The diseases of the cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of conditions that includes stroke and heart disease. It kills one in three people in the UK.

CVD is caused by a build-up of fatty streaks and cholesterol in the blood vessels. While some contributing factors can't be altered, we can change our lifestyle.

Natural wear and tear to blood vessels makes it easier for fatty cholesterol to leak in and get stuck to the artery walls. This build-up causes the arteries to narrow, reducing the heart's ability to pump blood through them to the body. If they become completely blocked, it will cause a heart attack or a stroke if the blockage occurs in the brain's blood vessels.

The patient usually complains of a general malaise, early fatigue on exertion, cardiac discomfort, palpitation, pain the chest and behind the breastbone, the pain to radiate to the left shoulder and down the arm, pale face.

Some risk factors for CVD are potentially reversible or can be modified. These include: cigarette smoking, large waist circumference (being 'apple-shaped'), high blood pressure, inactivity, diabetes.

Making small changes to your diet is one of the simplest and most effective ways to reduce your risk of CVD. You can do this by: reducing fat in your diet especially saturated and trans-fats, eating more fruit and vegetables, whole grain food and soluble fibre, drinking alcohol in moderation, reducing salt to maintain a lower blood pressure

The diseases of cardiovascular system are angina pectoris, atherosclerosis and other.

Atherosclerosis is one of the diseases of the cardiovascular system.

     Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels results from disturbances of cholesterol exchange.

I. Vocabulary

Stroke [strǝʋk] (n) – 1. Pralysis – паралич, удар;

2. приём, ход

Build-up [bildʌp] (n) – 1. Form – форма, конструкция;

2. строить, сооружать, создавать

To alter [‘ɔ:ltǝ] (v) – 1. To change – изменять(ся)

To leak [li:k] (v) – 1. Просочиться;

2. обнаружиться

To stuck [stʌk] (v) – 1. To stick – приклеиться, липнуть;

2. втыкать, вонзать, насаживать

To reduce [ri’dju:s] (v) – 1. Понижать, уменьшать, ослаблять;

2. приводить в определённое состояние

Malaise [mǝ’leiz] (n) – 1. Indisposition – недомогание;

2. тревога, неудовлетворённость

Fatigue [fǝ’ti:g] (n) – 1. Tiredness – усталость, утомление;

2. утомлять, изнурять

Exertion [ig’zɜ:ʃǝn] (n) – 1. Intension – напряжение;

2. усилие

Palpitation [‘pælpiteiʃn] (n) – 1. Heart beating – сильное сердцебиение

Reversible [ri’vɜ:sǝbǝl] (a) – 1. Invertible – обратимый, двусторонний

Circumference [sǝ’kʌmfǝrǝns] (n) – окружность

Waist [weist] (n) – талия

To saturate [‘sætʃǝreit] (v) – 1. Насыщать, пропитывать

To maintain [mein’tein] (v) – 1. To support – поддерживать;

2. содержать

Angina pectoris [andʒaina pektoris] (n) – Стенокардия

Disturbance [dis’tɜ:bǝns] (n) – 1. Нарушение;

2. волнение, беспорядок

Fibre [‘faibǝ] (n) – 1. Rough food – грубая пища;

2. волокно, нить

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is the cardiovascular disease?

2. What is cardiovascular disease caused by?

3. What are the symptoms of the cardiovascular disease?

4. What are the risk factors of CVD?

5. What is the treatment and nursing?

6. What diseases of the cardiovascular system do you know?

7. How to prevent the diseases of the cardiovascular system?

Ex. 2. Translate the words and expressions.

Паралич; быть причиной; бляшки; изменять; изношенный; прикрепиться; накачивать кровь; инфаркт; недомогание; усталость; сильное сердцебиение; грудина; необратимый; окружная талия; снижение жира; растворимая волокнистая еда; умеренный; стенокардия; обмен.

III. Word study

Ex. 3. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences with words and phrases from the text.

1. Cardiovascular disease is caused by the storage of cholesterol in the blood vessels.

2. The patient complains on disposition, cardiac discomfort, heart beating, ache in the chest.

3. Some risk factors include cigarette smoking, overweight, and high blood pressure.

4. If you want to limit your risk of cardiovascular disease you must keep in diet.

5. The illnesses of cardiovascular system are angina pectoris, atherosclerosis and other.

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences, using the words given below.

Heart attack; fatty streaks; narrow; to pump; malaise; palpitation; the simplest; to reduce; to maintain; lower; Atherosclerosis.

1) Сердечнососудистые заболевания это группа состояний, сопровождающаяся инфарктами и параличом.

