С.В. Короткевич, Т.А. Лобанкова

С.В. Короткевич, Т.А. Лобанкова

 

 

Практическое пособие по практике устной и письменной речи по теме «спорт. Здоровый образ жизни.»

для студентов II курса

специальностей 1 – 02 03 06 01 "Английский язык",

 1- 02 01 02 04 «История. Английский язык»

 

Гомель   2008

УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.5

    К 687

 

Рецензенты:

С.И. Сокорева, доцент, кандидат педагогических наук;

кафедра теории и практики английского языка учреждения образования «Гомельский государственный университет

имени Франциска Скорины»

 

 

Рекомендовано к изданию научно-методическим советом учреждения образования "Гомельский государственный университет  имени  Франциска Скорины"

 

           Короткевич С.В.

 Практика устной и письменной речи: Практическое пособие

К 687 для студентов III курса   специальностей  1- 02 03 06 01 "Английский язык", 1- 02 01 02 04 «История. Английский язык» / С.В. Короткевич, Т.А. Лобанкова; Мин-во обр. РБ.- Гомель: УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины», 2008.- 75 с.

       В практическое пособие включены тексты и упражнения теме «Спорт юздоровый образ жизни.        Практическое пособие адресовано студентам III курса специальностей 1- 02 03 06 01 «Английский язык», 1- 02 01 02 04 «История. Английский язык».

УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-923.5

 

                                         © Короткевич С.В., Лобанкова Т.А., 2006

                                    © УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины», 2008

 

SPORTS AND GAMES

Topical Vocabulary

Sport

• amateur/recreational sport

• professional sport

• spectator sport — a sport that attracts many spectators: football, bas­ketball, baseball, etc.

• spectacular sport — thrilling, dramatic, making a very fine display or show

• sports equipment/shop/club/field

• sportsmanship

Outdoor sports

archery, biathlon, car racing (AmE), field hockey (AmE)/hockey (BrE), modern pentathlon, motor racing (AmE)/motox cycling (BrE), shooting, track and field events (AmE) (hurdle racing, javelin throwing, jumping, running, vaulting)/athletics (BrE)

Equestrian sports                                                                                   

horse racing, polo, steeplechase

Water sports

canoeing, diving, rowing, sailing, surfboarding, swimming, water polo, water skiing, windsurfing, yachting

Winter sports

bandy, bobsledding, bobsleighing (BrE), figure skating, ice hock­ey, luge (tobogganing), ski-jumping, skiing, slalom, speed skating

Indoor sports

artistic gymnastics (calisthenics), boxing, fencing, gymnastics, weight-lifting, wrestling

Team sports

football (Л/я.£)/Атепсап football (BrE), baseball, basketball, soccer (AmE)/football (BrE), handball, rugby (rugger - coll.), volleyball, cricket

Individual games

badminton, billiards, bowling (AmE)/bowls (BrE), golf, table tennis, tennis Indoor games

checkers (AmE)/draughts (BrE), chess, squash

Martial arts judo, karate,	teakwondo
Sports and games • badminton	Facilities  court	Equipment high net         racket shuttle cock	People badminton player  umpire judge
• baseball	baseball stadium diamond-shaped field (diamond)       base (home base)	ball                   bat                  cup                glove	batter catcher battery         umpire
• basketball	court	basket/net         ball	basketballer/ basketball player  referee
• boxing	boxing rink/ring  ropes  corner	boxing glove	Boxer  Boxing champion  judge referee (on the ring)
• cricket	cricket pitch grass  wickets  stump	bat                ball	Batsman bowler  fielder  wicket keeper umpire
• soccer (AmE)/ football (BrE)	football stadium field (AmE)/ pitch  goals  stands  center spot (AmE)/ centre circle (BrE)	boots           ' shirt/jersey shorts  football	footballer  goalkeeper  referee  coach
· golf	golf course (AmE) golf links (BrE)  hole  green  rough  fairway sand trap (AmE)/ bunker (BrE)	club ball  golf cart (AmE)/ trolley	golfer referee
· field hockey (AmE)/ hockey (BrE)	grass field	stick   ball  pad	player goalkeeper
hockey (AmE)/ ice hockey (BrE)	rink  goal	ice-skate  hockey stick  puck whistle	ice hockey player  referee
judo			judoka/judoist  referee
sumo	round ring		sumo wrestlerreferee
swimming	swimming pool  lane		swimmer    judge
(lawn) tennis	tennis court	net  racket  tennis ball  tennis shoe	tennis player  judge  umpire
table tennis/ ping-pong		table tennis racket/bat table tennis ball
volleyball	(volleyball) court	high net  volleyball	olleyball player linesman  referee        umpire

Participation

• athlete (Am^/sportsman (woman) (BrE)

• fan/supporter/sport watcher

• cheerleader

• opponent (rival)

• sports lover

• team: national/junior team

• participant/competitor

• to enter/to take part in a competition

• to participate in a competition/the Olympic Games

• to participate hors concurs

• to root (AE/support/shout for/be a fan of

• to compete against/with smb (in smth) for smth

e.g. Not many teams are to compete in the championship against/ with each other for the title/to win the title.

