She sent me an email with two attachments.

¨ Attach (v) / يُرفق / يُلحِق بـ/يُوصِل شيء بآخر

· He attached a printer to his computer.

· He attached the rope to a tree.

· For more information, please contact us on the attached form.

· I attached two photos to my email.

¨ Attach great importance to يُعلق قدراً كبيراً من الأهمية علي

**********

¨ publisher (n) ناشر (شخص أو شركة تقوم بنشر الكتب أو المجلات)

· Not many people have read my cousin's book because he couldn't find a publisher.

 

¨ publish (v) ينشُــر

· His latest book of poetry ديوان شعر will be published next October.

 

¨ Publishing house دار نشر

· Longman is a publishing house.

**********

¨ develop يُطور / يتطور/ينمو/يُنمِي/يـُصاب بـ أو تبدو عليه أعراض مرض/يُحمض فيلم/يـُعمر أرض

· All children develop at different rates.

· We should develop critical thinking skills in our children.

· She died two months after she had developed cancer.

· There is a government programme to develop Sinai. لتعمير سيناء

· I had the film developed last week.

· We live in a world that is developing rapidly.

¨ development تطور/تطوير/تنمية

· A child's development is a gradual process.

· His work is mainly in software development.

· There have been great developments in technology in recent years.

¨ Developing countries الدول النامية

·Children in developing countries lack basic medical care.

¨ Developed countries الدول المتقدمة أو المتطورة

·Developed countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries.

**********

¨ Established (Adj.) ثابت/راسخ (لوجوده منذ فترة طويلة)/له مكانته أو مركزه

·My bank is an established company. It has been in business for over 100 years.

¨ Establish (v) يُؤسس/يُنشيء/يُقيم/يُثبت/يبرهن

·This school was established in 1990.

·Egypt has established good relations with other countries.

·He couldn't establish where he was at the time of murder.

¨ Establish (v) (him/himself/herself) as يوطد قدمه/يُرسِخْ/يصنع لنفسه مكانة أو شهرة

·His book established him as one of the greatest writers.

¨ Establishment (n) تأسيس/انشاء/مؤسسة

·The government is interested in the establishment of new schools.

**********

¨ Law: (n) القانون / المحاماة/قانون من قوانين الطبيعة

·The new law will be passed by Parliament in the spring.

·He has been practising law for 20 years.

·The law of gravity was discovered by Newton.

 

· Law against: قانون ضد                            · Law on: قانون بشأن

· Against the law: ضد القانون                   · Break the law: يخالف القانون

· Obey the law: يطيع أو يلتزم بالقانون       · Above the law: فوق القانون

· By/under law: حسب أو وفقاً للقانون        · Enforce the law: يفرض أو يُنفذ القانون

· Criminal law: القانون الجنائي                   · Constitutional law: القانون الدستوري

 

Lawful (Adj.) قانوني/شرعي

·Hunting is a lawful activity.

Unlawful (Adj.) غير قانوني/غير شرعي

·Carrying weapons in public is unlawful in most countries.

 

**********

Pioneer (n) رائد

·He was a pioneer in the field of nanotechnology

 

Pioneer (v)  يكون أول من يقوم بشيء..يكون له السبق في

·Professor Alec Jeffreys invented and pioneered DNA tests.

 

Pioneering work       عمل ريادي

**********

Routine (n) الروتين أو النظام اليومي

• His routine consisted of work, dinner, then TV and bed.

Routine (Adj.) روتيني /يتميز بالرتابة والملل/يتم بشكل منتظم

• She hates routine tasks such as washing up.

 

Daily routine روتين يومي

 

As a matter of routine كمسألة روتينية أو عادية

Routine maintenance صيانة منتظمة

A routine check فحص روتيني أو منتظم

Routinely (Adv.) بشكل روتيني أو منتظم

Language Notes:

¨ عند استخدام the قبل صفات معينة تتحول الصفة إلي اسم جمع ويُستخدم معه فعل جمع:

¨ the poor / the rich / the disabled المعاقين/ the deaf الصُم / the blind المكفوفين / the dumb البُكم /the sick / the dead الموتي / the young / the old كبار السن / the homeless المشردون / the elderly كبار السن / the unemployed العاطلون

· The poor are in need of our help. = Poor people are in need of our help.