2) Сердечнососудистые заболевания являются причиной отложения жирового слоя и холестерина в кровеносных сосудах.

3) Со временем артерии становятся узкими, тем самым снижают возможность сердца качать кровь.

4) Симптомы сердечнососудистых заболеваний это недомогание, сильное сердцебиение, боль в груди и за грудиной.

5) Самый простой и эффективный способ снизить риск сердечнососудистых заболеваний - придерживаться диеты.

6) Также необходимо снизить употребление соли для поддержания низкого кровяного давления.

7) Атеросклероз – одно из заболеваний сердечнососудистой системы.

IV. Speech practice

Ex. 5. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

Cardiovascular disease; stroke; fatty streaks; the arteries; to reduce; to pump; symptoms; malaise; pain; risk factors; high blood pressure; diabetes; diet; angina pectoris.

V. Grammar

 Adjective. The comparative constructions.

Ex. 6. Put the adjective into the right form.

1. A train is ___________ than a bus.

2. This text is the ___________ of all.

3. I was ill last week but today I am________

4. Park Street is _______ than Market Street.

5. This jacket is small for me. Show me a ________ one.

6. What is the __________ thing in life?

7. A crocodile is _________ than a water snake.

8. Helen is the ________ girl in our class.

Сравнительные конструкции

1) Если мы сравниваем два предмета, которые имеют идентичное, равное качество, то необходимо употреблять сравнительный союз as... as - так же... как, такой же... как.

This street is as beautiful as that one - Эта улица такая же красивая, как и та.
This box is as heavy as that one - Этот ящик такой же тяжёлый, как и тот.

2) Если мы сравниваем два предмета, и один из них по качеству или свойству лучше, то необходимо употреблять сравнительный союз not so... as - не так... как, не такой... как.  

This letter is not so intriguing as that one - Это письмо не такое интригующее, как то.
This toy is not so big as that one - Эта игрушка не такая большая, как та.

3) Если мы хотим сказать, что одна вещь отличается от другой в несколько раз, то используются выражения:

twice as … as…. - в два раза…, чем

three times as… as…- в три раза, чем

four times as … as… - в четыре раза, чем

Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. - (Сейчас) Бензин дороже в два раза, чем он был несколько лет назад.

Their house is three times as big as our house – Их дом в три раза больше нашего.

Ex. 7. Put as … as or so … as. Translate them into Russian.

1. Mike is … tall … Pete. 2. Kate is not … nice … Ann. 3. My room is … light … this one. 4. This book is not … thin … that one. 5. Sergei is … old … Michael. 6. She is … old … Tom’s brother. 7. This woman is … good … that one. 8. Nick’s English is not … good … his friend’s. 9. I am not … thin … you. 10. This woman is … young … that one. 11. I am … thin … you. 12. Kate is … lazy … her brother. 13. This child is not … small … that one.

Ex. 8. Choose the right construction.

Example: His car is as slow as a turtle.

as pretty as a rose                    as blue as the sky

as high as a mountain              as busy as a bee

 as white as snow                     as clumsy as a bear

 as hot as fire                            as strong as steel

 as pale as the moon                 as light as a feature

 as brave as a lion                        as free as a bird

1. My friends are …

2. Those buildings are …

3. Her voice is …

4. She has got 5 children and she is always …

5. You look ill, your face is …

6. Put on your coat. Your hands are …

7. Her teeth are …

8. Bob is a real man. He is … and his character is …

9. Their daughter looks like an angel, she is …

10. What color are her eyes? – They are …

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences.

1. Он не такой усталый, как она. 2. Упражнение 2 такое же трудное, как и упражнение 3. 3. Она думает, что бокс такой же опасный вид спорта, как и борьба. 4. Этот дом такой же высокий, как тот. 5. Сегодня вода в реке не такая тёплая, как вчера. 6. Ты не такой умный, как папа. 7. Индия не такая большая, как Китай. 8. Темза такая же красивая, как Нева. 9. Его бабушка не такая старая, как дедушка. 10. Яблоки такие же вкусные, как сливы, но не такие вкусные, как груши. 11. Русский музей такой же богатый, как Эрмитаж? 12. Державин не так знаменит, как Пушкин. 13. Днепр не такой длинный, как Волга. 14. В прошлом году август был такой же жаркий, как июль. 15. Он не такой старый, как я.

INFLUENZA

Influenza, better known as the flu and sometimes called the grippe, is a common childhood illness, but is not as common among adults. It is not limited to humans, most mammals and many birds can also catch influenza. It is caused by several different viruses, which is why people can have the flu more than once. The name influenza comes from Italian: influenza, meaning "influence".

