Translate the following sentences , mind the Participle.

1. Heated water expands and becomes more buoyant. 2. The area selected becomes particularly important in heat transfer through the walls of tubes in a heat exchanger. 3. When heated, fluids expand and become less dense.4. Being invisible to the human eye, we do not see this form of radiation. 5. The approaches applied causedthe discovery of a new theorem. 6. In contrast to natural convection, forced convection involves fluid being forced from one location to another by fans, pumps and other devices. 7. The system developed consists of three separate modules. 8. This transfer of heat to the air in the cylinder does work upon the piston, driving it downward. 9. Engineering heat transfer problems occur in a wide range of products and industrial processes ranging from aerospace to consumer products and mechanical, electrical, and chemical processes. 10. The method developed provided good results. 11. Having googled his name, I managed to find his e-mail address. 12. At a given temperature, the thermal and electrical conductivities of metals are proportional, but raising the temperature increases the thermal conductivity while decreasing the electrical conductivity. 13. Having been tested, the heat exchanger was put into operation. 14. Once signed the contract can not be cancelled.

Translate the following sentences, mind the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. The fluid motion is a result of parcels of fluid, each consisting of a large number of molecules, moving by virtue of an external force. 2. With the temperature difference approaching zero, the rate of heat transfer approaches zero too. 3. Professor was delivering a lecture on thermodynamics, with the students listening to him attentively. 4. The device being damaged, they could not continue the experiment. 5. Time permitting, we shall go through all the calculations tomorrow. 6. There are many types of engines, each of them having special characteristics. 7. The Internet being one of the best resources for up-to-date information, millions of people use it regularly. 8. The technical innovations introduced, the quality of products was improved. 9. The current industrial production has changed greatly, with computers becoming almost standard equipment.

Translate into English.

1. Существуют разные способы, которыми энергия может передаваться из одного места в другое. 2. Если теплопроводность очень низкая, может образоваться большой температурный градиент и конвекция могла бы усилиться. 3. Поскольку конвекция очень сложное явление, трудно математически вычислить (evaluate) коэффициент конвективной теплопередачи. 4.Изучение проблемы конвективной теплопередачи должно основываться на понимании основных принципов теплопередачи. 5. Стоит пересмотреть исторически сложившиеся взаимоотношения между механикойжидкостей (fluid mechanics) и теплопередачей. 6.Конвективная теплопередача зависит от плотности, вязкости и скорости жидкой среды, а также от тепловых характеристик. 7. Коэффициент конвективной теплопередачи (heat transfer coefficient) может меняться от точки к точке, учитывая тот факт, что геометрия поверхности, скорость, физические характеристики жидкой среды могут также меняться.

 

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