VII. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What is the text about?

2. What is brick?

3. What is the history of brick-making?

4. Have the basic principles of brick-making ever changed?

5. Is the process of brick-making simple or complicated?

6. What are the stages in the manufacture of bricks?

7. What properties do bricks have?

8. What kinds of brick are there?

9. Brick structures require almost no maintenance, don't they?

10. Why is brick so popular in modern construction?

 

VIII. Speak about brick as the first artificial building material made by man. Make use of the key word combinations and expressions.

 

The main material clay, can be obtained, practically everywhere, Mesopotamia, Egypt and England, the basic principles of brickmaking, the Romans saw its potential, rapid development, due to, properties, equal to those of stone, transport system, mass-production techniques, practical and economic reasons, the availability of raw materials, kinds of brick, for bearing elements, brick structures, can last…

1. There is no doubt that… –  нет сомнения в том, что…

2. I`m quite sure that… – я совершенно уверен, что…

3. It is necessary to stress… – важно подчеркнуть…

4. It has been the result of… –  это явилось результатом… 

5. Apart from… – в отличие от…

6. Characterize brick structures – охарактеризуйте кирпичные сооружения

 

Grammar: Present Perfect Tense.

 

I. Match Column A to Column B.

A	B
1. Tom hasn’t spoken	a) five times this morning.
2. Have you ever been	b) since I was 12 years old.
3. Sam has called me	c) his honmework.
4. How long have you	d) to Lee for three years.
5. I haven’t seen my grandmother	e) eaten dinner yet.
6. Jason has already finished	f) lived in Chicago.
7. We are hungry because we haven’t	g) failed an exam.
8. Molly is an excellent student and has never	h) to Singapore?

II. Make short exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example.

Example: The dog is barking. (you/take/for a walk)

                 A: The dog is barking. Have you taken him for a walk?

                 B: No, I haven’t.

 

1. The food is burning. (you/turn off/oven).

A: ………………………………….

B: ………………………………….

2. The flowers are dry. (Ann water them).

3. The kitchen floor is dirty. (Scott/mop/it).

4. The baby is crying. (Carol/feed/her).

5. There isn’t any milk. (Tom and Chris/do/shopping).

6. Mary is on the phone. (you/tell her/good news).

7. The fridge isn’t working. (Sam/call/repairman).

8. Our guests are here. (Bill/set/the table).

 

III. Fill in the gaps with have/has been или have/has gone.

 

1. “Where are Mary and Steve?”

“They … to Cornwall for the weekend.”

3. “Are you going to Vienna for your holiday?”

“No, I … already … to Vienna.”

4. The Smiths … to many European countries.

5. Your sister … to the theatre tonight.

6. Dad … to the supermarket. The fridge is full.

7. I have heard that London is a pretty city but I … never … there.

8. Marie … to the shops. She should be home by 9:00.

 

IV. Выберите наиболее подходящее к данному предложению слово из двух предложенных.

1. Has Carl painted the kitchen just/yet?

2. Pete has already/since cleaned his room.

3. We have yet/just finished eating our dinner.

4. Janet hasn’t called me back yet/already.

5. Have they returned from their trip yet/already?

6. She hasn’t seen her cousin for/just two years.

7. They have just/for returned from their trip

8. I have already/yet been to the post office.

 

IV. Fill in the gaps with since or for, as in the example.

1. … for … four years.                                      6. ……Sunday morning

2. ………..we had lunch                                  7. ……three weeks

3. ………..one hour                                         8. ……this afternoon

4. ………..I left school                                     9. ……five minutes

5. ………..two months                                    10….…she has a baby

 

LESSON 3

 

Phonetics: [i], [θ], [ð]

Grammar: Past Simple vs Present Perfect Simple

Text: Concrete. Бетон

I.  Read and translate the following words:

 

system, brick, mix, which, give, gypsum, is, timber, will, little, fill, build, simple, figure, million, width, symbol, carry, plenty, since;

method, monolithic, month, strength, width, think, thermal, thank, fifth, thick, synthetic, bath, south, depth, thought, length, theory;

they, that, with, there, then, those, within, thus, therefore, their, themselves, without, another, mother, further, bathe, other.