Human Influenza can pass from one person to another very easily. It is most commonly spread by the microscopic droplets of mucus and fluid that are sent into the air when the sick person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms include cough, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, fever, headache, and rarely vomiting and diarrhea. Influenza can also lead to other diseases, such as pneumonia.

 Antiviral drugs can be used to treat the illness so it is not as severe and does not last as long.

The influenza season runs from late autumn to spring because most people catch it in the winter months. When there are more cases of influenza than expected, it will sometimes be called an epidemic. When there are a large number of cases of the same type of influenza all over the world, it is often called a pandemic.

The CDC keeps track of the different flu viruses that are circulating, and gives this information to the companies that make flu shots. Since the flu changes so much from year to year, flu shots have to be given for each new flu season.

Some flu viruses are caught from animals. Bird flu, for example, is usually only caught by people in contact with sick birds (usually chickens). These types of flu virus are usually very limited, and while they can make a person very ill, usually other people do not catch the virus from the sick person.

Another way that the flu can change is when a person or animal catches two different flu viruses. The two viruses can exchange some of their genetic information, which can create a brand new flu that nobody has ever caught before.

If an animal flu virus changes in this way to one that can easily pass from human to human, many people become ill because nobody has any immunity to the new virus. Often, a brand new virus is more severe and kills more people.

I. Vocabulary

Mammal [‘mæmǝl] (n) – млекопитающее

Easily [‘i:zili] (adv) – 1. With ease – легко, свободно;

2. охотно, с готовностью

To spread [spred] (v) – 1. To outspread – распространяться, разноситься;

2. развёртываться, раскидываться, простилаться

Droplets [‘drɑplits] (n) – капелька

Fluid [‘flu:id] (n) – 1. Liquid – жидкость, жидкая среда;

2. жидкий, текучий

To sneeze [sni:z] (v) – чихать;

2. чихание

Severe [si’viǝ] (a) – 1. Heavy – трудный, тяжёлый;

2. строгий, суровый

To catch [kætʃ] (v) – 1. To infect – заразиться, подхватить;

2. ловить, поймать

To expect [ik’spekt] (v) – 1. Ожидать, предполагать;

2. рассчитывать, надеяться

CDC – Centers for Disease Control – центры по контролю за заболеваниями

To keep track – отслеживать

Shot [ʃɑt] (n) – 1. Vaccination – прививка;

2. попытка

To exchange [iks’tʃeindʒ] (v) – 1. Обмениваться, меняться;

2. разменивать

To create [kri’eit] (v) – 1. To make – создавать, творить;

2. вызывать

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1) What is Influenza?

2) What is the cause of Influenza?

3) How is it spread?

4) Call the symptoms of Influenza.

5) What is epidemic and pandemic?

6) How to protect from Flu?

7) What flu can we catch from the animals?

Ex. 2. Translate the words and phrases.

Грипп; детское заболевание; взрослые; млекопитающие; птицы; передаваться; распространяться; микроскопические капельки; воздух; кашлять; чихать; рвота; боль в горле; привести к; серьёзный; заразиться; пандемия; отслеживать; ставить прививки; сезон гриппа; птичий грипп; обмениваться. 

III. Word study

Ex. 3. Choose the synonyms.

      A                                                                    B

1. Influenza                                                        a. heavy

2. Adult                                                              b. transmit

3. Catch                                                             c. vaccination

4. Disease                                                           d. grown-up

5. Severe                                                            e. illness

6. Treat                                                              f. sick

7. Shots                                                              g. grippe

8. Limited                                                           h. infect

9. Pass                                                               i. cure

10. ill                                                                  j. restricted

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
									f

 

Ex. 4. Finish the sentences.

1) Influenza is a common d ______ in the world.

2) It is very easy to c ____ flu.

3) Grippe is passed by microscopic d_ ___ of mucus and fluid.

4) A patient complains of c ____, sore throat, f ____, h_____.

5) The i ____ seasons begin from late autumn till s _____.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences.

1. Грипп – это вирусная инфекция, которая передаётся от человека к человеку очень легко.

2. Грипп передаётся воздушно-капельным путём.

3. Человек жалуется на кашель, боль в горле, головную боль и высокую температуру.

4. Врач назначает противовирусные лекарства.

5. Люди могут поставить сезонную прививку от гриппа.

6. Некоторые вирусы гриппа могут передаваться от животных.

IV. Speech practice

Ex. 6. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

Influenza; to cause; different viruses; microscopic droplets; cough; headache; antiviral drugs; season; epidemic; pandemic; centers for disease control; flu shots; bird flu.