**********

¨ تستخدم a  قبل كلمات معينة بمعني (في كل أو لكل) وعادة يمكن أن نستخدم مكانها كلمة per

¨ a day / a month / per hour / per person

·He earns 500 pounds a month.       ·He drove 70 miles per hour.

**********

¨ لاحظ عدم جمع الكلمات الآتية إذا جاء قبلها عدد وبعدها اسم:

Week / second / month / year / minute / hour / day

·I usually have a ten-minute break for coffee at midday.

· a five-hour meeting             · a three-day trip

¨ ولكننا نقول:

· The trip took three days.         · The meeting lasted for five hours.

¨ وفي حالة وجود كلمة time بعد الكلمات السابقة نستخدم 's)) في حالة المفرد و (s')  في حالة الجمع:

· in a week's time                      · in two years' time

**********

¨ experience: الخبرة (ما يكتسبه الشخص من معرفة ومهارات من خلال عمل معين – لا تُجمع)

¨ experiences: مواقف أو أحداث أو تجارب حياتية أو خبرات في الحياة

· They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.

· I had some interesting experiences while I was travelling. (= things that happened to me)

¨ experiment: تجربة علمية لإثبات صحة شيء ما أو التوصل لنتائج معينة

· Teachers usually carry out simple experiments in the laboratory.

**********

¨ One of + اسم جمع (لاحظ أن الفعل مفرد)

· One of the ancient wondersis the Great Pyramid at Giza.

 

**********

¨ other than = except ما عدا

¨ rather than = in preference to / instead of بدلا من / مفضلا شيء علي آخر

¨ otherwise = or وإلا

· The form cannot be signed by anyone other than the manager.

· I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.

· You'll have to go now, otherwise you'll miss your bus.

**********

Make or Do?

make friends	يتخذ أصدقاء	do an operation	يقوم بعملية جراحية
make sure	يتأكــد	do a job	يؤدي وظيفة
make contributions	يقوم بإسهامات	do work	يقوم بالعمل
make sense	له معني	do the shopping	يتسوق
make a decision	يقرر / يتخذ قرار	do the homework	يقوم بواجباته المدرسية
make a difference to	يحدث اختلاف في / يكون له تأثير علي	do wrong	يخطئ
make a mistake	يخطئ/يرتكب خطأ	do good	يُفيـد
make parts of cars	يصنع أجزاء السيارات	do harm	يضــر
make a fire	يشعل نارا	do the washing up	يقوم بغسل الأواني
make a suggestion	يقدم اقتراح	do the cleaning	يقوم بالتنظيف
make a promise	يَعِد	do the sweeping	يقوم بالكنس
make achievements	يحقق انجازات	do a favour	يقدم خدمة أو معروف
make peace	يحقق السلام	do a project	يقوم بعمل بحث أو دراسة
make war	يشن حرب	do research	يقوم بعمل أبحاث
make lunch/dinner	يعد الغداء / العشاء	do without	يستغني عن
Make use of	يستفيد من	do (his) hair	يصفف شعره
make up (his) mind	يقرر	do something/nothing	يفعل شيء (لا شيء)
make a noise	يثير ضوضاء	do the cooking	يقوم بالطهي
Make arrangements	يقوم بترتيبات	Do your best	تفعل ما بوسعك
Make an offer	يتقدم بعرض	Do sport	يمارس الرياضة
Make changes to	يُجري تغييرات علي	Do gymnastics	يمارس ألعاب القوي
Make a plan	يُعد خطة	Do exercises	يؤدي تمارين رياضية
Make progress	يحقق تقدم	Do a survey	يُعد استطلاع رأي
Make a phone call	يُجري مكالمة تليفونية	Do the dishes	يُنظف الأطباق
Make a prediction	يتنبأ	Do business	في مهمة عمل
Make money	يجني أموالا/يحقق أرباحا	Do duties	يقوم بواجباته
Make efforts	يبذل جهود	Do the housework	يقوم بأعمال منزلية
Make an invention	يتوصل لاختراع	Do revision	يُراجع
Make a profit	يحقق ربح	Do repairs	يقوم باصلاحات
Make a discovery	يتوصل لاكتشاف