• to compete for the World Cup

Coaching

• coach

e.g. Many basketball coaches took up coaching after successful playing careers.

• to coach smth/in smth

e.g. Martin coaches tennis after school.

• to coach smb

e.g. He coached the 1987 United States Olympic basketball team which won the gold medal.

• trainer

• to train smb to do smth

Winning and losing

;lfo

to beat smb in/at

to beat smb in the last round/a match/game/competition/tournament

to beat smb at + Noun (chess/football/tennis)

to beat smb at + Gerund (swimming/running/playing golf)

to beat/break a record

to set up the record

to come in first/last

to win a prize/cup/game/match/meet/the victory

to win a point

e.g. How many points have they won? to win the team/personal/national/world championship to win/lose by the points to win/lose by 2/3 goals/points to win with the score 4 to 0 in smb's favor winner/loser to tie (AmE.)/draw {BrE)

e.g. 1 won the first competition and tied with Wilson in the second, to draw a game/match to tie/draw

e.g. If there is a tie, the prize money will be split, to end in a draw

e.g. If the final ends in a draw, the game will be decided on penalties.

Scoring

• score

e.g. The score of the game was 6-4 (six to four). He scored 20 points. Neither side scored in the game.

• to keep the score

• to score a goal/point

Word Combinations

starting signal to stop watch to warm up to be scheduled for

athletic training

to abide by the rules

to break/violate the rules

to kick the ball

to run a lap

morning setting up exercises/morning push-ups (coll.)

On your marks!/Ready! Get set! /Steady! Go!

physical development/education/fitness/training

in top physical condition

to qualify for the finals/for the championship

 

Text A

Comprehension

 

  1. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Find the lines in the text that support your answer.

1. In fact, such sports as lacrosse, field hockey, bowling and horse rac­ing were invented by the American Indians.

2. Many different sports were developed in Britain in the 19th century.

3. The headquarters of golf is located in Great Britain.

4. Two types of rugby football differ from each other only in the num­ber of players.

5. Before 1865, brutality was a characteristic feature of prize fighting.

6. Cricket is widely spread in the English-speaking countries.

7. Schools and colleges in England followed similar institutions in the US in the revival of sports.

 2.Choose the correct variant.

1. Competitions involving physical strength___________________

A. have interested people since the 19th century

B. date from prehistoric times

C. were initiated by the American Indians

2. Interest in sports and games increased_________

A. as a result of greater participation in them

B. during the 19th century

C. due to the improvement of the facilities and wider coverage of the events

3. The phrase "Administered by Jockey Club" means:__________

A. the Jockey Club applies the rules                                              

B. the Jockey Club grants the awards

C. the Jockey Club controls horse racing                                      

4. Sailing events in Great Britain include:____________________

A. regattas

B. rowing races

C. swimming and windsurfing

5. What is the idea of the second to last paragraph?_____________

A. The revival of athletics in England and the US.

B. Professional and amateur sports in the US.

C. Sports as a part of the educational system in the US.

6. Which of the following is not true?__________________

A. The chief professional sports in the US are baseball and Ameri­can football.

B. The principal amateur sports in the US are college football and basketball.

C. Among amateur sports for individual competition are boxing, wrestling, golf, tennis and hockey.

 

3.Look through the text and find the English equivalents of the following word com­binations.

1. Требующие физической силы и выносливости.

2. Относиться к доисторическим временам.

3. Широкое освещение в средствах массовой информации.

4. Участвовать в соревнованиях на кубок мира.

5. Развивать командные виды спорта.

6. Возник в Шотландии (Англии).

7. Открытый чемпионат по гольфу.

8. Считается самым важным соревнованием по теннису в мире.

9. Установить правила.

10. Календарь соревнований по гребле.

11. Водные виды спорта.

12. Возрождение спорта.

13. Представлять важную часть образовательной системы-         

14. Заниматься спортом для развлечения.

15. Основные любительские виды спорта.

Text B.

The Olympic games

Pre-reading. Learn how to pronounce the following words and word combinations:

religious, Zeus, javelin, Olympiad, Hellenic calendar, controversies, en­thusiast, inauguration, officiating

The Olympic Games were originally an ancient Greek religious festival in honor of Zeus, which was held in Olympia near Mount Olympus, the myth­ical home of the gods. The Games were first held in 776 ВС. They were held every four years, in the middle of the summer. The festival was only held if there was peace throughout Greece. The ceremonies included contests in oratory, poetry, music and art, as well as in athletic skills like wrestling, throw­ing the javelin, and running.