V. Grammar review

Infinitive

Инфинитив - это базовая, неличная форма глагола. Признаком инфинитива в английском языке является частица to, например: (to) go, (to) be, (to) ask, (to) fight, (to) understand, (to) walk.

Английский инфинитив сочетает в себе признаки глагола и в некоторой степени существительного. Последнее выражается в том, что инфинитив может выступать в предложении в качестве подлежащего, дополнения,  определения, обстоятельства и некоторых других.

1) To learn is important – учение важно (Инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего).

2) He wants to learn – он хочет учиться (Инфинитив выполняет функцию дополнения).

Отрицательные формы инфинитива образуются путём добавления отрицательной частицы not до инфинитива.

I decided not to invite them – я решил не приглашать их.

Формы инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Simple	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	____________
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been written	__________

Использование инфинитива без частицы to

Обычно инфинитив в английском языке используется с частицей to. Но в некоторых случаях инфинитив употребляется без частицы to. Такие случаи рассмотрены ниже.

1) После модальных глаголов:

We can swim and dive (мы можем плавать и нырять).

2) После модальных конструкций (would, rather, had better):

You had better consult the doctor (Вам лучше сходить к доктору).

3) после глаголов to let (позволять) и to make (заставлять):

They made me wait (они заставили меня ждать).

Let me help you with translation (позволь мне помочь тебе с переводом).

4) После глаголов восприятия (to see, to hear, to feel etc…)

We heard her sing a song (мы слышали как она поёт).

I saw her light the lamp (я видел как она зажгла лампу).

Ex. 7. Put to where necessary.

1. I'dlike... dance. 2. She made me... repeat my words several times. 3.1 saw him... enter the room. 4. She did not let her mother... go away. 5. Do you like... listen to good music? 6. Would you like... listen to good music? 7. That funny scene made me... laugh. 8. I like... play the guitar. 9. My brother can... speak French. 10. We had... put on our over­coats because it was cold. 11. They wanted... cross the river. 12. It is high time for you... go to bed. 13. May I... use your telephone? 14. They heard the girl... cry out with joy. 15. I would rather... stay at home today.

Ex. 8. Replace the underlined expressions with infinitive. Translate them.

Example: The boy had many toys which he could play with. The boy had many toys to play with.

1) Here is something which will warm you up.

2) Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with.

3) Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct.

4) Here is something which you can rub on your hands. It will soften them.

5) Here are some screws with which you can fasten the shelves to the wall.

6) Here are some tablets which will relieve your headache.

7) Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow.

8) 1have brought you a book which you can read now.

9) I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you.

10) I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can't go to the theatre with you.

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease.

The infection may stay inactive (dormant) for years. In some people, it becomes active again (reactivates).

The following persons are at high risk of active TB:

Elderly, infants, people with weakened immune systems, for example due to AIDS, chemotherapy, diabetes, or medicines that weaken the immune system

Your risk of catching TB increases if you:

Are around people who have TB (such as during overseas travel), live in crowded or unclean living conditions, have poor nutrition.

Symptoms:

The primary stage of TB does not cause symptoms. When symptoms of pulmonary TB occur, they can include: breathing difficulty; chest pain; cough (usually with mucus), coughing up blood; excessive sweating, especially at night; fatigue; fever; weight loss.

Treatment:

The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with medicines that fight the TB bacteria. Treatment of active pulmonary TB will always involve a combination of many medicines (usually four medicines). All medicines are continued until lab tests show which medicines work best.

You may need to take many different pills at different times of the day for 6 months or longer.

You may need to stay at home or be admitted to a hospital for 2 to 4 weeks to avoid spreading the disease to others until you are no longer contagious.

Your doctor or nurse is required by law to report your TB illness to the local health department.

Outlook (Prognosis):

Symptoms often improve in 2 to 3 weeks after starting treatment. A chest x-ray will not show this improvement until weeks or months later. Outlook is excellent if pulmonary TB is diagnosed early and effective treatment is started quickly.

Prevention:

TB is preventable, even in those who have been exposed to an infected person. Skin testing for TB is used in high risk populations or in people who may have been exposed to TB, such as health care workers.

People who have been exposed to TB should be skin tested immediately and have a follow-up test at a later date, if the first test is negative.

A positive skin test means you have come into contact with the TB bacteria. It does not mean that you have active disease or are contagious. Talk to your doctor about how to prevent getting tuberculosis.

Prompt treatment is extremely important in preventing the spread of TB from those who have active TB disease to those who have never been infected with TB.