 

Prepositions and Expressions:

at midday	في منتصف اليوم	at midnight	في منتصف الليل
at night	في الليل	at dawn	في الفجر
compete with	يتنافس مع	compete for	يتنافس من أجل
happy with	سعيد بـ	type … onto the computer	يكتب علي الكمبيوتر
an expert on/in	خبير في	establish himself as	يحقق لنفسه مكانة كـ
make a story into a film	يحول قصة إلي فيلم	translate into	يُترجم إلي
a believer in	مؤمن بـ	the father of the modern novel	رائد الرواية الحديثة
know a lot about	يعرف الكثير عن	by an average of	بمتوسط مقداره
on average	في المتوسط	thank … for	يشكر...علي
write by hand	يكتب باليد	ask for opinion about	يطلب
give me a headache	تسبب صداعا	write for a magazine	يكتب لمجلة
be thought of as	يُعتبر	be interested in	مهتم بـ

 

 

Irregular Verbs:

arise/arose/arisen =happen	يَنشَأ / يحدُث/يستيقظ/ينهض	awake/awoke / awoken	يستيقظ
be/was-were/been	يكون	bear/bore/borne	يتحمل
bear/bore/born	يَلِد	become/became/become	يصبح
begin/began/begun	يبدأ	bend/bent/bent	يَثْنِي
bet/bet/bet bet/betted/betted	يراهن	bind/bound/bound	يربط

 

 

Words & their Synonyms

broad	واسع	Spacious/wide
Abroad	الخارج	overseas
competition	مسابقة	Contest
fashionable	مساير للموضة	Trendy / stylish
lawful	قانوني	legal
competitor	منافس	contestant
Impede	يعوق	Hamper
primary	رئيسي	Chief/main
Important	هام	significant
Support	يؤيد	advocate
leave	يغادر	depart
die	يموت	pass away
collect	يجمع	gather
achievement	انجــاز/تحقيق	accomplishment
competitor	متسابق	contestant
lawful	قانوني	legal

    Words & their Antonyms

lawful	قانوني	unlawful	غير قانوني/غير شرعي
Broad/wide	واسع/عريض	narrow	ضيق
Old-fashioned	موضة قديمة/غير حديث	Modern/fashionable	حديث/مساير للموضة
usual	معتاد	unusual	غير معتاد
modern	حديث	Old/ancient	قديم
fashionable	مساير للموضة	unfashionable	غير مواكب للموضة
available	متاح/متوافر	unavailable	غير متاح/غير متوافر
similar	مشابه	Dissimilar/different	مختلف
Able	قادر	unable	غير قادر
obey	يطيع	disobey	يخالف/يعصي
customary	معتاد	uncustomary	غير معتاد
start	بداية	End	نهاية
Important	هام	Unimportant	غير هام
belief	تصديق	disbelief	عدم تصديق
collect	يجمع	Scatter	يبعثر
primary	رئيسي	Minor/secondary	ثانوي/غير هام

Collocations and Vocabulary for Translation

e-mail attachments	مرفقات بالبريد الالكتروني	enter a competition	يدخل مسابقة
have a routine	لديه روتين معين	have lunch	يتناول الغداء
against the law	ضد القانون	break the law	يخالف القانون
enforce the law	يُطبق أو ينفذ القانون	strict laws	قوانين صارمة
natural disasters	كوارث طبيعية	multicultural society	مجتمع متعدد الثقافات
civilized society	مجتمع متحضر	social justice	العدالة الاجتماعية
widen horizons	يوسع الآفاق	human resources (HR)	الموارد البشرية
members of society	أفراد أو أعضاء المجتمع	eliminate illiteracy	يمحو الأمية
fact and fiction	الحقيقة والخيال	competitive prices	أسعار تنافسية

 

Exercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:

1. Magdi Yacoub was one of the first heart transplant (engineers – mountaineers – pioneers – volunteers).

2. Scientists are paid to (build – develop – arrive – hide) new medicines every year to help people.

3. In my grandfather's village, they still follow the same traditional (customs – classics – reactions – observations) that he used to follow when he was a boy.