The Olympic Games were an exclusively male festival. Women were not allowed to compete in the Olympic Games, or even to attend and watch them. The victors were traditionally crowned with olive leaves rather than with gold medals. Their importance in Greek life was so great that the Olympiad, the four-year interval between Games, was a main unit of the Hellenic calendar. To be a victor in the classical Olympic Games was a great honor not only for the athlete but also for his city.

The classical Games continued for over a thousand years. Factionalism and controversies over the status of competitors became so fierce and disrup­tive in later years that the Games were finally suppressed by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in AD 392 as a disturbance of Roman peace.

With growth of interest in sport in the 19th century, and the organization °f annual and traditional sport competitions, especially between schools and universities, the idea arose of reviving the Olympic Games in the modern world. A Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, was the enthusiast whose personal drive and initiative brought about the inauguration of the modern Olympic Games in 1896 with the participation of 311 athletes from thirteen countries, competing in nine sports.

At first, the modern Games were limited to men. Women first competed in the Games in 1910, playing golf, but real women's participation only be­gan in Paris in 1924 with the inclusion of women's athletics in the program.

Winter sports were brought into the Olympic program through the orga­nization of special winter Games, first held in France at Chamonix in 1924, with competitions in ice-hockey, speed skating, figure-skating, and skiing. These are still the basic events of the winter program, with the addition of bobsled and toboggan races.

The most impressive event of the opening ceremony of the Games is the taking of the Olympic oaths. First a representative athlete from the host coun­try, holding a corner of the Olympic flag, takes the following oath on behalf of all the participants:

"In the name of all competitors, I promise that we will take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams."

After the representative athlete, a judge from the host country takes an oath on behalf of all those judging and officiating in the Games.

The Olympic flag has a motif of five interlocking rings on a white back­ground. The five rings represent five continents of the world and symbolize universal brotherhood. The six colors, the white of the background and the blue, yellow, black, green and red of the rings, represent the nations of the world, since every national flag contains at least one of these colors. The ceremonial embroidered flag, by the Olympic rules, must reside in the prin­cipal municipal building of the host city until the next Games.

The motto of the Games, "Citius, altius, fortius" (Latin - faster, higher, braver), puts the emphasis on personal winners — not team performance and achievements. Officially, there are individual and team winners but no win­ning countries; from the very beginning of the games, however, the press has made an unofficial count of the medals won by the sportsmen of each partic­ipating country and has kept an unofficial points score. Until the 1952 Olym­pics the United States teams dominated the Summer Games because of their strength in athletics, swimming and boxing. Since the Helsinki Games, when the USSR took part in them for the first time, competition in all events of the program has become keener, and one country has ceased to dominate: the US hold on first place was successfully challenged by the USSR and the German Democratic Republic.

  Each Olympiad the size of the Olympic Games has been growing in the scale of competition, number of competitors and size of the audience watch ing them — live or on television. Huge stadiums accommodate tens of thou­sands of spectators, while television brings the scene directly to the homes of the whole world.

 

Comprehension

Text C

Unusual Sports and Games

 

Curling is a popular sport in Canada. However, it probably started in Scotland or Holland around three hundred years ago. There are two teams with four people on each team in curling. The teams play on a sheet of ice that is 45 meters long and 4.3 meters wide.

Each player slides two heavy stones toward the "house" circle at the op­posite end of the ice sheet. The stones weigh almost twenty kilos. Each stone is flat on the top and bottom and has a handle on the top. The player swings the stone off the ice and it curls as it slides along.

While one player throws the stone, his teammates sweep in front of the-stone. This smoothes the ice. The players believe that the stone travels faster on smooth ice. The captain of the team yells "Sweep!" and the teammates start sweeping the ice.

Lacrosse is another popular sport in Canada. It is one of the oldest organized sports in America. It is also popular in Britain and Australia. It was invented by Indians in northern New York and southern Ontario. They used it to train for war before Columbus arrived in the New World.

People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is 70 meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. There are ten players on each team. Each player hits a ball that is 21 centimeters around and weighs 140 grams. They try to hit the ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at high speed with their sticks.

Sumo wrestling is the national sport in Japan. Every year there are six tournaments, and millions of Japanese watch them on television. Sumo is almost as old as the nation of Japan itself. Stories say there was sumo wrestling over 2000 years ago. Sumo wrestlers weigh from 100 to 160 kilos. One famous wrestler weighed 195 kilos. Sumo wrestlers do not look beautiful, and sumo wrestling is a very slow sport. Sumo wrestlers start training when they are boys. They exercise to make their bodies strong. They also eat, eat, and eat. Sumo wrestlers wrestle in a round ring with a sand floor. A wrestler loses the match if he leaves the ring or if any part of his body except his feet touch­es the floor. Each wrestler tries to push the other down on the floor or out of the ring. People from other countries usually think sumo is very strange, but the Japanese love it.

