие же права как и все.

9. A person can live a full life with HIV, самое главное поддерживать организм лекарствами и вести здоровый образ жизни.

10. Volunteer groups are created чтобы информировать людей о том, как передаётся ВИЧ.

Ex. 5. Complete the table. Where is the risk?

№	Situation	Risk
1.	The sexual contact without condom.	Risk
2.		Risk
3.		No risk
4.	The attending of the swimming pool with the HIV-infected person.	NO risk
5.		No risk
6.		No risk
7.		No risk
8.		No risk
9.		Risk
10.		No risk

 

IV. Speech practice

Ex. 6. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

AIDS; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; defense mechanism; to succumb to infection; no treatment; to be caused by; HIV; to be transmitted; three ways; to fear; it is safe; the same rights; volunteer groups; free assistance.

V. Grammar review

Infinitive

Формы инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Simple	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	____________
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been written	__________

Ex. 7. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the infinitive.

1) He seems (to read) a lot.

2) He seems (to read) now.

3) He seems (to read) all the books in the library.

4) I want (to take) you to the concert.

5) I want (to take) to the concert by my father.

6) She hoped (to help) her friends.

7) She hoped (to help) by her friends.

8) We expect (to be back) in two days.

9) He expected (to help) by the teacher.

10) The children seem (to play) since morning.

11) I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.

12) I am sorry (to break) your cup.

13) His English seems (to get) better.

Ex. 8. Translate the sentences using the necessary form of the infinitive.

1. Я рад, что рассказал Вам эту историю.

2. Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю.

3. Я хочу познакомить вас с этой артисткой.

4. Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой.

5. Я рад, что встретил её на станции.

6. Мы очень счастливы, что пригласили его на вечер.

7. дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки.

8. Я не ожидал, что меня остановят.

9. Она рада, что присутствовала на лекции.

10. Мы любим танцевать.

Раздел 6 Здоровый образ жизни

IMMUNITY

Immunity means resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins; for example, microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animal toxins; foreign bodies; transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are called antigens. When infection occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it doesn’t occur for every type of organism. However, where immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never been infected by a particular microorganisms. It may be done by giving a non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination. Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present. However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others.

I. Vocabulary

To provide [prǝ’vaid] (v) – 1. Обеспечивать, снабжать;

2. заготовлять, запасать

To release [ri’li:s] (v) – 1. To emit – отпускать, выпускать, пускать;

2. освобождать, избавлять

Causative [kɔ:zǝtiv] (a) – причинный

Foreign body – чужеродное тело

Transfusion [træns’fju:ʒǝn] (n) – 1. Переливание;

2. передача

Incompatible [inkǝm’pætǝbǝl] (a) – 1. Mismatched – несовместимый

Inflammation [inflǝ’meiʃǝn] – воспаление

To involve [in’vɑlv] (v) – 1. To rope into – вовлекать;

2. вызывать

Concerned [kǝn’sɜ:nd] – связанный с чем-либо, имеющий отношение к чему либо

To remain [ri’mein] (v) – 1. To stay – оставаться;

2. остаток, остатки

Repetition [repi’tiʃǝn] (n) – 1. Repeat – повторение

Acquired [ǝ’kwaiǝd] – приобретённый

Artificial [ɑ:ti’fiʃǝl] (a) – 1. Искусственный;

2. притворный

Particular [pǝ’tikjʋlǝ] (a) – 1. Special – особенный, специфический;

2. исключительный, особый

Host [hǝʋst] (n) – 1. Owner – хозяин;

2. ведущий теле-, радиопередач

Thus – таким образом.

Subsequent [‘sʌbsikwǝnt] (a) – 1. Succeeding – последующий;

2. являющийся результатом чего-либо

To overcome [ǝʋvǝ’kʌm] (v) – 1. Преодолеть, побороть;

2. охватить, объять

Prior [‘praiǝ] (a) – 1. Previous – предшествующий;

2. более важный

Exposure [iks’pouʒǝ] (n) – 1. Проявление

To inherit [in’herit] (v) – To heir – наследовать, унаследовать

To explain [ik’splein] (v) – 1. Объяснять;

2. оправдывать

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is immunity?

2. What is it provided by?

3. What factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies and antitoxins?

4. How long can antibodies and antitoxins remain in the blood?

5. Does acquired immunity occur for every type of microorganism?

6. Can the immunity be reproduced artificially?

7. What is it done by?

8. Is acquired immunity always present?

9. What is natural immunity?

Ex. 2. Translate the next words and phrases.

Невосприимчивость к заболеванию; вырабатывать антитела; все факторы; они присутствуют в крови; предупреждать повторное инфицирование; приобретённый иммунитет; искусственно; вакцинация; они действительно стимулируют; таким образом; наследовать; врождённый иммунитет; это помогает объяснить.