4. My sister loves clothes and buys very (changeable – believable - fashionable – comparable) dresses.

5.  The flight attendant welcomed us (aboard – abroad – broad – broaden).

6. A (diplomat - publisher – partner – performer) is someone who produces books, newspapers or magazines.

7. My parents gave me a (coronation – competition – recommendation – collection) of modern short stories for my birthday.

8. Yehia Haqqi was an important twentieth century (writer – plumber – teacher – surgeon).

9. To (deepen – drop – develop - envelop) is to make a new product or idea successful.

10. (Habits – Cultures – Civilizations - Customs) are things that people do because they are traditional.

11. All people must (obey – break – destroy – damage) the law.

12. A (biologist – beginner – pioneer - bystander) is one of the first people to do something that others will continue.

13. A (district – strict – constrict - stick) is an area of a town or city.

14. He cannot work because of his (ability – facility – flexibility - disability).

15. The government has promised to provide more money to help (homeless – homes – the homeless – home).

16. Some people believe that (experiments – experience – experiences – examples) on animals should be banned.

17. I had several bad (experiences – experience – experiments – extensions) during my last trip.

18. There was nobody in the house (rather than – other than – otherwise – other) Ali.

19. Brazil (earns – wins – pays - buys) millions of pounds a year from coffee exports.

20. The homeless often (live – is living – lives – living) on the streets.

21. Which team do you (export – import – support – report)?

22. I'll e-mail my report to you as an (attachment – amendment – adjustment – appointment).

23. There have been significant computer (attachments – appointments - developments – agreements) during the last decade.

24. It's difficult for a small supermarket to (compete – impede – complete – correct) with the big supermarkets.

25. This book is a work of (infection – perfection - fiction – affection) and not intended as a historical account.

26. He is regarded as one of the (heads – bosses - supervisors – pioneers) of modern science.

27. He wouldn't try to mislead you. It's not his (style – case – condition – circumstance).

28. Of course robbery is against the (court – judge – lawyer – law).

29. His first short story (appointed – posted – allowed – established) him as one of the great short story writers of the Arab world.

30. In my country, it's the (law – custom – rule – regulation) for women to get married in white.

31. I'm looking for a job which will enable me to (develop – depend – replace – deplete) my skills.

32. There's no fixed (career – profession – routine – position) at work – every day is different.

33. Yehia Haqqi was an (expert – experience – experiment – exporter) on Arabic culture.

34. The time he spent in different countries gave him (exercises – experiments – experiences – excavations) that he later used in his writing.

35. His collection of short stories (beat – gained – earned – won) an important prize.

36. As well as (write – writing – wrote – to write) novels, he also translated French literature into Arabic.

37. I was in a hurry and I forgot to (approach – catch - attach – coach) an important document.

38. The (custom – meeting – conference – ransom) of arranged marriages still exists in many countries.

39. The government has decided that the (participation – penetration – publication – presentation) of the report would be against public interest.

40. It is (custom – customary – dietary – elementary) to give people gifts on their birthday.

41. He has indicated his intention to (aspire – admire – conspire – retire) at the end of next year.

42.  On (average – advantage – coverage - garbage), people who don't smoke are healthier than people who do.

43. At her father's (absence – insistence – conscience – consequence), Sally has been moved into a new class.

44. The instructions are terribly (accusing – diagnosing – possessing – confusing). Could you help me with them, please?

45. Fans who (do - make – take – have) trouble during the match will be severely dealt with.

46. Yehia Haqqi was one of the pioneers of modern Egyptian (literary – letters – literature – features).

47. Yehia Haqqi is still thought of as the (father – first - mother – reader) of the modern short story and the novel in Egypt.