The most recent unusual sport is the triathlon, which became popular in the US before spreading elsewhere. This most demanding sport came from a late-night discussion in a Honolulu bar in 1977 about which sport was the most exhausting: swimming, bicycle racing, or long-distance running. Some­one suggested that they all be put together. The result was the first triathlon, the "Ironman", in 1978, with 15 participants. This contest was a 3.9-kilome­ter ocean swim, followed immediately by a 180-kilometer bicycle race, and ending with a 42 kilometer run. Five years later there were already 1,000 such competitions throughout the US, and the triathlon is becoming more and more popular in Europe, too.

 

Comprehension

1. Answer the questions.

1. Where is curling popular?

2. Who invented this game?

3. How many people play curling at one time?

4. Why is the game called curling?

5. How do the players slide the stones?

6. Who invented lacrosse?

7. What countries play lacrosse?

8. How many players are on each team?

9. In what countries is lacrosse played?

10. Where is sumo wrestling popular?

11. Is sumo an old sport?

12. How do sumo wrestlers train?

13. How are sumo wrestlers different from other athletes?

14. How does a sumo wrestler lose the match?

15. Why is triathlon referred to as "the most demanding sport"?

16. Where did it appear?

17. What country is triathlon most popular in?

 

Vocabulary Exercises

1. What do you call a man who can:

Wrestle, ski, skate, run, shoot, fence, box, climb, race, do weightlifting, swim, cycle, dive, play football/chess/draughts/volleyball/basketball/ hockey/tennis, go boating/yachting/ gliding/parachuting

 

e.g. to ski - a skier, to play basketball --a basketballer, to play hockey -a hockey-player, to do parachuting/sky diving - a parachute-jump­er/a sky diver, to go gliding — a glider-pilot, to go yachting — a yacht­sman

 

 

2. a) Choose the adjectives from the box that can go with the following sports and games.

 

e.g. Basketball is a fast game (sport).

active      beautiful dangerous  exciting marvelous popular

strenuous violent    spectator   slow     fast         attractive

mass       rash       spectacular bold     thrilling

 

archery, athletics, badminton, baseball, basketball, bobsledding, bowling, cycling, boxing, golf, gymnastics, fencing, figure skating, judo, football, ice hockey, rugby, rowing, speed skating, skiing, sla­lom, ski-jumping, steeplechase, swimming, volleyball, wrestling, yachting

 

b) Name sports from the list above that require:

 

strength, endurance, prudence, courage, quickness of reaction, resolu­tion, team spirit, a good eye and a lot of concentration, calculation

 

3.Translate the following sentences from English into Russian, paying attention to the translation of the words in bold type.

1. Cricket is a team game.

2. The next event will be the 100 meters race.

3. Do I have to wear a suit to the dinner, or will a sports jacket be good enough?

4. All sport-loving nations wish to take part in the Olympic Games.

5. Chess and checkers (draughts — BrE) are board games.

6. The group campaigns against all blood sports (BrE) especially fox hunting.

7. She established the British long-jump record.

8. Who holds the world record for discus throwing?

9. Carl Lewis is a famous track star.

10. Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile under four min­utes.

11. During the international skating meet the young Russian dancing pair that were suited to each other to perfection were the sensation of the night.

12. The annual rugby match between British and French universities was cancelled because the British organization whose turn it was to play host couldn't raise enough money to stage the event.

13. The couple qualified to skate for Britain weren't in the running for medals but their performance was unforgettable.

14. Football is a thrilling spectator game.

15. Boxing is a dangerous spectacular sport.

16.

 

4. Fill in the following crossword puzzle.

Down

1. English pub game.

3. Popular water sport.

4. Canada's national sport.

5. Long distance run.

6. Musketeers liked this kind of sport.

7. Robin Hood was the best in it.

9. Complex of sports events orig­inated in Ancient Greece still very popular.

11. Kind of sports practiced by Daedalus and Icarus.

12. If you are not fond of skiing you are fond of…

13. We use this word speaking of furniture and tennis.

14. Form of football named after a public school.

Across

1. Plunging headfirst into the wa­ter.

2. Fighting where blows with the closed fists are forbidden. You must throw or pin the oppo­nent to the ground.

6. The most popular game. 8. Game similar to tennis.

10. Popular expensive water sport.

11. Ancient but still very popular kind of sport.

15. Board game in which each player has 16 pieces.

16. Not professional player.

18. Kind of sports enjoyed by grown-ups and children in winter.

19. Ancient kind of sports, dan­gerous and not for women.

17. Opponent (synonym).

20. Game played with clubs.

21. Playing many games we have it.

22. Japanese sport for huge peo­ple.

21. Players are dressed in white playing it.

23. One of the most popular sport terms.

24. Many games are played with the help of it.

 

5. Name sports and games a) popular with children under 7; b) popular with teenag­ers; c) you consider the most expensive; d) that are watched by most people on TV.