III. Word study

Ex. 3. Finish the words.

1) Immunity means resistance to d _______.

2) Immunity is provided by certain w ______ blood c _____ which release a _____ and a _____ into the blood plasma.

3) A _____ and a _____ are present in the blood and help o _______ the microorganisms concerned.

4) Some of these a _____ and a _____ can remain in the blood for life and p ______ any repetition of i _____. It is called a ______ immunity.

5) Also immunity can be done by giving a non-immune person a d _____ of dead m _______. This is called v _______.

Ex. 4. Using the following words make up sentences.

1. Is, immunity, by, provided, cells, white.

2. Can, many, factors, white, stimulate, to produce, cells, antibodies, antitoxins, and.

3. Antibodies, antitoxins, and, some, remain, of, for, can, in, the, for, blood, life.

4. Inherit, natural, individuals, all, degree, immunity, some, of.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Иммунитет – это невосприимчивость к инфекции.

2. Воспаление – это защитная реакция организма в борьбе с болезнью.

3. Существуют два вида иммунитете – врождённый и приобретённый.

4. Ослабленные микроорганизмы стимулируют выработку антител и антитоксинов против микроорганизмов, вызывающих заболевание.

5. Некоторые антитела и антитоксины остаются в крови на всю жизнь и предотвращают повторение инфекции.

6. Иммунитет можно восстановить искусственно, дав человеку дозу ослабленных микроорганизмов.  

IV. Speech practice

Ex. 6. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

Immunity; resistance; to provide; to release; antibodies; antitoxins; causative; to stimulate; bacterial; acquired immunity; to inherit; resistant.

 

V. Grammar review

Infinitive

Ex. 7. Complete the table.

	Active	Passive
Simple		to be done
Continuous	To be doing
Perfect
Perfect Continuous

Ex. 8. Translate the sentences.

1) Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю.

2) Я рад, что мне рассказали историю.

3) Я хочу познакомить Вас с этой артисткой.

4) Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой.

5) Мы очень счастливы, что пригласили его на вечер.

6) Мы очень счастливы, что нас пригласили на вечер.

7) Я сожалею, что причинил вам столько проблем.

8) Он очень доволен, что закончил книгу.

9) Я сожалею, что прервал вас.

10) Наши спортсмены гордятся, что выиграли кубок.

HEALTHY WAY OF LIFE

Nowadays our life is getting more and tenser. People live under the press of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic and others. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and dust in big cities, diseases and instability. A person should be strong and healthy in order to overcome all difficulties. 

To achieve this aim people ought to take care of their physical and mental health. There are several ways to do it. The state of your body depends on how much time you spend doing sports. At least everybody must do morning exercises every day. The healthiest kinds of sports are swimming, running and cycling.

Healthy food is also a very important factor. Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. On the other hand modern diets are very popular especially among women. Diets may be harmful, if they are used in the wrong way.

To be healthy, people should get rid of their bad habits. It's necessary to stop smoking and drinking much. Everyone should remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol. In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe daily routine.

Certainly it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person has to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses.

I. Vocabulary

Tense [tens] (a) – 1. Busy – напряжённый;

2. натянутый

Constant [‘kɑnstǝnt] (a) – 1. Permanent – постоянный;

2. твёрдый, верный

To suffer [‘sʌfǝ] (v) – 1. To feel sore about – страдать, испытывать;

2. терпеть

Noise [nɔiz] (n) – 1. Sound – шум, грохот;

2. слух, молва

Dust [dʌst] (n) – 1. Пыль, облако пыли;

2. маленькая частица

To overcome [ǝʋvǝ’kʌm] (v) – 1. To win out – побороть, преодолеть, превозмочь;

2. охватить, объять

Difficulty [‘difikǝlti] (n) – 1. Hurdle – трудность;

2. препятствие, затруднение

To achieve [ǝ’tʃi:v] (v) – 1. To reach – достигать, успешно выполнять

To spend [spend] (v) – 1. Тратить, расходовать;

2. проводить

Cycling [‘saikliɳ] (n) – велоспорт

On the other hand – с другой стороны

To get rid of – избавиться

Habit [‘hæbit] (n) – 1. Wont – привычка, обыкновение, обычай;

2. особенность, свойство

To destroy [dis’trɔi] (v) – 1. To break down – разрушать, уничтожать;

2. разбивать, расстраивать.

According to [ǝ’kɔ:diɳ] – в соответствии, согласно

To commit [kǝ’mit] (v) – 1. To perform – совершать;

2. поручать, вверять

In addition to [ǝ’diʃǝn] – вдобавок, в дополнении, кроме того, к тому же

Anxiety [æn’zaiǝti] (n) – 1. Worry – беспокойство, тревога, опасение;

2. страстное желание чего-либо

Daily routine – повседневные дела

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. What do the people suffer from nowadays?