48. Yehia Haqqi was a strong (liar – believer - belief – reader) in the power of books.

49. Yehia Haqqi's novels were translated (about – for – at – into) many languages.

50. He worked (aboard – broad – abroad – award) for more than 20 years.

51. Haqqi is a writer of children's (friction – detection – infection – fiction).

52. His training as a (law - lawyer – lawful – court) affected the way he wrote his novels

53. My mother has a (belief – relief – brief – chief) that children learn best by playing games.

54. Although Nawal has a (capacity – captivity – clarity – disability), she is very good at sports.

55. Ali's cousin is (disabled – ashamed – adapted – admired) and cannot walk very well.

56. Have you (done - made – acted – achieved) any arrangements for the holidays?

57. I can't come out because I've got to (achieve – make - do – act) the washing up.

58. In spite of the rain, he was (insistent – resistant – hesitant - competent) on going out.

59. Good (bacterial – dictatorial – secretarial – serial) skills should enhance your chances of getting a job.

60. No one was convinced by his (insistence – occurrence – convenience – experience) that he was not to blame.

61. The company must be able to (attach – compete – impede – commute) in the international marketplace.

62. The doctor (separated - attached – developed – fashioned) a tiny monitor to the baby's head.

63. Scientists are carrying out research to (deny – apply - establish – reply) exactly why so many species of animals are disappearing.

64. (For - By – With – On) law, seat belts must be worn by all passengers.

65. He did (powering – polluting – bleeding – pioneering) research on the negative effects of global warming.

66. He went on a three-(day – days – day's – a day) trip to Hurghada.

67. One of my favourite novels (are - is – were – have been) Crime and Punishment.

68. I prefer cooking with olive oil (than – otherwise - rather than – other than) butter.

69. Try to choose products that (do – make – causes – realize) the least harm to the environment.

70. It took him an hour to type the report (onto – into – at – for) the computer.

71. Police stopped the vehicle for a (habit – routine – custom – route) check.

72. The summit meeting took 3 (day – day's – days' – days).

73. The surgeon (made – took – did – gave) two operations on his patient.

74. I want to think about it a bit longer before I (make – do – have – give) a decision.

75. Police were there to (take – do - make – have) sure that there was no violence.

76. We (routinely – rarely – seldom – never) test patients for high blood pressure and diabetes. We do it every two days.

77. After her family brought her home from hospital, she (involved – evolved - developed – revolved) pneumonia.التهاب رئوي

78. It is (lawful – fearful – forgetful – vengeful) to employ someone under the age of sixteen if their parents agree.

79. It was quickly (established – accomplished – astonished – finished) that several members of the crew had been negligent.مُهِمل

80. I'm meeting him (on – in – at – with) midday.

Grammar: Past Simple Tense

¨ يستخدم الماضي البسيط:

1- للتعبير عن حدث انتهي في وقت معين في الماضي:

· I visited my aunt last week. · The ancient Egyptians invented a way of writing.

2- للتعبير عن موقف أو عادة في الماضي:

· When I was on holiday, I went to the sea every day.

3 - لحكاية قصة في الماضي:

· He went home. It was very dark. He suddenly heard a strange noise.

4 - في حالة IF الثانية

· If he knew the truth, he wouldn't believe it.

5 - أحداث متتالية:

· First he saw the film. Then he had dinner and went to bed.

 

§ يستخدم الماضي البسيط   غالبا مع كلمات مثل:

last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days, years ago)/ in 2000 / in the past/ from (2006) to (2008)/one day / How long ago..?

 

        · How much bread did you buy yesterday?      (في حالة السؤال – لاحظ الفعل في المصدر)

· I didn’t know him then. (في حالة النفي)                                   

¨ الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول:

Was / were + PP

 

He wrote the letter a few days ago.   The letter was written a few days ago.

 

Used to + inf.                    تستخدم هذه الصيغة للتعبير عن الماضي:             ¨   

 

§I used to play tennis, but now I play football.

¨ وفي حالة النفي:

Didn't use to + inf.           § He didn’t use to smoke, but now he does.

 

¨ وفي حالة السؤال:

Did + فاعل   + use to + inf...?   

 

§ Did she use to cry a lot when she was a baby?

 

¨ يمكن استخدام would + INF. بدلا من used to + INF. في حالة التعبير عن حدث متكرر في الماضي، ولكنها لا تستخدم اذا كان الحدث غير متكرر أو عند وجود أفعال تعبر عن الحالة مثل be/love/hate/like

§ When I was on holiday last year, I used to go to the beach every day.

§ =When I was on holiday last year, I would go to the beach every day.