 

6.There are many words connected with sport. See if you know the meaning of the words in the list below, then complete the chart. When you have finished, compare your chart with another student's.

 

boat	trunks		stumps	stadium	clubs		net	horse		tracksuit
sticks	court		arrow	pool	cue		bikini	goggles		pitch
spikes	dartboard		course	mat	sea		bow	racket		darts
skis	saddle		bat	shorts	track		field	rink		ball
					hat		gloves
Sport		Where you play				What you wear			Equipment
Swimming
Tennis									net, racket, ball
Riding
Archery
Football
Darts		pubs
Golf
Billiards
Skiing
Boxing						shorts, gloves
Track and field
Sailing
Judo
Cricket

 

 

7. Mark the parts the following games consist of.

 

	Period	Set	Bout	Round	Inning	Half	Runs
Football
Volleyball
Hockey
Basketball
Boxing
Golf
Baseball
Cricket
Tennis
Table Tennis
Badminton
Sumo

 

С) Rugby                                     

There are two forms (1)_____rugby football played in Britain, rugby union and rugby league. Rugby union is played (2)_____amateurs. There are 15 players (3)_____each team. Rugby union is played internationally (4)_____many countries including Australia, Fiji, France, South Africa, Ar­gentina, England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland and New Zealand. In Britain it is played especially (5)_____public schools. Rugby league is a professional game, played mainly (6)_____the north of England (and in Australia). There are 13 players (7)_____each team, and the rules are slightly different (8)_____ rugby union. It is thought to be a rough, hard game.

d) Football

Football is played (1)_____two teams (2)_____a 100-yard field. Each team stands (3)_____their side of the field. The object of the game is to carry the football, an oblong-shaped ball, (4) _____ the opponents and (5)_____the end of their field to "score a touchdown".

 

1. People disapprove of …, but at the same time they can’t resist them.
2. They … of him before the results of the race were announced.
3. In spite of the fact that everyone thought he … N. was sure the situation he was in at the moment was the result of his own actions and misbehavior.
4. Those who … in competition are usually disqualified from taking part in the Olympic Games.
5. … is one of the attacking players in football, now often called a striker.
6. … is a Japanese method of unarmed combat using blows made with the sides of the hands, foot, head.
7. It was his last chance to break the record vacantly he looked around but saw nothing except the white line in front of sand. He … & jumped.
8. … is a Hindu system of meditation & self-control intended to produce mystical experience & the union of the individual soul with the universal spirit.
9. The quantity of … in Formula I depends on distance & route.
10. Darts is a domestic variant of ….
11. Those who like games of chance are keen on ….
12. I wish to warn you …. I have no desire to be told off because of your tricks ever again.
13. Only half of … runners came to the finish. It was very exhausting to run 41.8 km/s on such a hot evening.
14. … is a person who controls matches, judges points in dispute.
15. … is a Japanese art of wrestling & self-defence in which an opponent’s own weight & strength are used against him.
16. … is a player who guards his goal area against attacks from the other side.
17. Don’t move a …. There is a snake beside you.
18. Which country holds the … for the 5000 meters race.

19. The bruise was caused by a ….

20. … is an area for playing football.

21. … is a person against who one fights, struggles, plays games, contests an election or argues.

22. … is used not only in the casino but also if a person wants to say that his … has lost the game, chance.

23. Our efforts were not awarded. The game was not….

 

• to strain every nerve
• to make game of
• none to your games
• the game is up
• the game is not worth the candle
• two can play at that
• to become the sport of fortune
• games of chance
• football pitch

to beat smb. at his own game

 

16. Translate into English:

1. Я предпочитаю легкую атлетику боксу и борьбе. 2. Я мечтаю выиграть первенство страны по плаванию. 3. Люди во всем мире следят за Олимпийскими играми. 4. Я болею за футбольную команду «Спартак». 5. Наша игра закончилась вничью. 6. Вы занимаетесь легкой атлетикой?

7. Вы часто участвовали в эстафете? 8. Виндсерфинг требует от спортсмена очень развитого чувства равновесия. 9. Мальчик мечтает стать хоккеистом и просит купить ему клюшку и шайбу. 10. Сколько человек примут участие в институтском шахматном турнире? 11. Разве вы не хотите завоевать кубок в этом соревновании? 12. Кто первый забил гол? 13. Вы пойдете на этот матч?