2. What must people take care of?

3. What ways to be healthy can you call?

4. What are the healthiest kinds of sport?

5. What sport do you go in for?

6. What should the daily menu include?

7. What is your opinion towards diets?

8. What is it necessary to stop doing to be healthy?

9. Do you lead a healthy lifestyle?

10. Do you have any bad habits?

11. What do you do to be healthy?

Ex. 2. Translate the next words and phrases.

Напряжённая жизнь; постоянно страдать; шум; нестабильность; преодолевать трудности; достигать цели; заботиться о здоровье; способы; заниматься спортом; велоспорт; переедание; с другой стороны; неправильный; избавиться от; разрушать мозг; согласно статистики; избегать беспокойство; повседневная дела; следовать рекомендациям.

III. Word study

Ex. 3. Complete the table

Good habits	Bad habits
1. Doing sport	1. Alcohol
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.
5	5.
6.	6.

Ex. 4. Complete the sentences, using the words and expressions given below.

To follow; to take care; way; to achieve; swimming; to overcome; to commit; morning exercises; overeating; to get rid of.

1) When I was a child I ate much sweet and … lead me to the obesity.

2) To be healthy people should do at least ….

3) My daughter wants to be a famous sportsman and she will … this purpose.

4) There are many … to loose weight.

5) People must always … to achieve some aims.

6) The nurses … the patients in the hospitals and policlinics.

7) Nick has many bad habits. He must … them to be healthy.

8) … is my favorite sport. It helps me to be in shape.

9) Dreadful murder was … some days ago.

10) You must … all the doctor’s instruction to recover.

Ex. 5. Find 12 words «Healthy way of life» and fill the sentences.

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1. People should go in for ….

2. A sound mind in a sound ….

3. A state of being well.

4. Apple, orange, carrot, cucumbers are….

5. The regimen of nutrition.

6. It is given not to be ill in winter.

7. The necessary complex of measures for the body care.

8. The most preventive form against diseases.

9. There are a lot of ways to lose ….

10. It is important for people to do morning ….

11.You take it to treat illnesses.

12. An … a day keep the doctor away.

Ex. 6. Complete the dialogue.

- ____________?

 - I think to be healthy means that every organ works well.

 - ____________?

 - Yes, it is. If you are healthy, you are happy, you can work and rest well. Sick people usually have bad characters, they are never pleased or satisfied.

 - ____________?

 - I gave up bad habits (smoking, drinking alcohol, eating at night, eating fat food).

 - ____________?

 - Yes, it is. Exercises make us strong and healthy.

 - ____________?

 - Smoking can cause cancer and other lung problems. The human teeth become yellow.

 - ____________?

 - I go in for swimming.

 - ____________?

 - No, I am not. I am not good at sport. I don’t want to go in for professional sport because it requires much time and energy. But I can swim or play such games as basketball, badminton, volleyball and table tennis.

 - ___________.

 - You are welcome!

- ____________.

- Have a nice day!

- ____________!

IV. Speech practice

Ex. 7. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

Life is tenser; to suffer from; noise; instability; to take care of; morning exercises; healthy food; to get rid of; healthy life style.

IV. Grammar review

Gerund

Герундий – это неличная форма английского глагола с суффиксом –ing, соединяющая в себе черты существительного и глагола и несущая в себе оттенок значения некого процесса:

Playing – игра; reading – чтение; walking – прогулка. ( Our management encourages working overtime – наше руководство поощряет сверхурочную работу.)

В русском языке формы, аналогичной герундию, нет. Ближе всего к герундию по смыслу в русском языке отглагольные существительные с суффиксами -(е) ние, -тие, -ка, -ство и др., а также глаголы в неопределённой форме: singing – пение, петь; waiting – ожидание, ожидать.

Образование герундия.

Герундий, как и Причастие I, образуется с помощью окончания -ing, прибавляемого с соответствующими орфографическими изменениями к инфинитиву любого глагола: to run – running; to live – living.

Отрицательная форма герундия образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед формой герундия: for coming in time – за то, что пришёл вовремя; for not coming in time – за то, что не пришёл вовремя.

Герундий в отличие от Причастия I, которое имеет только признаки глагола, имеет признаки двух частей речи: глагола и существительного.

Герундий никогда не имеет артикля и формы множественного числа и этим он отличается от существительного. Различие между существительным с окончанием -ing и герундием заключается в том, что существительное с -ing обозначает предмет, а герундий передаёт процесс (-ание, -ение): Finding a new method is the only way out – нахождение нового метода – единственный выход (герундий); The findings were of great importance – эти нахождения имели огромное значение (существительное).