ولكـــن لا تستخدم would في الجمل الآتية:

§ When I was young, I used to hate fish, but now I like it.

§ He used to be a famous singer, but he isn't any more.

¨ كما لا تستخدم would في السؤال عن عادة في الماضي:

Did she useto get up early? (Not: Would she get….?)

¨ ولاحظ أيضاً أن wouldn't + INF تعبر عن رفض شخص عمل شيء في الماضي وليس لها علاقة بالأحداث المتكررة..

§ That's exactly what I was trying to tell him yesterday, but he wouldn't listen to me.

§= That's exactly what I was trying to tell him yesterday, but he refused to listen to me.

¨ تستخدم الصيغة التالية للتعبير عن المضارع:

  

am / is / are used to + -ing

                                                              

§ He is used to having a cup of coffee every morning.

= He usually has a cup of coffee every morning.

¨ وفي حالة السؤال:

Am / Is / Are + فاعل    + used to + V-ing...?

 

§ Is she used to living on her own?

 

¨ تستخدم no longer  بدلا من used to ويأتي بعدها الفعل في المضارع البسيط:

¨ تستخدم any more / any longer   بدلا من     used to  مع نفى الفعل في المضارع البسيط و تأتى في نهاية الجملة:

§ He used to stay up late.     = He no longer stays up late.

§ He used to live here.        = He doesn’t live here any more.

 

§ He is used to the cold weather.

¨ لاحظ في الجملة السابقة أنه يمكن استخدام اسم أو ضمير بعد be used to

¨ لاحظ أنbe used to  تأتى بمعني " يستخدم لكي " ويليها inf.  ويمكن استخدام be usedfor + v +ing بنفس المعني

§ Wateris used to generate electricity.

§ Wateris used for generating electricity.

¨ لاحظ أن:

am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing

    

am / is / are used to + -ing = get used to + ing

                                                                                                              

 

§ He is in the habit of borrowing money from others.

= He is used to borrowing money from others.

 

§I can't get used to living in this cold weather.

= I am not used to living in this cold weather.

used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing

§ She used to sleep in class.  = She was in the habit of sleeping in class.

 

Past Continuous Tense الماضي المستمر

Was / Were + V-ing       يتكون من

¨ يستخدم الماضي المستمر past continuous:

1- للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر أثناء وقت معين في الماضي:

· Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was reading the newspaper.

· At 6 o'clock yesterday, I was studying my lesson.

2- للتعبير عن حدث مستمر في الماضي قطعه حدث آخر:

· I was having a shower when the phone rang.

§ يستخدم الماضي المستمر غالبا مع كلمات مثل: While / when / As / Just as

· While we were doing the homework, it started to rain.

· We were doing the homework when it started to rain.

§ لاحظ أن when   يمكن أن يأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط:

· We were doing the homework when the storm started.

§ يمكن أن يكون الحدثين مع while   في الماضي المستمر:

· While I was studying, my father was reading.

§ يمكن أن يكون الحدثين مع when   في الماضي البسيط:

· When he arrived, he found the door locked.

§ يمكن استخدام  On  بدلا من  when  و يأتي يعدها  : V+ ing

· When he arrived, he found the door locked. = On arriving, he found the door locked.

§ يمكن استخدام during  بدلا من  while  و يأتي يعدها noun    :

· While he was playing the game, he got hurt. (during)

· During the game, he got hurt. · He got hurt during the game.

§ الفعل بعد  and  يأخذ نفس شكل الفعل الذي يسبقها:

· He was writing a letter and listening to some music.

§ لاحظ عدم استخدام to Be  في الماضي المستمر:

· While I was at school, I worked to a plan.

¨ الماضي المستمر في المبني للمجهول:

Was / were being + PP

 

·He was writing the letter.               ·The letter was being written.

 

The Past Perfect Tense

 

:had + PP يتكون من: ¨

1- يستخدم الماضي التام ليصف حدث وقع قبل حدث آخر في الماضي:

¨ When I got home, my mother had finished cooking.

= First my mother finished cooking. Then I arrived home.

Notice the difference between this pair of sentence:

¨ When I arrived at the station, the tr