Some countries with a high incidence of TB give people a BCG vaccination to prevent TB. But, the effectiveness of this vaccine is limited and it is not routinely used in the United States.

People who have had BCG may still be skin tested for TB. Discuss the test results (if positive) with your doctor.

I. Vocabulary

To transmit [trænz’mit] (v) – 1. To pass – передавать, посылать;

2. транслировать

To weaken [‘wi:kǝn] (v) – 1. To loosen – ослаблять;

2. поддаваться, сдаваться

Crowd [kraʋd] (n) – 1. Throng – толпа;

2. компания, группа людей

Sweat [swet] (n) – 1. Perspiration – пот;

2. потеть

The goal [gǝʋl] (n) – 1. Aim – цель, задача;

2. гол

Pulmonary TB – туберкулёз лёгких

To continue [kǝn’tinju:] (v) – 1. To go on – продолжать (ся);

2. оставаться, пребывать

To admit [ǝd’mit] (v) – 1. To accept – допускать, признавать;

2. впускать, вмещать

Contagious [kǝn’teidʒǝs] (a) – 1. Infectious – заразный, инфекционный

To require [ri’kwaiǝ] (v) – 1. To demand – требовать;

2. нуждаться

Law [lɔ:] (n) – 1. Lex – закон;

2. право, юриспруденция

Prompt [prɑmpt] (a) – 1. Speedy – быстрый, незамедлительный

To improve [im’pru:v] (v) – 1. To ameliorate – улучшать (ся), совершенствовать (ся)

To expose [ik’spǝʋz] (v) – 1. Подвергать действию, выставлять;

2. подвергать опасности

Routine [ru:’ti:n] (n) – 1. Установленный режим, заведённый порядок

Excessive [ik’sesiv] (a) – 1. Чрезмерный, излишний, избыточный

II. Comprehension

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is tuberculosis?

2. How is it transmitted?

3. What are the symptoms?

4. What is the treatment of TB?

5. How long is the treatment of tuberculosis?

6. Is TB preventable?

7. What is the prevention?

Ex. 2. Translate the words and phrases.

Бактериальное заболевание; поражать; передаваться через; активная форма заболевания; пожилые люди; ослаблять; переполненный; плохое питание; туберкулёз лёгких; дыхание; чрезмерное потоотделение; попытка; избежать распространения инфекции; заразный; сообщать; местный орган здравоохранения; рентген грудной клетки; работники здравоохранения.

III. Word study

Ex. 3. Complete the right statements.

It is important …

It is dangerous …

It is necessary …

1) To treat at home with active respiratory tuberculosis.

2) Not to report about TB illness to the local health department.

3) To make skin tests every year.

4) Talk to the doctor how to prevent tuberculosis.

5) Not to repeat a skin test if it is positive.

6) To live in unclean living conditions.

7) To give people a BCG vaccination to prevent TB.

8) To make a chest x-ray once every three years.

9) To take all medicines until lab tests show which medicines work best.

10) To make prophylaxis against tuberculosis among population.

Ex. 4. Replace the words in italics with antonyms of the below.

Loss; high; improve; bad; starting; positive; weakened; at nights; excellent; difficult; early; best.

1. If you have good nutrition your risk of catching TB increases.

2. People with strong immune system are at low risk of active TB.

3. The symptoms of pulmonary TB are: chest pain, easy breathing, cough, excessive sweating especially in the morning, fever, weight gain.

4. All medicines are continued until lab tests show which medicines work worse.

5. Symptoms often decline in 2 to 3 weeks after finishing treatment.

6. Outlook is bad if pulmonary TB is diagnosed late.

7. A negative skin test means you have come into contact with the TB bacteria.

Ex. 5. Finish the sentences.

1) Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease ________, which ______.

2) The following persons are at high risk of active TB: elderly, _____________.

3) Symptoms of pulmonary TB can include: ______________.

4) Treatment of active pulmonary TB will always involve a __________________.

5) Your doctor or nurse is required by law to ____________.

6) Talk to your doctor about how ______________.

7) Some countries with a high incidence of TB __________________.

8) A positive skin test means you have come into ________________.

9) Symptoms often improve in ___________.

10) Skin testing for TB is used in high risk populations or _________.

                                          IV. Speech practice

Ex. 6. Retell the text according to the following plan using the words and expressions given below.

Tuberculosis; mycobacterium; to affect; it is transmitted; droplets; at high risk; weakened immune system; diabetes; symptoms; chest pain; excessive sweating; treatment; medicines; by law; to report; health department; preventable; to be exposed; skin testing; positive; BCG vaccination; to discuss. 

V. Grammar review

Infinitive

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