I. Vocabulary to the text. Learn the following words.

arachnoid- торлы қaбық, паутиная оболочка

disabling- жұмыс істеу қабілетін жоғалту,нетрудоспособность

permanent – қалыпты, тұрақты, постоянный

sciatica- шонданай нервінің ауруы, ишиалгия

to degenerate- бағалы қасиеттерін жоғалту, дегенерировать

excruciating – азаптаушы, мучительный

migraine- бас сақинасы, мигрень, головная боль с тошнотой

cluster headache – баста түзілістің жиналуы,мигрень

tension headache- бастың қысып ауруы, г.б. напряжения

telltale- таратушы, разносчик

spasticity- бұлшықеттік түйілу, спастичность

fatigue- әлсіздік,слабость

stiffness- қаттылық, қозғалыстың қиындауы, жесткость, затруднение в движении

sprain- созылу, созу, растяжение, вызывать растяжение

strain- күш түсіру, напрягать

analgesics- ауруды жоюшы заттар, болеутоляющее средство

anticonvulsant- тырыспаға қарсы,антиконвульсант

II. Read and translate the text.

                                          Different kinds of pain.

Arachnoiditis

A condition in which one of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the arachnoid membrane, becomes inflamed. A number of causes, including infection or trauma, can result in inflammation of this membrane. Arachnoiditis can produce disabling, progressive, and even permanent pain.

Back Pain

Back pain has become the high price paid by our modern lifestyle and is a startlingly common cause of disability for many Americans, including both active and inactive people. Back pain that spreads to the leg is called sciatica, a very common condition (see below). Another common type of back pain is associated with the discs of the spine, the soft, spongy padding between the vertebrae (bones) that form the spine. Discs protect the spine by absorbing shock, but they tend to degenerate over time and may sometimes rupture.

Burn Pain

Burn pain can be profound and poses an extreme challenge to the medical community. First-degree burns are the least severe; with third-degree burns, the skin is lost. Depending on the injury, pain accompanying burns can be excruciating and, even after the wound has healed, patients may have chronic pain at the burn site.

Cancer Pain

Cancer pain can accompany the growth of a tumor, the treatment of cancer, or chronic problems related to cancer’s permanent effects on the body. Fortunately, most cancer pain can be treated to help minimize discomfort and stress to the patient.

Muscle Pain

Muscle pain can range from an aching muscle, spasm, or strain, to the severe spasticity that accompanies paralysis. Another disabling syndrome is fibromyalgia, a disorder characterized by fatigue, stiffness, joint tenderness, and widespread muscle pain.

Spinal Stenosis

Spinal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the canal surrounding the spinal cord. The condition occurs naturally with aging. Spinal stenosis causes weakness in the legs and leg pain usually felt while the person is standing up and often relieved by sitting down.

Headaches

Headaches affect millions of Americans. The three most common types of chronic headache are migraines, cluster headaches, and tension headaches. Each comes with its own telltale brand of pain.

Migraines are characterized by throbbing pain and sometimes by other symptoms, such as nausea and visual disturbances. Migraines are more frequent in women than men. Stress can trigger a migraine headache, and migraines can also put the sufferer at risk for stroke.

Cluster headaches are characterized by excruciating, piercing pain on one side of the head. They occur more frequently in men than women. Tension headaches are often described as a tight band around the head.

Sports Injuries

Sports injuries are common. Sprains, strains, bruises, dislocations, and fractures are all well-known words in the language of sports. Pain is another. In extreme cases, sports injuries can take the form of costly and painful spinal cord and head injuries, which cause severe suffering and disability.

Surgical Pain

Surgical pain may require regional or general anesthesia during the procedure and medications to control discomfort following the operation. Control of pain associated with surgery includes presurgical preparation and careful monitoring of the patient during and after the procedure.

Trauma

Trauma can occur after injuries in the home, at the workplace, during sports activities, or on the road. Any of these injuries can result in severe disability and pain. Some patients who have had an injury to the spinal cord experience intense pain ranging from tingling to burning and, commonly, both. Such patients are sensitive to hot and cold temperatures and touch. For these individuals, a touch can be perceived as intense burning, indicating abnormal signals relayed to and from the brain. This condition is called central pain syndrome or, if the damage is in the thalamus (the brain’s center for processing bodily sensations), thalamic pain syndrome. It affects as many as 100,000 Americans with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, amputated limbs, spinal cord injuries, and stroke. Their pain is severe and extremely difficult to treat effectively. A

 

 

variety of medications, including analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and electrical stimulation, are options available to central pain patients.