14. Стрельба из лука была достаточно популярным видом спор­та в Средние века. 15. Никто не ожидал, что они выиграют со счетом 2:0. 16. Мы не можем с вами соревноваться, у нас нет опыта участия в таких соревнованиях. 17. Вы собираетесь участвовать в соревнованиях по гребле?-Обязательно. 18. У нас прекрасный спортзал и все возможности для хорошей физической подготовки. 19. Кто выиграл кубок по футболу в последний раз? Кто был вто­рым? 20. Напрасно вы торопились. Соревнования не состоятся из-за плохой погоды. 21. Я едва мог поверить своим ушам, когда мне сказали, что на­ша команда выиграла со счетом 6:0. 22. Я, кажется, знаю этого человека. Он был когда-то отличным бегуном, а теперь он тренирует молодых спортсменов.23. Кем был установлен последний мировой рекорд по прыж­кам в высоту? 24. Он финишировал первым в забеге на ПО метров с барьера­ми, показав время 13,32 секунды. 25.  В турнире принимают участие 24 национальных сборных. 26. На игру назначаются три судьи — один в поле и два на ли­нии. 27. Как называется человек, который судит бейсбольную игру? 28. В футболе только вратарю разрешается прикасаться к мячу руками.

 

Newspaper Reading

1.Look very quickly through the articles below. In two minutes decide which of the articles is about:

1. the Olympics                               4. basketball                               

2. tennis                                          5. horse racing                       

3.soccer                                                                                                

PART 2

 

Topical vocabulary

Fitness

lean

to radiate

warm up, stretching, cool-down activities

motion

cardiovascular fitness

hart rate

to resist to

blood pressure

 heart attack

obesity

strength

muscular endurance

flexibility

sedentary life

death rate

well-being

to be under stress

to undergo stress

to manage stress

to cope with stress

sport injuries

to pull muscles

joint injury

moderation

agility

balance

coordination

power

reaction time

speed

flexibility

muscular strength

muscular endurance

cardiovascular fitness

body leanness

to stretch

specificity

overload

progression

regularity

frequency

intensity

time

to exercise

to train

to do excersise

to walk

to run

to jog

to breath

to take oxygen

to carry oxygen to the brain sells

to live an active live

to practice sports

to do sports

to live a sedentary life

to store fat

to lose weight

to burn fat

to get rid of toxins

to use up calories

diet

nutrition

metabolism

calories

protein

carbohydrates

fats

vitamins

minerals

water

fiber

tissue

dietary habits

enzymes

amino acids

glucose

cholesterol

calcium

potassium

sodium

iron

zinc

selenium

copper

magnesium

starch

additives

associated disease

cardiac diseases

red meat

white meat

a crash diet

cells

layers of fat

 

Text A

Physical fitness and health

TEXT B

NUTRITION

In the crazy cosmetic world in which we live, the thing we neglect all too often is nutrition. To look good is to be healthy, how dangerous this attitude can be. To merely dress the part on the outside only helps to disguise the truth, that our insides probably need some alterations.

With my nutritional advise you are steered clear of fly by night "fad" diets and will obtain sound information and guidance to assist your fitness goals. I will show you the way to a life of eating pleasure without sacrificing the health of mind and body. We all want to be lean; let's get our bodies clean. Food supplies three fundamental body needs:

• the need for energy

• the need for new tissue growth and tissue repair

• the need to regulate metabolic function

These needs are met with nutrients in the forms of carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, vitamins and minerals. The optimum diet contains adequate amounts of each of these nutrients. While standards are set. to assure proper nutrition, diet also aids in the prevention of disease (heart disease, stroke, cancer). Being aware and keeping a balanced ratio of what you eat will get you on the right track. A diet of 48% complex carbohydrate, no more than 30% fat, (10% saturated) decreasing sugar to 10% and protein at 12% should help the average person to stay healthy. Training diets will differ slightly as individual needs change with the onset of vigorous exercise. The higher energy and recuperation needs should be met with a higher proportion of carbohydrate, 60 — 70%. To compensate and balance you should reduce the amounts of fats and sugar.

Breakfast, lunch and dinner with a nutritious snack is a good prescription for good health. Eating late at night makes weight control difficult — watch those late night frozen pizzas! While "junk" food is not of particular nutritional value, it can have tremendous psychological benefit. A program, which totally restricts certain food, is often too fragile for many to follow. Just remember excess within control. If you are able to sustain good eating habits 85% of the time, you are doing well. It is the balance of your total intake you must keep in mind, not just that single piece of cheesecake!

1.Do you pay attention to what and when you eat?

2. What type of food do you prefer?

3. What are the rules of proper eating? 

Writing: Fast food restaurants have become very popular. But not everyone thinks they are a good idea. Here are some arguments in favour and against fast food restaurants. Which of them do you support? Can there be of any more pros and cons?

For	Against
The service is very quick	The food contains a lot of fat and is  unhealthy
The restaurants are usually very clean	The food is not cheap, especially for young people
The atmosphere is informal	The restaurants create much litter
Fast food restaurants are the same everywhere so you know exactly what you want	The material which is often used foe fast food cartons takes centuries to decay and contains dangerous elements
?	?
?	?

TEXT C

“ Eating habits are effected not only by health considerations but by finances and fashion, as well.” Read the text and discuss with reference to eating habits in your country.

 

DO YOU EAT THE RIGHTFOOD?

