Пункт, момент, вопрос, точка, главное, суть, смысл, «соль».

Point any small dot or mark on a surface e.g.a full point, a decimal point the essential thing, the most important thing (in a speech, story, etc.) a detail, question, item

1. I can easily see your point.
2. His temperature is 38.1.
3. I’m sorry you’ve missed the whole point.
4. Now – another point. Have you supported your dissertation with an abstract?

 

IDIOMS

Ex. 2. Study some word combinations with point. Match Russian translations to the English phrases. Translate the sentences below.

to come to the point – to pass over to the main topic	мнение, точка зрения
to keep/ be to the point – to speak directly referring to the subject	собираться сделать что-либо, быть на грани
to be on the point of (doing smth) – to be about to do smth	говорить по существу, кстати, уместно
a point of view – fig. opinion	дойти до главного, до сути дела

1. Your answer is not to the point.
2. Will you keep to the point, please?
3. I wish he would come to the point at once.
4. I was on the point of leaving when the telephone rang.
5. I’d like to hear your point of view about it.

 

PHRASAL VERBS

Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with a suitable Russian translation from the list:

вмешиваться в, прерывать, выключить, отключить, кроить, перестать, исключить, бросить делать ч-л. Translate the sentences below.

to cut down –	to make smaller or shorter	сократить
to cut in –	to interrupt	перебивать, …, …
to cut off –	to separate, to interrupt, to stop abruptly	разъединять, прерывать
	to turn off, to switch off	…, …
to cut out –	to omit, to leave out	сократить, выбросить,...
	to remove or shape by cutting	вырезать, …
	to stop (or give up) doing or using smth	…, …

1. I wish I could cut out smoking.
2. Children like to cut out pictures from books and magazines.
3. “I might cut out love and just leave kisses. After all, she knows that I love her”, thought Briggs filling in the telegram form. ”So why waste threepence writing it?”
4. Jennifer was raptly listening to what he was telling her when her husband cut in.
5. In the middle of their conversation they were suddenly cut off.
6. The rope was too long, so we cut off about two feet of it.
7. Why have you cut out so many details?
8. Because of the storm the electricity was cut off for several hours.

Ex. 3. Insert a preposition and translate.

1. I was …… the point …… submitting my dissertation when I received an e-mail from my advisor where he asked me not to do it.

2. I’ll have to cut…… eating so much bread, I’m afraid. I’m putting ……. weight.

3. He has been speaking …… ten minutes but hasn’t come ……. the point yet.

4. If he goes ……. speaking so slowly, he will never come ……. the point.

5. When we say “You must cut….. smoking” it means you must stop smoking, when we say “You must cut ….. smoking”, it means you must smoke less.

6. You are not keeping ……. the point but, please, don’t begin your story from the very beginning. It is too long.

7. From a common point …… view, master students are more motivated ……. their research than bachelor students.

8. For how long was the water cut…… yesterday? – For a whole day, and though they warned us, we were very annoyed…… it.

9. Cut the story …… to two or three short paragraphs. I’ll give you about ten minutes….. it.

10. Bobby has spoiled the book again! He has cut ……several illustrations.

 

 

READING

How to Write a Summary [2]

A summary is a condensed version of a larger reading. The purpose of a summary is to give the reader a clear, objective picture of the original text. A good summary makes the author's ideas clear, perhaps even clearer than in the original.

A summary, which is generally much shorter than the original text, is not a rewrite of the original piece. It should be written in your own words to give the basic ideas of the original reading while eliminating most of supporting details, such as examples and illustrations. While reading the original work, take note of what or who is the focus and do your best to answer the question: What is the reading about and what does the author want to communicate?

Sometimes, the central idea of the piece is stated in the introduction or first paragraph, and the supporting ideas of this central idea are presented one by one in the following paragraphs. Always read the introductory paragraph thoughtfully and look for a thesis statement. Finding the thesis statement is like finding a key to a locked door. Frequently, however, the thesis, or central idea, is implied or suggested. Thus, you will have to work harder to figure out what the author wants readers to understand. Use any hints that may shed light on the meaning of the piece: pay attention to the title and any headings and to the opening and closing lines of paragraphs.

Preparing to Write:

Here are some preliminary steps in writing a summary.

1. Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. The author'suse of paragraphing will often be a useful guide. 

2. Read the text, highlighting important information and taking notes.

3. In your own words, write one-sentence summaries for each section or paragraph.

4. Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not include minor details.

5. Write a thesis:a one-sentence summary of the entire piece. Remember:the thesis expresses the central idea of the piece.

6. Go through the process again, making changes as appropriate.

For example:

 

Global Implications of Patent Law Variation

A patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention. Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and the first-to-invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that  was the first to invent – and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system.However, the United States maintains the first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. A result of countries employing different patent law principles is inconsistency of patent ownership.   Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers.   International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing the first-to-invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.

This first sentence is a general definition. It may be safe to assume that your audience is already familiar with patents; thus you do not have to include it in your summary.   This is the main idea   The classification of the two principles is important.     Ignore specific details about the different principles. The terms are self-explanatory.   It is important to point out that most of the world follows one system and the United States another.   Include a description of the main problem which is variation in patent laws.   Provide some support/explanation for the problem, but not all the details.     Describe this other problem associated with different patent principles.     Provide some explanation, but not all the details.   Describe the action taken to solve the problem.

Writing the Summary

When writing the summary, you should follow some basic requirements:

1. The summary should cover the original as a whole.

2. The material should be presented in a neutral fashion.

3. The summary should be a condensed version of the material, presented in your own words.

4. Do not include anything that does not appear in the original.

5. Do not include your own comments or evaluation.

6. Begin with a good introductory sentence – in one sentence identify your source (the author, title, date and place of publication) and provide a general overview of the article.

7. Remember: the length of the summary depends on how long the original document is. Usually it is about one third ofthe length of the original article.

Sample one-paragraph summary:

In his paper Global Implications of Patent Law Variation, Koji Suzuki (N.Y., 1991) states that lack of consistency in the world’s patent laws is a serious problem. In most of the world, patent ownership is given to the inventor that is the first to file for a patent. However, the United States maintains the first-to-invent policy. In view of this, patent ownership can change depending on the country. Multiple patent ownership can result in economic problems; however, most striking is the international tension it causes. The fact that the United States does not recognize patent ownership in other countries, in violation of the Paris Convention on Industrial Properties, has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to push the United States to review its existing patent law principles.

 

For a multi-paragraph summary, discuss each supporting point in a separate paragraph.

 

Ex. 1. Have you learnt the differences between abstract, annotation, and summary? Test yourself. Answer the questions and tick the right box.

Which of three	abstract	annotation	summary
… is written in your own words?
… is evaluative and must include your personal opinion?
… is protected under copyright law?
… doesnot include minor details?
… begins with the complete bibliographic entry?
… does not include any bibliographic data?
… is aimed at helping the reader to decide whether or not to read the complete work?
… is aimed at giving the reader a condensed version of the whole piece?
… can be descriptive in its style?
… characterizes only your personal piece of writing?
… can be of several pages long?

LANGUAGE TRAINING