Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive Constructions.

1. Engineers expect new heat exchangers to be designed in the years to come. 2. Radiation is found to be the process of transferring heat by emitting electromagnetic energy in the form of waves or particles. 3. Convection appears to play a major role in transporting energy from the center of the Sun to the surface, and in movements of the hot magma beneath the surface of the earth. 4. The new instrument is expected to help scientists solve many important problems. 5. By studying the problems in thermodynamics we are sure to study the laws of its development. 6. Professor Petrov is known to be doing the experiment to prove his theory. 7. The invention of computers proved to be a turning point in the history of mankind. 8. The scientist is said to have made a very important discovery. 9. At one time or another every engineer is likely to be confronted with a heat transfer problem. 10. When analyzed, the theory proved to be false. 11. Our model of convection considers heat to be energy transfer that is simply the result of the movement of more energetic particles. 12. The students waited for the professor to speak. 13. Refrigerators and heat pumps are examples of heat engines which cause energy to be transferred from a cold area to a hot area. 14. Conduction is considered to be the transfer of heat through matter with no displacement of the matter.

12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Those of us who live in colder winter climates are in constant pursuit of methods of keeping our homes warm without spending too much money. 2. We make efforts to reduce the heat loss by adding better insulation to walls and attics, caulking (зд. заклеивать) windows and doors, and buying high efficiency windows and doors. 3. Household electricity is most frequently manufactured by using fossil fuels or nuclear fuels. 4. In colder winter climates we are told to dress in layers before going outside. 5. The heat engine is a device that uses heat transfer as the source of energy for doing work. 6. Suppose that the thermometer can be connected to a computer with software that is capable of collecting temperature-time data. 7. Melting occurs at a constant temperature. 8. Convection can also lead to circulation in the liquid, as in heating a pot of water over a flame. 9. Once the sample of water reaches this temperature, boiling occurs. 10. Our initial aim is to obtain a broad perspective of this field of science without becoming involved in details. 11. As a general rule, the thermal conductivity of liquids decreases with increasing molecular weight. 12. You can learn what the new words mean by looking them up in the dictionary. 13. Besides studying at the university he worked as a programmer. 14. Making presentations requires special skills. 15. Attention must be given to increasing heat transfer rates in the reactor and in the turbine and decreasing heat transfer rates in the pipes between the reactor and the turbine.

13. Translate into English:

1.Теплообменник - это устройство, созданное для эффективной теплопередачи от одной жидкой среды к другой. 2. Делая теоретический расчёт теплопередачи в теплообменниках инженеры должны учитывать разницу температур между двумя жидкостями. 3.Теплообменники широко используются в кондиционерах, холодильных установках и для обогрева пространства. 4. Во многих домах обычные теплообменники представляют собой нагреватели для горячей воды, работающие на газе. 5. Когда теплообменник помещают в систему теплопередачи, то для передачи тепла требуется падение температуры. 6. Все автомобили имеют радиатор и охлаждающее устройство наряду с несколькими другими теплообменниками. 7. В конструкции теплообменников важно определить, смешиваются ли жидкие среды или не смешиваются. 8. В смесительных теплообменниках горячие и холодные жидкие среды прямо контактируют друг с другом.