What do we mean by a well-balanced diet? This is a diet that contains daily servings from each of the basic food groups: meat, vegetable and fruit, milk, bread and cereals. There's no doubt that food tastes and preferences are established early in life. No one is born a "sugar freak" or a salt craver. An incredible statistic is that between 30 and 50% of all the calories eaten each day are consumed in the form of between-meal snacks. Unfortunately, the usual between-meal foods are low in nutritive value and too high in calories and refined sugar. Some excellent snacks that should always be available are plain-yogurt, carrots, pieces of apple, cheese and natural fruit juice. Eating yogurt as a snack food is far healthier and more nutritionally sound than eating so-called "junk" food, which is less nutritious and too high in sugar and calories. Salted peanuts seem to be the least popular snacks today.

People who diet know that if they stick to a low fat, high-fibre intake they will be able to eat well without putting on weight. Instead of going on crash diets they are learning to educate their stomachs by eating sensible food. They can still enjoy chocolates and cream cakes once a week or so, but they know they have to cut down their intake slightly the next day.

Research is indicating that "we are what we eat". Recent work shows that Italians, who tend to eat lots of fresh fruit and vegetables that contain vitamins С and E, have low levels of heart attacks. Scots, however, tend to have a diet that is high in animal fat and low in fibre. Heart disease is a widespread problem in Scotland.

Now, evidence shows that it is especially vitamins С and E, which control the probability of attacks of angina — the severe chest pains that are usually a warning of heart disease.

1. Have you ever start dieting?

2. What type of diet it was?

3. What were the reasons?

4. Describe your ration.

5. Did it work?

TEXT D

TEXT E

DIETING

The term dieting most often refers to the revision of food intake in order to lose weight. Diets are also observed for a wide range of medical reasons or to accord with dietary laws or ethical positions such as vegetarianism. In the United States and other developed nations where obesity is a common metabolic problem, the promotion of weight-loss programs has become a large enterprise. This interest in dieting is caused in part by a cultural emphasis on slimness, but obesity is considered a genuine medical hazard that puts people at risk for cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and other disorders.

People often find diets hard to maintain, in part because they may have unrealistic expectations about how quickly they can lose weight. They may blame the diet itself and try another one. Many fat diets are unhealthy and even dangerous if followed for any length of time. Proper weight-loss diets observe good nutritional practices and balanced food intake, including the recommended daily regimens of vitamins and minerals.

General Guidelines

In nutritional science, food energy is spoken of in terms of a heat unit, the calorie (actually the kilocalorie). The only sources of calories are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. If the number of calories taken in greatly exceeds the number used, the excess is stored as fat and obesity results. With proper dieting and exercise the fat stores in the body will supply some of the dieter's energy needs while maintaining good health. For most people, the recommended rate of weight loss is about 0.7 to 0.9 kg (1,5 to 2 Lb) per week. This can be achieved on diets limited to 1,200—1,500 calories a day for women and 1,500 — 2,000 calories a day for men; calorie needs of children vary greatly, and their rates of weight loss should be prescribed by a physician. The most sensible approach to weight loss is to begin with a medical check-up to make certain that no special health problems exist and to get a diet and exercise prescription from a physician. The diets that are acceptable to the medical establishment are those in which fewer calories are eaten and exercise is increased. This is called the calorie-balanced approach to dieting. Although some diets may place more emphasis on calorie reduction and others on increased exercise, all of them emphasize the importance of good nutrition and maintaining a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

 Diet Problems

There is a number of problems associated with dieting. Research, has shown that in many cases, diets are successful only on a temporary basis - most dieters regain the weight, plus more, within two years.

 Many of these dieters try to lose the weight again, a cycle called yo-yo dieting, There has been controversy about the yo­yo dieting's effects on the body, with some studies indicating that it causes problems with metabolism and heart disease. However, a 1994 study disagreed, finding no such effects.

Another problem is that many of the commercially offered diets emphasize one dietary element at the expense of others; such practices present health problems. Low-carbohydrate diets, for example, restrict the amount of bread, sugar, and grains while maintaining a normal amount of protein and fats. Most of the initially rapid weight loss from such programs is from the body ridding itself of water and salt. A plateau is reached after one or two weeks, and no additional weight is lost for several weeks thereafter. Most people experience fatigue, hypertension (low blood pressure), and dizziness after only a few days on such diets, which are adaptations of an older American Diabetes Association diabetes diet.

High-protein diets virtually eliminate carbohydrates and fats. Because carbohydrates are the most readily available source of energy, an all-protein diet forces the body to burn stored fat and protein. High protein diets, requiring complete elimination of carbohydrates, can be used only for the short period of time and are dangerous for anyone with diabetes, kidney disorders, or other medical problems. Diets high in fats and cholesterol are hazardous for persons with arteriosclerosis and heart disease. This type of diet also causes diarrhea, vitamin loss, hypertension, dehydration, and kidney irritation. Numerous diets emphasize one food, such as rice, grapefruit, ice cream, or yoghurt. These are not nutritionally balanced and require vitamin and mineral supplements. Formula diets in liquid or powder form, which typically supply from 900 to 1200 calories per day, claim to contain the recommended daily allowances of nutrients; serious health problems have sometimes been reported with their use. Non-prescription drugs called anorexics are supposed to suppress the appetite but have little effect by themselves and must be used with a sensible diet plan: they too may be harmful. As for starvation dieting, this dangerous practice should be attempted – if at all- only under strict medical supervision.

