Поведенческие проблемы, связанные с хроническими либо непредсказуемыми стрессорами

 

В ветеринарной поведенческой медицине принято считать, что стрессовые реакции становятся проблемой в двух случаях: либо усвоенная поведенческая реакция на сильный стрессор (например, избегание или агрессия) неприемлема для владельцев животного, либо особь неспособна воспроизвести поведенческую реакцию, которая позволила бы ей найти выход из сложившейся ситуации, и тогда реакция стресса становится хронической. В случаях, когда стрессовый фактор воздействует хронически или когда ситуация непредсказуема, животные часто отвечают недопустимыми либо чрезмерными поведенческими реакциями, стараясь снизить уровень, а следовательно, и пагубное действие продолжительной физиологической реакции стресса (Dantzer, Mormede, 1981). При повторении такие аномальные формы поведения быстро превращаются в усвоенную реакцию на стрессовые факторы или предсказывающие их появление раздражители, поскольку эффективно понижают отрицательную эмоциональную реакцию и связанный с нею стрессовый ответ. В целом, “неконтролируемый” стресс может вызвать у животного следующие нарушения (фиг. 15.2):

 

  

	Примеры
Тип поведения	Собаки	Кошки
Компульсивный	Чрезмерное облизывание; вылизывание боков; кружение или вращение на месте; ловля хвоста; бег вдоль забора; лай	Чрезмерный груминг; жевание волос; выдергивание клоков шерсти; вращение; ловля хвоста; вой; крик
Пищевое	Полидипсия; полифагия; пикацизм (жевание или поедание несъедобных предметов)	Полидипсия; полифагия; пикацизм
“Галлюцинаторное”	Пристальный взгляд; “ловля мух”	Пристальный взгляд; удары лапами по воздуху; нападение прыжком
Фиг-15.2_ Аномальные формы поведения при неконтролируемом стрессе

• развитие альтернативных форм поведения, направляющих энергию животного на другой вид активности (например, облизывание, груминг), называемую в этих случаях смещенной активностью (Mason, 1991);

• развитие повторяемых, стереотипных или компульсивных форм поведения (Mason, 1991; см. также гл. 22);

• продолжительное сохранение физиологического стрессового ответа, способное вызвать патологические изменения в организме животного, например у кошек - идиопа-тическое нарушение функции нижних мочевых путей (Cameron etal., 2001).

 

Заключение

 

Чтобы понять причины возникновения многих нежелательных форм поведения и найти оптимальный метод их модификации, необходимо хорошо разбираться в том, какие процессы лежат в основе нормальных реакций страха и стресса у домашних животных. С профилактической точки зрения, очень важен тот критический период в развитии щенков и котят, когда формируются модели поведения страха. Одна из главных задач поведенческой медицины, которую выполняет ветеринарный врач общей практики,— научить владельцев и заводчиков тому, как обеспечить собакам и кошкам адекватные возможности для формирования у них положительных ассоциаций в процессе развития и на протяжении всей жизни, а также предупредить появление у животных отрицательных ассоциаций.

 

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