Alcohol

       Another poison of many young people is alcohol. Remember, alcohol is a drug. It can make you sick, and you can become addicted to it. It's a very common form of drug abuse among teenagers. Don't let anyone at a party pressure you into drinking if you don't want to, especially if you're legally under age.                                 

       For years we have been told not to drive after we have drunk alcohol, which weakens our sense and clouds our judgement. And yet people still do. Young people, who are drunk are less likely to wear their seat belts, and are less experienced when a problem occurs. The alcohol makes them think they are brilliant drivers and can take risks without getting hurt. But, more importantly, they become a risk to other drivers and pedestrians - potential killers. If they do have an accident, the alcohol in their body will make treatment of an injury more difficult.

       Alcohol drinks are made up chiefly of water and ethanol, which is an alcohol produced by fermenting fruits, vegetables or grain. Beer is about one part ethanol to 20 parts water. Wine is stronger, and spirits are about half ethanol and half water.

       Alcohol is a drug. In fact, it is a mild poison. It is absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, within four or 10 minutes of being drunk. Absorption is slowerifthere's food in the stomach. Once inside the body it passes through the bloodstream to the liver, where poisons are digested. But the liver can only process 28 grams of pure alcohol each hour.

       This is a small amount - just over half a glass of beer. Anything else you drink is pumped round the body while it waits its turn to enter the liver.

       When alcohol reaches yourbrain, you may immediately feel more relaxed and light-hearted. You may feel you can      do crazy things. But after two or three drinks, your actions are clumsy and your speech is slurred. If you over-drink, you
might suffer from double vision and loss of balance, even falls unconscious,hangover.

 

Drugs

 

In facts, all medicines are drugs. You take drugs for your headache or your asthma. But you need to remember that not all drugs are medicines. Alcohol is a drug, and nicotine is a drug. There are many drugs that do you no good at all.

There's nothing wrong with medicinal drugs if they're used properly. The trouble is, some people use them wrongly and make themselves ill. Most of the drugs are illegal, but some are ordinary medical substances that people use in the wrong way.

People take drugs because they think they make them feel better. Young people are often introduced to drug-taking by their friends.

Many users take drugs to escape from a life that may seem too hard to bear. Drugs may seem the only answer, but they are no answer at all. They simply make the problem worse.

Depending on the type and strength of the drug, all drug-abusers are in danger of developing side effects. Drugs can bring on confusion and frightening hallucinations and cause unbalanced emotions or more serious mental disorders.

First-time heroin users are sometimes violently sick. Cocaine, even in small amounts, can cause sudden death in some young people, due to heartbeat irregula­rities. Children born to drug-addicted parents can be badly affected.

Regular users may become constipated and girls can miss their periods. Some drugs can slow, even stop the breathing process, and if someone overdoses accidentally they may become unconscious or even die.

People who start taking drugs are unlikely to do so for long without being found out. Symptoms of even light drug use are drowsiness, moodiness, loss of appetite and, almost inevitably, a high level of deceit.

First there'sthe evidence to hide, but second, drugs are expensive and few young people are able to find the money they need from their allowance alone. Almost inevitably, needing money to pay for drugs leads to crime.

AIDS is a sickness that attacks the body's natural system against disease. AIDS itself doesn't kill, but because the body's defence system is damaged, the patient has a reduced ability to fight off many other diseases,includingflu or the common cold.

It has been reported that about 10 million people worldwide may have been infected by the virus that causes AIDS. It is estimated that about 350 thousand people have the disease and that another million (!) may get it within the next five years. Africa and South America are the continents where AIDS is most rampant, although in the States alone about 50,000 people have already died of AIDS.

So far there is no cure for AIDS. We know that AIDS is caused by a virus, which invades healthy cells, including the white blood cells that are part of our defence system. The virus takes control of the healthy cells genetic material and forces the cell to make a copy of the virus. The cell then dies and the multiplied virus moves on to invade and kill other healthy cells. The AIDS virus can be passed on sexually or by sharing needles used to inject drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her baby.

Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. One cannot get AIDS by working with someone who's got it, or by going to the same school, or by touching objects belonging to or touched by an infected person. Nobody caring for an AIDS patient has developed AIDS and, since there is no cure for it at present, be as helpful and understanding as possible to those suffering from this terrible disease.

 

С.В. Короткевич, Т.А. Лобанкова